PROJECT REPORT ON OSI MODEL

Abstract Interconnection Model) is a conceptual

framework used to describe the functions of
The OSI model has been virtually for 30 a networking system. It is the
years and still plays a viable part in comprehensive set of standards and rules for
understanding how networks communicate. hardware manufacturers and software once
In fact, it is now part of the networking that make. It is a seven-layer architectural
vernacular. The Organization International model developed by the International
de Normalization (International Standards Organization for Standardization (ISO) and
Organization, or ISO), which has been the International Telecommunications
developing international standards since Union-Telecommunications (ITU-T). The
1946.Adopted in 1984, the OSI Basic comparison of OSI and TCP/IP, and
Reference Model defines a network tracery research based on the OSI model
consisting of seven layers in the implementation models and protocols of the
communications process. Each layer is Internet, and the OSI model of data
having its own responsibilities. transmission between the layers.
Zimmermann et al., proposed a model for
Introduction architecture for Opens Systems
Interconnection developed by SC16. In it he
The first layer of the OSI model deals with gave some indications on initial sets of
the end user interface. The next three layers protocols which now have been developed
presentation, session, transport point the in OSI reference model.
characteristics of the systems at the two ends Scheidell et al., proposed a theory which
of the communication. The marrow three seeks to help the reader understand how the
layers network, data link and physical traditional OSI model applies to security,
pinpoint network facilities necessary to realize that three additional layers exert a
transfer a message. The purpose of the OSI powerful influence over security programs
reference model is to make networks and decisions, and leverage tips for
increasingly manageable and to prevent the navigating OSI Layers 8, 9 and 10 to
problem of moving data between computers. become more effective security
professionals.
The main objectives of the OSI reference
model is to indulge manufactures of OSI Model
variegated systems to interconnect their
OSI model was introduced by International
equipment through standard interfaces.
Organization for standardization (ISO) in
Literature Review of OSI 1984. It determines how data is transferred
from one computer to flip side computer.
Layer Model For example one system runs on windows
and other one runs on Mac then how can
The OSI Model (Open Systems data be transferred between these two
variegated systems. The OSI model was
originally developed to facilitate
 interoperability between vendors and to with the physical characteristics of electrical
define clear standards for network or optical signaling techniques which
communication. includes the voltage of the electrical current
used to transport the signal, the media type
OSI model was created for following
(Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
purposes:-
etc.). It decides if the transmission mode
 To standardize data networking protocols to will be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.
allow communication between all It defines the topology configuration,
networking devices across the entire planet. synchronization, and various such issues.
 To create a common platform for software
developers and hardware manufactures that
encourage the creation of networking
products that can communicate with each
other over the network. Main functions of Physical Layer:
 To help network administrators by dividing Main functions of Physical Layer are Digital
large data exchange process in smaller Transmission, Digital data to Digital signal
segments. Smaller segments are easier to
conversion and Line coding.
understand, manage and troubleshoot.
Data Link Layer
Layers of OSI Model
The second layer of OSI network model is
There are seven layers in an OSI model are the Datalink layer and is in the form of
Application layer, Presentation Layer, frames. It performs synchronization, error
Session layer, Transport layer, Network detection, and correction, and assembling
Layer, Data Link layer, Physical layer. messages into frames. Data Link Layer is
logically divided into two sublayers, The
Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer and
the Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer.
LAYER 7: APPLICATION

LAYER 6: PRESENTATION

LAYER 5: SESSION
Main functions of data link layer is Access
LAYER 4: TRANSPORT the Media, Media Access control, Error
Detection.
LAYER 3: NETWORK
Network Layer
LAYER 2: DATA LINK The data in network layer is in the form of
packets. It manages the routing of data. This
layer takes decisions for routing and acts as
Physical Layer a network controller. It divided outgoing
messages into packets and assembles the
Physical layer of the Open Systems incoming packets into messages. The
Interconnection (OSI) model is concerned network layer is responsible for working
with logical addresses. The Logical wangle to network resources. The login and
addressing system used in Network Layer is password trammels takes place here. It deals
known as IP address. The main functions of with user interface design.
network layer is Logical Addressing,
Routing, Path determination. COMPARISION
Transport Layer OSI is an open access system
interconnection reference model, is a very
The Transport layer (fourth) handles good agreement defined protocol
transport functions such as reliable or specifications. OSI model has seven layers;
unreliable wordage of the data to the each layer can have several sub-layers.
destination. Transport layer moreover breaks According to the comparison of OSI and
the data into smaller groups hence
TCP/IP, and research based on the OSI
performing splitting and segmentation. It
model implementation models and protocols
takes supper tendency of multiplexing and
guarantees transmission of data from one of the Internet, and the OSI model of data
end to the other. The main functions of transmission between the layers.
Transport layer are Segmentation, Flow
Control. CONCLUSION
In this report we explain what is OSI model
Session Layer and why it is used and contribution of
The session layer is responsible for various researchers in this reference. OSI is
establishing, managing, and terminating the process of communication between two
connections between applications at each endpoints in a network can be divided into
end of communication. It includes logging seven distinct groups of relates function.
in and out of the users with user hallmark The purpose of the OSI reference model is
details and auditing for the purpose of to guide technology vendors and developers
billing as well. Main function of session so the digital communications products and
layer are authentication and authorization. software programs they create can
interoperate and to promote well-spoken
Presentation Layer framework that pinpoint the functions of a
networking or that's in use. We discuss 7
Presentation layer in which the operating
layers for improving security in any
system operates with the data. This layer
network.
works on how data is presented to users.
Main functions of this layers includes
translation, encryption and pinch of data.
Encryption and translation are functions of Here are some benefits of OSI model:
presentation layer.

Application Layer 1. Being a real generic model it is the

This is the top-most layer in 7 layers of the standard model in computer
OSI model in networking. It directly
interacts with the user. This layer allows
 networking and a guidance tool for model so communication between devices

developing any network. work better.

2. All its layers are distinguished as

Some drawbacks are work on it to
per their services, interfaces, and improve in future: Out of the seven
layers, the session layer for session
protocols, It was supports both management and presentation layer
for user interaction are with
connection-oriented services and minimum functionality during
practical deployment and hence are
connectionless services. not as useful as the other five
layers. The implementation of
3. It is distinctly separates services, TCP/IP protocols were surpassing
launch of this model, and therefore
interfaces, and protocols. Hence, it many organizations are reluctant
for using it. There are duplication
is flexible in nature. of services like addressing, spritz
tenancy and among layers and in
4. Provides increasingly security and particular error tenancy
mechanisms in both the transport
unlike having all services bundled and link layer. The standards of
OSI model are theoretical and do
together into a single layer. not offer unobjectionable solutions
for practical network
5. Help network administration in implementation. There is a
duplication of services in various
determining the required hardware layers. Services like addressing,
spritz tenancy and error tenancy are
and software to build their network. offered by multiple layers. The OSI
model is very complex. The initial
implementation was cumbersome,
slow and costly. The launching
timing of this model was
FUTURE RECOMMENDATION inappropriate. When OSI appeared,
the TCP/IP protocols were once
implemented. So, the companies
Future implementation in OSI will lead to were initially reluctant to use it. I
suggest for researcher to work on
enhancement in security and many other its drawback to improve the quality
of data between 2 devices.
fields. Suggestions to the researchers who

are going to work on the same subject in

the future is to work on flaws of OSI

References
1. Halsall, F. Data Communications,
Computer Networks, and Open
Systems, Fourth Edition. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, 1996.
2. J. Day, Zimmermann H, “The OSI
reference model published in IEEE
vol.71, issue 12, pages:1334-
1340,1983”.
3. Murat Kayril and Ismail Kayri ,
“International Journal of Next-
Generation Networks (IJNGN)
Vol.2, No.3, September 2010”.
4. “OSI”
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/
O/OSI.html (15 Mar. 2002).
(http://www.antiessays.com/
freeessays/96912.html) in 2004.