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13-4 Lecture

The document discusses the concepts of position, velocity, and acceleration in motion problems, detailing how to compute these using derivatives. It explains Newton's 2nd Law of Motion and provides examples of forces acting on objects, including a specific problem involving a ball thrown into the air. Additionally, it covers tangential and normal components of acceleration and their interpretations in motion analysis.

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llee50634
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2 views7 pages

13-4 Lecture

The document discusses the concepts of position, velocity, and acceleration in motion problems, detailing how to compute these using derivatives. It explains Newton's 2nd Law of Motion and provides examples of forces acting on objects, including a specific problem involving a ball thrown into the air. Additionally, it covers tangential and normal components of acceleration and their interpretations in motion analysis.

Uploaded by

llee50634
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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13.

4 Position, Velocity, Acceleration


If t = time and position is given by Compute r ( t ), ¿ r ( t )∨¿, and r ( t ).
' ' ''

r ( t )=⟨ x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z (t) ⟩
then

r ( t+h )−r ( t )
r ' ( t ) =lim =velocity
h→0 h

change∈dist ds
|r ' (t )|= change∈time =speed=
dt

' '
r ( t+ h )−r ( t )
r ' ' ( t )=lim
h →0 h
change∈ velocity
¿ =a (t )
change ∈time

HUGE application:
Entry Task:
ANY motion problem
Let t be time in seconds and assume the
position of an object (in feet) is given by
r ( t )=¿ 5 0 t , 6+50 t−32 t >.
2 Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion states
Force = mass · acceleration Find the position function.
F=m· a , so
1
a= ·F
m
If F=⟨ 0 ,0 ,0 ⟩, then all the forces ‘balance out’
and the object has no acceleration. (Velocity
will remain constant)

If F ≠ ⟨ 0 ,0 ,0 ⟩, then acceleration will


occur, and we integrate (or solve a
differential equation) to find velocity and
position.

That is how we can model ALL motion


problems!

For a much more interesting and applied


HW Example: example try this one…
An object of mass 10 kg is being acted on by
the force A ball with mass m = 0.8 kg is thrown
F=⟨ 12 t ,2 e , 9 e ⟩ .
t −3 t
northward into the air with initial speed of
You are given 30 m/sec at an angle of 30 degrees with the
v (0)=⟨ 0 ,−8 ,−3 ⟩ and r (0)=⟨ 1 , 3 ,7 ⟩ .
ground. A west wind applies a steady force
of 4 N on the ball (west to east).

If you are standing on level ground, where


does the ball land?

I may not do this in class, but here is a video


of me working through it as well as visuals:
Applied Motion Example
Visuals:
https://www.math3d.org/QbuedSnK

Tangential and Normal Components of


Acceleration
negative – speedometer speed decreasing

- aNis always positive (or zero)


(accel. points “inward” relative to the curve,
but not always “directly” inward)

For interpreting use,


d
a =ν = |r ( t )|=¿ “deriv. of speed”
' '
T
dt
a N =k ν =¿
2
curvature · (speed)2
Definition:
a T =compT ( a )=a ∙T = tangential comp. (derivative of this is on the next page)
aN =comp ( a )=a ∙ N = normal comp.
N

which can be rewritten as…


r ' ∙r' '
a T=
¿ r ∨¿∧a N =¿ r ' × r ' ' ∨
' ¿ ¿¿
'
¿ r ∨¿ ¿

Notes:
- a can be positive or negative (or zero)
T
Deriving interpretations
positive – speedometer speed increasing (you can skip this):
Note visually that you can see:
a=a T T +a N N

We are trying to find the numbers in front of T


and N.

Let ν ( t )=¿ v⃑ ( t )∨¿ = speed.


⃑ ⃑r ' (t)
T ( t )=
1. '
¿ ⃑r ( t )∨¿=
⃑v (t )
¿ implies ⃑v =ν ⃑T .
ν (t )
κ ( t )=¿ T⃑ ' (t )∨ ¿ ¿
2. ¿ r⃑ ( t )∨¿=¿ T⃑ ∨ ¿ ¿¿ implies ¿ ⃑
' '
ν (t)
T ∨¿ κν .
'

T⃑ (t)
'
⃑
N ( t )=
3. ⃑ '
¿ T ( t )∨¿= ¿
⃑
T' implies ⃑
T =κν ⃑
'
N.
κν
Differentiating the first fact above gives
T + ν T⃑ ' , so
a⃑ =v⃑ =ν ' ⃑
'

a⃑ =v⃑ =ν ' ⃑
T+k ν ⃑ N.
' 2

Conclusion:
a =ν = |r ( t )|=¿ “deriv. of speed”
' d '
T
dt
a =k ν =¿ curvature · (speed)2
2
N

Example:
r⃑ ( t )=¿ cos ( t ) ,sin ( t ) ,t >¿
Find the tangential and normal components
of acceleration.
F’18 – Exam 2 – Loveless
Consider the position vector
r ( t )=〈 5 t , e , e 〉.
t −3 t

Find all values of at which the tangential


component of acceleration is zero.

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