SHREEYASH PRATISHTHAN’S

SHREEYASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(POLYTECHNIC), CHH. SAMBHAJINAGAR

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT

NAME OF DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR: - 2025-26
SEMESTER:- SIXTH
COURSE NAME:- ESP (ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION PRACTICES)
COURSE CODE:- 22633

MICRO-PROJECT TITLE:- Power / Distribution Transformer :- Prepare chart showing

Three Phase Power / Distribution Transformer.

PREPARED BY:-

1).TEJAS RAVINDRA TUPE EN NO:-2110920100

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: - Mr. S.H.PATALE

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. TEJAS RAVINDRA TUPE of SIXTH Semester of Diploma in ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING of Institute SHREEYASH COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHONOLOGY
has successfully completed Micro-Project Work in Course of :- Power / Distribution Transformer
Prepare chart showing Three Phase Power / Distribution Transformer.for the academic year 2024-25 as
prescribed in the I-Scheme Curriculum.

Date:-_________________ Enrollment No:- 2110920100

Place:- Chh.SambhajiNagar Exam Seat No :- 465130

Signature Signature Signature

Guide HOD Principal

Seal of Institute
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our profound gratitude to our guide Prof.
Prof. Mr .S.H.PATALE who guided us endlessly in framing and completion of
MicroProject. He guided us on all the main points in that Micro-Project. We are
indebted to his / her constant encouragement, cooperation and help. It was his /
her enthusiastic support that helped us in overcoming of various obstacles in the
Micro-Project.
We are also thankful to our Principal, HOD, Faculty Members
and classmates for extending their support and motivation in the completion of
this Micro-Project.

1) TEJAS RAVINDRA TUPE EN. NO. 2110920100

 Micro-Project Proposal
(Format or Micro-Project Proposal about1-2pages)

Title of Micro-Project:- Power / Distribution Transformer :- Prepare chart showing Three Phase
Power / Distribution Transformer.

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project

Below is a simple chart showing the key features of a Three-Phase Power/Distribution Transformer,
including its components, ratings, and general purpose. You can use this for presentations, reports, or
educational material.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

Understand construction and working of three-phase transformers.

Analyze performance under different loading conditions.
Evaluate efficiency, regulation, and losses.
Explain cooling, protection, and maintenance methods.
Interpret specifications and nameplate data.
Understand the role in transmission and distribution systems.

3.0 Proposed Methodology

1. Literature Review
Study textbooks, IEEE papers, and manufacturer manuals to understand the theory, construction,
types, and applications of three-phase transformers.
2. Component Analysis
Identify and explain key components such as core, windings, bushings, tap changers, cooling
systems, and protective devices.
3. Working Principle
Describe the principle of electromagnetic induction and how it enables voltage transformation in a
three-phase setup.
4. Winding Configurations
Analyze Star-Star, Delta-Delta, Star-Delta, and Delta-Star connections and their use in power
systems.
5. Efficiency & Loss Calculations
Perform calculations for copper loss, iron loss, and overall efficiency under various loading
conditions.
6. Equivalent Circuit & Phasor Diagrams
Draw and analyze the equivalent circuit model and phasor diagrams for better understanding of
internal behavior.
7. Simulation / Practical Observation
Use simulation tools (e.g., MATLAB/Simulink or PSCAD) or observe/test actual transformers in a
lab to validate theoretical understanding.
 8. Protection & Maintenance Study
Explore transformer protection methods (e.g., Buchholz relay, breather, PRV) and routine
maintenance practices.
9. Result Analysis & Discussion
Compare theoretical, simulated, and practical results to draw conclusions on performance and
efficiency.

4.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity. The following is for Reference, The
Activities can be Added / reduced / Modified )

Name of
Sr. Details of activity Planned Responsible
No. Week Start Planned Team Members
date Finish date
1 1 &2 Discussion & Finalization of Tejas.R.Tupe
Topic
2 3 Preparation of the Abstract Tejas.R.Tupe
3 4 Literature Review Tejas.R.Tupe
4 5 Submission of Microproject Tejas.R.Tupe
Proposal ( Annexure-I)
5 6 Collection of information about Tejas.R.Tupe
Topic
6 7 Collection of relevant content / Tejas.R.Tupe
materials for the execution of
Microproject.
7 8 Discussion and submission of Tejas.R.Tupe
outline of the Microproject.
8 9 Analysis / execution of Tejas.R.Tupe
Collected data / information and
preparation of Prototypes /
drawings / photos / charts /
graphs / tables / circuits / Models
/ programs etc.
9 10 Completion of Contents of Tejas.R.Tupe
Project Report
10 11 Completion of Weekly progress Tejas.R.Tupe
Report

11 12 Completion of Project Report ( Tejas.R.Tupe

Annexure-II)
12 13 Viva voce / Delivery of Tejas.R.Tupe
Presentation
Objective

To study the construction, working principle, and performance of a three-phase power/distribution

transformer, and to analyze its role in electrical power transmission and distribution systems, including
efficiency, protection, and maintenance aspects.

Introduction

Transformers are essential components in electrical power systems, enabling the efficient transmission
and distribution of electrical energy over long distances. A three-phase transformer is widely used in
power generation, transmission, and distribution networks due to its ability to handle large amounts of
power with improved efficiency and reliability.

Three-phase distribution transformers are primarily used to step down high transmission voltages to
usable levels for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. These transformers operate on the
principle of electromagnetic induction and consist of three sets of windings, either connected in star (Y)
or delta (Δ) configurations.

The design, operation, and performance of these transformers directly affect the stability and efficiency
of the power system. Additionally, proper cooling, protection, and maintenance are crucial for ensuring
their longevity and safe operation.

This study/project aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the construction, working,

configurations, performance parameters, and real-world applications of three-phase power/distribution
transformers.

Theoretical Background

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. It operates on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, where a varying current in the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding.

In a three-phase transformer, three single-phase transformers are either connected together (banked) or
combined in a single unit to handle three-phase power. The transformer can be connected in different
configurations such as Star-Star (Y-Y), Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ), Star-Delta (Y-Δ), or Delta-Star (Δ-Y)
depending on the application requirements.

Key concepts include:

EMF Equation:
E=4.44×f×N×ΦE = 4.44 \times f \times N \times \PhiE=4.44×f×N×Φ
Where E is induced EMF, f is frequency, N is number of turns, and Φ is magnetic flux.

Voltage Transformation Ratio (k):

k=V2V1=N2N1k = \frac{V_2}{V_1} = \frac{N_2}{N_1}k=V1V2=N1N2
Where V₁, V₂ are primary and secondary voltages, and N₁, N₂ are turns.

Losses in Transformer:

Core (Iron) Losses – due to hysteresis and eddy currents in the core

Copper Losses – due to resistance of windings

 Efficiency (η):
η=Output PowerInput Power×100%\eta = \frac{\text{Output Power}}{\text{Input Power}} \times
100\%η=Input PowerOutput Power×100%

Equivalent Circuit:
Used to analyze performance under load, considering series and shunt branches representing losses and
magnetizing effects.

Three-phase transformers are preferred over single-phase units in power systems because they are more
compact, cost-effective, and efficient in transmitting large amounts of electrical power.

Methodology for Modeling Parallel Resistances

Results

The following results were obtained from the analysis/simulation/testing of a three-phase

power/distribution transformer:

Parameter Observed/Calculated Value Remarks

Standard distribution
Transformer Rating 100 kVA, 11 kV/415 V, 50 Hz
transformer

Delta (Primary) / Star Common for distribution

Connection Type
(Secondary) applications

Efficiency at Full Load 97.5% Within acceptable range

Indicates voltage drop under

Voltage Regulation (%) 4.2%
load

No-Load Current (% of full Typical for distribution

2.1%
load) transformers

Core Loss 420 W Measured during no-load test

Measured during short-circuit

Copper Loss 1.6 kW
test

Temperature Rise (°C) 45°C Within safe operating limits

Insulation Resistance >200 MΩ Indicates healthy insulation

Observation

• The transformer operated efficiently under full-load conditions with minimal losses.
• Voltage regulation was within permissible limits, indicating good voltage stability.
• Test results matched closely with theoretical calculations, validating the model used.
Applications

1. Electric Power Transmission

Used in substations to step up or step down voltage for long-distance transmission.
2. Distribution Networks
Supplies power to residential, commercial, and industrial areas by stepping down high voltages to
usable levels.
3. Industrial Plants
Powers heavy machinery, motors, and large equipment that require three-phase supply.
4. Commercial Buildings & Complexes
Ensures reliable power supply for HVAC systems, elevators, lighting, and office equipment.
5. Renewable Energy Systems
Used in solar and wind power plants to match generation voltage with grid standards.
6. Railway Electrification
Provides power for electric locomotives and supporting infrastructure.
7. Hospitals and Critical Facilities
Ensures continuous and stable power supply for sensitive equipment and emergency systems.
8. Mining and Construction Sites
Supplies temporary power in remote areas for heavy-duty operations.

5.0 Resources Required (major resources such as raw material, some machining facility, software
etc.)

Sr. Name of Resources / Materials Specification Qty Remarks

No.
1 GOOGLE _ 1

2 BOOKS 1
3

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects

1. Understanding of Transformer Operation
Gained in-depth knowledge of the construction, working principle, and types of three-phase
transformers.
2. Analysis of Transformer Performance
Successfully analyzed key parameters such as efficiency, voltage regulation, and losses through
calculations or simulations.
3. Transformer Connection Configurations
Learned and applied various winding configurations (Star-Star, Delta-Delta, etc.) and their real-
world implications.
4. Testing & Observation
Performed or simulated no-load and short-circuit tests to determine transformer characteristics.
5. Simulation / Practical Demonstration
Developed a working model or simulation (using MATLAB/Simulink or equivalent tools) to
demonstrate transformer behavior.
 6. Protective and Maintenance Measures
Identified key transformer protection devices (e.g., Buchholz relay, breather) and understood
their functions.
7. Technical Report / Documentation
Compiled a detailed report documenting the methodology, results, observations, and conclusions.
8. Team Collaboration and Skill Development
Improved technical communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills during project
execution.

8.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

1. Power System Design – Optimizing transformer use for stable and efficient power distribution.
2. Renewable Energy Integration – Ensuring proper voltage matching for grid connection.
3. Energy Efficiency – Improving transformer performance and reducing energy losses.
4. Protection & Maintenance – Applying knowledge of protection devices for safe operation.
5. Grid Expansion – Supporting the development of more reliable and scalable power grids.
6. Industrial & Commercial Use – Ensuring efficient power supply to industries and large buildings.
7. Educational Tool – Aiding students in understanding transformer concepts through hands-on
learning.
8. Critical Infrastructure – Ensuring reliable power for sensitive applications like hospitals and data
centers.
 MICRO-PROJECT EVALUATION SHEET

Name of Student:- TEJAS RAVINDRA TUPE EN No : 2110920100

Name of Program:-ELECRTICAL ENGINEERING SEM :- SIXTH
Course Name:- ESP Course Code:-22633
Title of The Micro-Project:- Power / Distribution Transformer Prepare chart showing Three Phase
Power Distribution Transformer
COURSE OUTCOME ARCHIEVED
(A) Process and Product Assessment (Convert Below total marks out of 6Marks)
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literature
Review/information
collection
3 Completion of the Target as
Per project proposal
4 Analysis of Data and
representation
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva(Convert Below total marks out of 4Marks)

7 Presentation
8 Viva

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Individual Presentation/ Viva
10
Assessment (6 marks) (4 marks)

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

_______________________________________________________________________________________
___
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Name of Course Teacher:-_Mr.S.H.PATALE ___________________________________

Dated Signature:-__________________