ABSTRACT

Currently, we are facing issues related to lack of fuel. So, we are moving
towards electrical vehicle. But still people are not ready to prefer electrical
vehicle over present ones. It is because of price as well as lack of available
charging stations.

Even if there are few charging stations are available, it is necessary to

spend extra time for charging the vehicle.

This Project outlines the wireless power transfer technology for Batteries
and charging systems using Solar Power. Power from a solar panel is sent
through a transmitter circuit and received by a receiver circuit wirelessly
based on Faraday’s law of induction

DC-DC WIRELE
Solar Converter SS
Panel BOOST CHARGI
CONVERTER NG

MPPT Electric
Controller Field
BATTERY
CHARGIN
G
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR PV POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

The Sun is a direct source of energy

Using renewable energy technologies, we can convert the solar energy into
electricity

Solar powered lighting is a relatively simple concept in a basic way the system operates
like a bank account withdrawal from the battery to power the light source must be
compensated for by commensurate deposits of energy from the solar panels. As long as
the system is designed so deposits exceed withdrawals on an average daily basis, the
battery remains charged and light source is reliably powered.

 The sun provides a direct source of energy to the solar Panel.

 The Battery is recharged during the day by direct –current (DC) electricity
produced by the solar panel.
 Electronic controls are used between the battery, light source and solar panels
to protect the battery from over charge and discharge and to control the timing
and operation of the light.
1.1 Photovoltaic: Basic Design Principles and Components

Introduction to PV Technology

Single PV cells (also known as “solar cells”) are connected electrically to form PV
modules, which are the building blocks of PV systems. The module is the smallest PV
unit that can be used to generate substantial, amounts of PV power. Although individual
PV cells produce only small, amounts of electricity, PV modules are manufactured with
varying electrical outputs ranging from a few watts to more than 100 watts of direct
current (DC) electricity. The modules can be connected into PV arrays for powering a
wide variety of electrical equipment. Two primary types of PV technologies available
commercially are crystalline silicon and thin film. In crystalline-silicon technologies,
individual PV cells are cut from large single crystals or from ingots of crystalline silicon.
In thin film PV technologies, the PV material is deposited on glass or thin metal that
mechanically supports the cell or module. Thin-film-based modules are produced in
sheets that are sized for specified electrical outputs .In addition to PV modules, the
components needed to complete a PV system may include a battery charge controller,
batteries, an inverter or power control unit (for alternating-current loads), safety
disconnects and fuses, a grounding circuit, and wiring.

When Are PV Systems Appropriate?

People select PV systems for a variety of reasons. Some common reasons for selecting
a PV system include

Cost—When the cost is high for extending the utility power line or using, another
electricity-generating system in a remote location, a PV system is often the most cost-
effective source of electricity.

Reliability—PV modules have no moving parts and require little maintenance compared
to other electricity-generating systems.

Modularity—PV systems can be expanded to meet increased power requirements by

adding more modules to an existing system.

Environment—PV systems generate electricity without polluting the environment and

without creating noise.

Ability to combine systems—PV systems can be combined with other types of electric
generators (wind, hydro, and diesel, for example) to charge batteries and provide power
on demands.
Figure 1.1 Solar PV Generation Process

With the increasing demand of energy via greener methods and the gradual depletion of
fossil fuels, solar energy conversion has regained the spotlight of the global energy
activities. Our planet receives 160,000TW solar energy, while the present global energy
demand is about 16TW. While the solar resource is virtually unlimited, conversion of
solar energy to readily usable form is too expensive to be commercially successful at
present. Furthermore, reliable solar technology has to be complemented by energy
storage system to accommodate the daily and seasonal variations in the solar radiation.
From this perspective, many countries have formulated their long term solar energy
utilization roadmap. For instance, the Japanese roadmap includes development of solar
photovoltaic at competitive price by 2030. Large demonstrative projects (~MW) are
underway in USA, Australia, and in several European countries. These projects serve
multiple purposes.

First, the projects tend to reduce the overall cost of the energy technology as large
scale utilization of a particular technology, in general, tends to reduce the cost of that
technology. This has also encouraged the entrepreneurs to invest in solar energy
technologies.
 Second, the projects are serving as test platforms for large scale solar energy
utilization technologies.
 Third, these projects are engaging the academic institutions in long-term solar energy
research, development, and pedagogical activities.
 Fourth, these projects have increased the awareness of green technologies amongst
the public
All such projects and roadmaps are, however, only a part of the country-specific
longterm energy vision, with solar energy aiming to supplement conventional energy
technologies. None of these initiatives, at this stage, claim to replace the existing fossil
fuel based systems immediately.
Being a developing country with a huge burden of fuel import, the need of solar energy
research and development in India cannot be over-emphasized. The geographical
location of India is also quite favorable for solar energy implementation. However, a
densely-populated country like India, with a fragmented electricity market, poses
endless challenges to the scientists and entrepreneurs. The nature of Indian electricity
market is quite unique, and cannot be compared directly with other countries. Unlike
USA or Japan, India has numerous villages and islands unconnected from the main
grid, spatial and seasonal variation in agricultural demand, and cottage- to large-scale
industrial sectors. Our country, therefore, requires solar energy development at different
scales such as, small (~W) to large (~MW), grid-connected to islanded, supplemented
with some energy-storage to no-storage capabilities. Also important is the hybridization
of solar energy with other renewable sources. Considering this socio-economic
scenario, the present state of solar energy technology in India stands far from being
adequate, but
several initiatives are being planned. On 30th June 2008 the Prime minister of India, Dr.
Manmohan Singh, announced the National Plan for Climate Change. 1 This includes a
National Solar Mission to “significantly increase the share of solar energy in the total
energy resources while recognizing the need to expand the scope of other renewable
and non-fossil options such as nuclear energy, wind energy, and biomass”. The
departments of Science and Technology (DST) and the ministry for New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) have taken initiatives to promote formation of networks of
premier research institutes to work on solar power generation related projects. One
such scheme is DST’s Pan-IIT Solar Energy Initiative (PSI) with a goal of delivering a
1MW solar based islanded energy grid in 5yrs. A multi-disciplinary team from four
departments of IIT Kanpur has been participating in this initiative.
To further strengthen the contribution to the National Solar Mission and the PSI, it is felt
that a broader inter disciplinary group can be formed at the institute level aiming to
develop short and long term technology in the area of power electronics component and
system design, solar energy materials, supplementary energy storage and conversion
devices. An establishment of Solar Energy Research Enclave will catalyze the
accomplishing of this goal of national importance, and this is the genesis of this
proposal for Solar Energy Research Enclave (SERE).
One of the major concerns in the power sector is the day-to-day increasing power
demand but the unavailability of enough resources to meet the power demand using the
conventional energy sources. Demand has increased for renewable sources of energy
to be utilized along with conventional systems to meet the energy demand. Renewable
sources like wind energy and solar energy are the prime energy sources which are
being utilized in this regard. The continuous use of fossil fuels has caused the fossil fuel
deposit to be reduced and has drastically affected the environment depleting the
biosphere and cumulatively adding to global warming.
Solar energy is abundantly available that has made it possible to harvest it and utilize it
properly. Solar energy can be a standalone generating unit or can be a grid connected
generating unit depending on the availability of a grid nearby. Thus it can be used to
power rural areas where the availability of grids is very low. Another advantage of using
solar energy is the portable operation whenever wherever necessary.
In order to tackle the present energy crisis one has to develop an efficient manner in
which power has to be extracted from the incoming solar radiation. The power
conversion mechanisms have been greatly reduced in size in the past few years. The
development in power electronics and material science has helped engineers to come
up very small but powerful systems to withstand the high power demand. But the
disadvantage of these systems is the increased power density. Trend has set in for the
use of multi-input converter units that can effectively handle the voltage fluctuations. But
due to high production cost and the low efficiency of these systems they can hardly
compete in the competitive markets as a prime power generation source.
The constant increase in the development of the solar cells manufacturing technology
would definitely make the use of these technologies possible on a wider basis than what
the scenario is
presently. The use of the newest power control mechanisms called the Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms has led to the increase in the efficiency of operation
of the solar modules and thus is effective in the field of utilization of renewable sources
of energy.

Photovoltaics (PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of
solar cells for energy by converting sun energy (sunlight, including sun ultra violet
radiation) directly into electricity. Due to the growing demand for clean sources of
energy, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has expanded
dramatically in recent years. Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years,
increasing by an average of 48% each year since 2002, making it the world’s fastest-
growing energy technology. At the end of 2008, the cumulative global PV installations
reached 15,200 Megawatts. Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid
tied electrical systems. Such installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes
integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building, known as
Building Integrated Photovoltaic or BIPV for short. Net metering and financial incentives,
such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solargenerated electricity; have supported solar
PV installations in many countries including Australia, Germany, Israel, Japan, and the
United States.2