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Data and Signals

Chapter 3 discusses transmission impairment, which occurs when signals lose integrity as they travel through imperfect media, leading to attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation refers to the loss of energy in a signal, distortion alters the signal's form, and noise introduces unwanted interference. The chapter also covers the measurement of these impairments, including the use of decibels and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to assess system quality.

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28 views14 pages

Data and Signals

Chapter 3 discusses transmission impairment, which occurs when signals lose integrity as they travel through imperfect media, leading to attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation refers to the loss of energy in a signal, distortion alters the signal's form, and noise introduces unwanted interference. The chapter also covers the measurement of these impairments, including the use of decibels and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to assess system quality.

Uploaded by

Vansh negi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Data and Signals

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3-4 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

Signals travel through transmission media, which are not


perfect. The imperfection causes signal impairment. This
means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is
not the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
What is sent is not what is received. Three causes of
impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.

Topics discussed in this section:


▪ Attenuation
▪ Distortion
▪ Noise
3.2
Figure 3.25 Causes of impairment

3.3
Attenuation

■ Means loss of energy -> weaker signal


■ When a signal travels through a
medium it loses energy overcoming the
resistance of the medium
■ Amplifiers are used to compensate for
this loss of energy by amplifying the
signal.

3.4
Measurement of Attenuation

■ To show the loss or gain of energy the


unit “decibel” is used.

dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal

3.5
Figure 3.26 Attenuation

3.6
Example 3.26

Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium


and its power is reduced to one-half. This means that P2
is (1/2)P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power)
can be calculated as

A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the


power.
3.7
Distortion
■ Means that the signal changes its form or
shape
■ Distortion occurs in composite signals
■ Each frequency component has its own
propagation speed traveling through a
medium.
■ The different components therefore arrive
with different delays at the receiver.
■ That means that the signals have different
phases at the receiver than they did at the
source.
3.8
Figure 3.28 Distortion

3.9
Noise
■ There are different types of noise
■ Thermal - random noise of electrons in the
wire creates an extra signal
■ Induced - from motors and appliances,
devices act are transmitter antenna and
medium as receiving antenna.
■ Crosstalk - same as above but between
two wires.
■ Impulse - Spikes that result from power
lines, lighning, etc.

3.10
Figure 3.29 Noise

3.11
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

■ To measure the quality of a system the


SNR is often used. It indicates the
strength of the signal wrt the noise
power in the system.
■ It is the ratio between two powers.
■ It is usually given in dB and referred to
as SNRdB.

3.12
Example 3.31

The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the


noise is 1 μW; what are the values of SNR and SNRdB ?

Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as
follows:

3.13
Example 3.32

The values of SNR and SNRdB for a noiseless channel


are

We can never achieve this ratio in real life; it is an ideal.

3.14

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