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Data and Signals

Chapter 3 discusses digital signals, explaining how information can be represented digitally with varying levels, such as using positive and zero voltage for binary values. It covers key concepts like bit rate, bit length, and the methods for transmitting digital signals, including baseband and broadband transmission. The chapter emphasizes the importance of bandwidth in relation to bit rate and the necessity of modulation for transmitting digital signals over bandpass channels.

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20 views13 pages

Data and Signals

Chapter 3 discusses digital signals, explaining how information can be represented digitally with varying levels, such as using positive and zero voltage for binary values. It covers key concepts like bit rate, bit length, and the methods for transmitting digital signals, including baseband and broadband transmission. The chapter emphasizes the importance of bandwidth in relation to bit rate and the necessity of modulation for transmitting digital signals over bandpass channels.

Uploaded by

Vansh negi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3

Data and Signals

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3-3 DIGITAL SIGNALS
In addition to being represented by an analog signal,
information can also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more
than two levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit
for each level.

Topics discussed in this section:


▪ Bit Rate
▪ Bit Length
▪ Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal
▪ Application Layer
3.2
Figure 3.16 Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other
with four signal levels
The bit rate is the number of bits sent in 1s, expressed in bits per second (bps).

3.3
Example 3.16

A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are


needed per level? We calculate the number of bits from
the formula

Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

3.4
The bit length is the distance one bit occupies on the transmission Medium

Bit length = propagation speed * bit duration

Fourier analysis can be used to decompose a digital signal

Figure 3.17 The time and frequency domains of periodic and nonperiodic
digital signals

3.5
Transmission of Digital Signals

• How can we send a digital signal from point A to point B?


• We can transmit a digital signal by using one of two different approaches:
• baseband transmission or broadband transmission (using modulation).

A digital signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth

Baseband transmission means sending a digital signal over a channel without


changing the digital to an analog signal. signal

Figure 3.18 Baseband transmission

3.6
Figure 3.19 Bandwidths of two low-pass channels

3.7
Figure 3.20 Baseband transmission using a dedicated medium

Case1: Low Pass Channel with wide Bandwidth

3.8
Note

Baseband transmission of a digital


signal that preserves the shape of the
digital signal is possible only if we have
a low-pass channel with an infinite or
very wide bandwidth.

3.9
Note

InInbaseband
baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is
transmission, the required
bandwidth proportional to the bit rate;
is proportional to the bit rate;
ifif we
weneed to send bits faster, we need more bandwidth.
need to send bits faster, we need
more bandwidth.

3.10
Broadband Transmission (Using Modulation)

Broadband transmission or modulation means changing the digital signal to


an analog signal for transmission.
Modulation allows us to use a bandpass channel—a channel with a
bandwidth that does not start from zero. This type of channel is more
available than a low-pass channel.

Figure 3.23 Bandwidth of a bandpass channel

3.11
Note

If the available channel is a bandpass


channel, we cannot send the digital
signal directly to the channel;
we need to convert the digital signal to
an analog signal before transmission.

3.12
Figure 3.24 Modulation of a digital signal for transmission on a bandpass
channel

3.13

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