Laminar Flow Theory

1. Draw the typical velocity profile for laminar flow through a circular pipe. Also include the
velocity profile for the case of turbulent flows and compare them Nov/21
Ans:

2. How can you distinguish between laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Ans: distinguish between laminar flow and turbulent flow
s. no Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
1. It is fluid flow in which the fluid layers It is fluid flow in which the fluid layers
move parallel to each other and do not cross each other and do not move
cross each other. parallel to each other.
2. The laminar flow generally occurs in the The turbulent flow occurs when the fluid
fluid flowing with low velocity. flows with high velocity.
3. Laminar flow occurs in the small Turbulent flow occurs in large diameter
diameter pipes in which fluid flows with pipes in which fluid flows with high
low velocity. velocity.
4. The fluid is laminar when the value of The fluid flow is turbulent when the
Reynold number (Re) is less than 2000. value of Reynolds number is greater
than 4000.
5. Shear stress in laminar flow depends Shear stress in the turbulent flow
only on the viscosity of the fluid and depends upon the density of the fluid.
independent of the density.

LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN VISCOUS FLOW

3. Derive functional relation of friction factor with Reynolds number for laminar flow through a
circular pipe using elementary approach
Ans:
In a pipe of diameter D in which a viscous fluid of viscosity  is flowing with a velocity u̅, the
loss of pressure head, ℎ𝑓 is given by eqn. (10.11) as:
̅𝐿
32 𝜇 u
ℎ𝑓 = ....(i)
𝑤𝐷2

Where, L = Length of the pipe, and

w = Weight density of the fluid.

The loss of head due to friction is given by:

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)
 4𝑓 𝐿 𝑉 2 ̅2
4𝑓 𝐿 u
ℎ𝑓 = = ....(ii)
𝐷×2𝑔 𝐷×2𝑔

Where, f is the co-efficient of friction between pipe and fluid, and V = u

̅.

From eqn. (i) and (ii), we have:

̅𝐿
32 𝜇 u ̅2
4𝑓 𝐿 u
=
𝑤𝐷2 𝐷×2𝑔

̅ 𝐿 × 𝐷 × 2𝑔
32 𝜇 u 16 𝜇
or, f= ̅ 2𝜌.𝑔 𝐷2
= u̅ 𝜌 𝐷 (∵ w = 𝜌. 𝑔)
4𝐿u

16 𝜇 1
= = 16×𝑅𝑒 ̅ =V)
(∵u
𝜌 𝑉𝐷

friction factor , f = 4* co-efficient of friction

1
=4*16×𝑅𝑒m
64
=𝑅𝑒

𝜌 𝑉𝐷
[where, Re (= ) is the Reynolds number]
𝜇

FLOW OF VISCOUS FLUID IN CIRCULAR PIPES-HAGEN POISEUILLE LAW

4. Derive the expression of pressure drop per unit length, ∆p/L in terms of average velocity, pipe
diameter and fluid viscosity for steady laminar flow through a horizontal circular pipe.
oct/14,
Ans: Hagen-Poiseuille theory is based on the following assumptions:

1. The fluid follows Newton’s law of viscosity.

2. There is no slip of fluid particles at the boundary (i.e. the fluid particles adjacent to the pipe
will have zero velocity).

If  is the shear stress, the shear force F is given by:

F =  × 2 r × dx
For, steady flow, the net force on the cylinder must be zero.
𝜕𝑝
 [𝑝 × π𝑟 2 − (𝑝 + . 𝑑𝑥) π 𝑟 2 ] −  × 2 r × dx = 0
𝜕𝑥

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 𝜕𝑝
or, 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥×π 𝑟 2 −  × 2 r × dx = 0
𝜕𝑝 𝑟
or,  = - 𝜕𝑥 . 2 ………....(10.4)

maximum at the pipe wall given by:

𝜕𝑝 𝑅
τ0 = − 𝜕𝑥 ( 2 ) [10.4 (a)]

From Newton’s law of viscosity,

𝑑𝑢
=𝜇. ....(i)
𝑑𝑦

In this equation, the distance y is measured from the boundary. The radial distance r is related
to distance y by the relation:
y = R ̶ r or dy = ̶ dr

The eqn. (i) becomes

𝑑𝑢
= ̶ 𝜇. ....(10.5)
𝑑𝑟

Comparing two values of  from eqns. 10.4 and 10.5, we have:

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝑟
̶ 𝜇. =− .2
𝑑𝑟 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑝
or, du = 2𝜇 (𝜕𝑥 )r . dr

Integrating the above equation w.r.t ‘r’, we get:

1 𝜕𝑝
u = 4𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 2 + 𝐶

Where C is the constant of integration and its value is obtained from the boundary condition:
At, r = R, u = 0
1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
 0 = 4𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 𝑅2 + 𝐶 or C=− . 𝑅2
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥

Substituting this value of C in eqn. (10.4), we get:

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
u = 4𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 2 − . 𝑅2
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑝
or, u=− . (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) ....(10.7)
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥

Eqn. (10.7) shows that the velocity distribution curve is a parabola (see Fig. 10.8). The maximum
velocity occurs at the center and is given by,
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − . 𝑅2 ....(10.8)
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥

From eqns. (10.7) and (10.8), we have:

𝑟 2
u = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 [1 − (𝑅 ) ] ....(10.9)

The discharge through an elementary ring of thickness dr at radial distances r is given by:
dQ = u × 2 r × dr
r 2
= 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 [1 − (R) ] 2 r × dr

Total discharge, Q = ∫ 𝑑𝑄
𝑅 r 2
= ∫0 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 [1 − (R) ] 2 r × dr

𝑅 𝑟3
= 2 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∫0 (𝑟 − ) dr
𝑅2

𝑅
𝑟2 𝑟4 𝑅2 𝑅4
= 2 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ 2 − 2
] = 2 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ 2 − ]
4𝑅 0 4𝑅2

𝜋
= 2 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅2
𝜋
𝑄 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅2 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
̅=𝐴=2
Average velocity of flow, u = ....(10.10)
𝜋𝑅2 2

Eqn. (10.10) shows that the average velocity is one-half the maximum velocity.

Substituting the value of 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 from eqn. (10.8), we have:

1 𝜕𝑝
̅= −
u . 𝑅2
8𝜇 𝜕𝑥

̅
8𝜇 u
or, − 𝜕𝑝 = . 𝜕𝑥
𝑅2

The pressure difference between two sections 1 and 2 at distance 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 (see Fig. 10.7), given by
𝑝 ̅
8𝜇 u 𝑥
− ∫𝑝 2 𝜕𝑝 = 2
∫𝑥1 𝜕𝑥
1 𝑅2

̅
8𝜇 u ̅𝐿
8𝜇 u
or, (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) =
𝑅2 𝑅2
̅𝐿
32𝜇 u
or, (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = ....(10.11)
𝐷2

Where, D is the diameter of the pipe, and L is the Length

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 Laminar Flow Board Solution
1. An oil of viscosity 9 poise and specific gravity 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 60 mm
diameter. If the pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe is 1800 kN/m 2, determine:
Nov/21

i) The rate flow of oil;

ii) The centre-line velocity;
iii) The total frictional drag over 100 m length;
iv) The power required to maintain the flow;
v) The velocity gradient at the pipe wall;
vi) The velocity and shear stress at 8 mm from the wall.
1
Solution: Viscosity of the oil, 𝜇 = 9 poise = 10 × 9 = 0.9 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2

Sp. gr. of the oil = 0.9

Diameter of the pipe, D = 60 mm = 0.06 m
𝜋
 Area of the pipe, A = × 0.062 = 0.002827 m2
4

Pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe, 𝛥 𝑝 = 1800 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

i) The rate flow of oil;

̅𝐿
32 𝜇 𝑢
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = Δ p = (where 𝑢̅ = average velocity)
𝐷2
̅ ×100
32 ×0.9 × 𝑢
1800× 103 = (0.06)2

1800 × 103 × (0.06)2

or, 𝑢̅ = = 2.25 𝑚/𝑠
32 ×0.9 ×100

𝜌 𝑉𝐷 0.9 ×1000 ×2.25 ×0.06

Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 135
𝜇 0.9

As 𝑁𝑅𝑒 is less than 2000, the flow is laminar.

Rate of flow, Q = A . 𝑢̅ = 0.002827 × 2.25

= 0.0.636 m3/s or 6.36 lit. /s. (Ans.)

ii) The centre-line velocity, 𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 ;

𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝑢̅ = 2×2.25 = 4.5 m/s (Ans.)

iii)The total frictional drag over 100 m length, FD ;

Wall shear stress,

𝜕𝑝 𝑅
𝜏0 = − 𝜕𝑥
.2 ...[𝐸𝑞𝑛. 10.2 (𝑎)]

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 𝜕𝑝 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ∆𝑝 1800 × 103
Now, − =− = = = = 18000
𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝐿 𝐿 100

0.06 /2
 𝜏0 = 18000× = 270 N/m2
2

 Frictional drag for 100 m length,

𝐹𝐷 = 𝜏0 × 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 270 × 𝜋 × 0.06 × 100 = 5089 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )

iv) The power required to maintain the flow, P ;

P = FD ×𝑢̅

= 5.089 × 2.25 = 11.45 kW (Ans.)

[Alternatively, 𝑃 = 𝑄 . 𝛥 𝑝 = 0.00636 × 1800 = 11.45 𝑘𝑊 ]

𝒅𝒖
v) The velocity gradient at the pipe wall (𝒅𝒚) ;
𝒚=𝟎

du
τ0 = 𝜇 . ( )
dy y=0

du τ0 270
or, (dy) = 𝝁
= 0.9
= 300 s-1 (Ans.)
y=0

vi) The velocity and shear stress at 8 mm from the wall:

1 𝜕𝑝
u = 4 𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 (𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) ...[𝐸𝑞𝑛. (10.5)]

Here, y = 8 mm = 0.008 m

But, y = R− r

 0.008 = 0.03 – r or r = 0.022 m

1 1800 × 103
 𝑢(8 𝑚𝑚) = 4×0.9 × (0.032 − 0.0222 )
100

= 2.08 m/s (Ans.)

2. Oil of absolute viscosity 1.5 poise and density 848.3 kg/m 3 flows through a 30 cm I.D. pipe. If
the head loss in 3000 m length of pipe is 20 m, assuming a laminar flow, determine (i) the velocity,
(ii) Reynolds number and (iii) friction factor (Fanning’s)
Given:
Solution:
1
(i) The velocity:  = 1.5 poise = 1.5 ×10

We know that, = 0.15 N-s/m2

̅𝐿
32 𝜇 𝑢
Δp= (where 𝑢̅ = average velocity)  = 848.3 kg/m3
𝐷2
̅𝐿
32 𝜇 𝑢 D = 30 cm = 0.3 m
or, Δ p = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ𝑓 = 𝐷2
hf = 20 m
𝜌 𝑔ℎ𝑓 𝐷2 848.3 ×9.81 ×20 × 0.32
or, 𝑢̅ = =
32 𝜇 𝐿 32 ×.015 ×3000 L = 3000 m

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 = 1.04 m/s (Ans.)
(ii) Reynolds number; Re:
̅𝐷
𝜌𝑢 848.3 ×1.04 ×0.3
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 1764.5 (Ans.)
𝜇 0.15

(iii) Friction coefficient, f :

16 16
f=𝑁 = 1764.5 = 0.00907 (Ans.)
𝑅𝑒

3. A circle oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular
pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of
the pipe, if 785 N of the oil is collected in a tank in 25 seconds.
Solution: Viscosity of the crude oil, 𝜇 = 0.9 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.09 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
Relative density = 0.9
 Weight density = 0.9 × 9810 = 8829 N/m3
Diameter of the pipe, D = 120 mm = 0.12 m
Length of the pipe, L = 12 m
Weight of the oil collected in 25 s = 785 N

Different of pressure, (𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 ):

The difference of pressure for viscous or laminar flow is given by

̅𝐿
32 𝜇 𝑢
(𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 ) =
𝐷2
785
Now, weight of oil collected/sec. = = 31.4 N/s = w × Q
25
31.4
 Q = 8829 = 0.00355 m3/s

𝑄 0.00355 0.00355
Average velocity, 𝑢̅ = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 0.314 m/s
( )× 𝐷2 ( )× 0.122
4 4
𝜌 𝑉𝐷 (0.9 ×1000) ×0.314 × 0.12
Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 376.8
𝜇 0.09

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, therefore, the flow is laminar/ viscous.

Substituting the values in eqn. (i), we get

32 ×0.09 ×0.314 ×12
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = = 753.6 N/m2 (Ans.)
(0.12)2

4. A liquid with a specific gravity 2.8 and a viscosity 0.8 poise flows through a smooth pipe of
unknown diameter, resulting in a pressure drop of 800 N/m 2 in 2 km length of the pipe. What is
the pipe diameter if the mass flow rate is 2500 kg/h.
Solution:

. Pipe diameter, D:

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 𝑚
m = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑢̅ or 𝑢̅ = 𝜌 𝐴
Given:
0.6944 3.158 × 10−4
or, 𝑢̅ = ( 𝜋 = Sp. gravity = 2.8
2.8 ×1000)× 𝐷2 𝐷2
4
 = 0.8×0.1
Assuming flow to be laminar, we have:
̅𝐿
32 𝜇 𝑢
= 0.18 Ns/m2
𝛥𝑝 = (where 𝑢̅ = average velocity)
𝐷2 ∆𝑝 = 800 N/m2
32 ×0.08×3.158 × 10−4 ×2000
800 = L = 2 km = 2000 m
𝐷2 × 𝐷2
1/4 m = 2500 kg/h
32 ×0.08 ×3.158 × 10−4 ×2000
D=( )
800 2500
= = 0.6944 kg/s
3600
= 0.212 m (Ans.)
Check for laminar flow,
̅𝐷
𝜌𝑢 (2.8 ×1000) ×3.158 × 10−4 ×𝐷 2800 ×3.158 × 10−4
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = = 52,
𝜇 𝐷2 × 0.08 0.212 × 0.08

which confirms that flow is laminar (Re  2000).

5. Oil of dynamic viscosity 1.5 poise and specific gravity of 0.85 flows through a 30 cm diameter
pipe. If the head loss in 300 nm length of pipe is 20 m, estimate. oct/19

(i) the shear stress at the pipe wall,

(ii) shear stress at a radial distance of 10 cm from the pipe axis,
Given:
(iii) the friction factor.
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
 = 1.5 poise
hf = 𝑆𝑔 = 0.15 pa
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = hf .𝜌 . g = 20 × 850×9.81 = 166770 N/m2 𝜌 = 0.85 ×1000
̅𝐿
32 𝜇 𝑢
hf = = 850 kg/m3
𝑆.𝑔.𝐷2
hf = 20 m
ℎ𝑓 .𝜌.𝑔.𝐷2 20 × 850 × 9.81 × 0.32
or, 𝑢̅ = = = 10.423
32 𝜇 𝐿 32 ×0.15 ×300 l = 300 m
(a) Shear stress at the pipe wall D = d = 0.3 m
− 𝜕𝑝 𝑟
𝜏= .2
𝜕𝑥

− 𝜕𝑝 𝑅
Where, r = R [𝜏0 = .2 ]
𝜕𝑥

− 𝜕𝑝 − (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) 𝑝 −𝑝 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
= = 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 1 𝑤

166770
= = 555.9 N/m3
300

R = D/2 = 0.3/2 = 0.15 m

0.15
𝜏0 = 555.9× = 41.693 N/m2 (Ans.)
2

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 (b) Shear stress at radial distance of 10 cm from the pipe axis

r = R− y

= 0.15− 0.10 = 0.05 m

− 𝜕𝑝 𝑟
𝜏= .2
𝜕𝑥
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑟
= .2
𝑤

= 13.8975 N/m2
64
(c) Friction factor, f = 𝑅𝑒
64
= 𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝜇

64
= 850 ×10.42 ×0.3
0.15

= 0.003612 (Ans.)
6. calculate the flowrate and total frictional drag over 100 m length of the pipe of 60 mm diameter
through which oil of viscosity 9 poise and specific gravity 0.9 is flowing. Ap
/19

We know,
𝜌𝑉𝐷
R= 𝜇

 2000 = 0.9 × 𝑉 × 0.9

0.06×10000
Given:
 V = 33.34 m/s
 = 9 poise
= 0.9 N.s/m2
(a) Q = AV
L = 100 m
𝜋
= 4 × (0.06)2 × 33.34 D = 60 mm= 0.06 m

= 0.0942 m3/s  = 3×1000 kg/m3

= 94.2 l/s. (Ans.) Let,

R = 2000 (for
(b) We know, laminar flow
32 𝜇 𝑉 𝐿
Δp = 𝐷2

32 ×0.9 ×33.34 ×100

= (0.06)2

= 26. 672×106 Pa

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 ∆𝑝 𝑅 𝜕𝑝 𝑅
(c) 𝜏0 = × 2 = 𝜕𝑥 × 2
𝐿

26.67 × 106 0.03

= ×
100 2

= 4000.5 N/m2

(d) Drag force (F) = 𝜏0 ×A

= 𝜏0 × 𝜋D L

= 4000.5 × 103 × 0.06 × 100 × 𝜋

= 75. 4 𝑘𝑁

7. A horizontal pipe of 5 cm diameter conveys an oil of specific gravity 0.9 and dynamic viscosity
0.8 kg/Ms. Measurements indicates a pressure drop of 20 kN/m2 per meter of pipe length traverse.
Solve for the (i) flow rate of the oil and center line velocity, (ii) wall shear stress and the frictional
drag over 100 m of the pipe length, (iii) power of the pump required assuming and overall
efficiency of 60 percent, (iv) the velocity and shear stress at 1 cm from the pipe surface.

32 𝜇 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐿
(a) Pressure Drop, Δp = 𝐷2

∆𝑝 𝑝 𝑔 𝐷2
So, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ( ) × ( )
𝐿 32 𝜇

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1.9531 m/s

𝜋
So flow rate g = 𝐴 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 4 × (0.05)2 × 1.9531

= 0.00383 m3/s.

Centre line velocity (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 2 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3.9062 m/s.

𝜕𝑝 𝑅
(b) Wall share stress (𝜏) = ( 𝜕𝑥 ) × 2

20000 ×0.025
= 2

𝜏 = 250 N/m2
32 𝜇 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐿
(c) Frictional Drag hf = 𝜌 𝑔 𝐷2

32 ×0.8 ×1.953 ×100

= 900 ×9.81× 0.052

= 226.52 m
𝜌 𝑔 𝑄 ℎ𝑓
(d) Power required by Pump, P = 𝜂

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 900 ×9.81 ×0.00383 ×226.52
= 0.6

= 12.766 kw.
1 𝜕𝑝
(e) u = 4 𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 (𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )

1
= 4 ×0.8 × (20 × 1000) [0.0252 − 0.0152 ]

= 2.5 m/ sec at 1 cm from surface.

𝜕𝑝 𝑟
(f) Share stress 𝜏 = 𝜕𝑥 × 2

0.015
= 20 × 1000 ×( )
2

𝜏 = 150 N/m2 at 1cm from surface.

8. Oil at 20°C (𝜏 = 888 kg/m3 and 𝝁 = 0.800 kg/m. s) is flowing steadily through a 5 cm diameter
and 40 m long pipe as in Figure Q4 (a). The pressure at the pipe inlet and outlet are measured to
be 745 kPa and 97 kPa, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe assuming the
pipe is (i) horizontal, (ii) inclined 15° upward, (iii) inclined 15° downward. Prove that the flow
through the pipe is laminar.

We know
𝑝1 ∝ 𝑣1 2 𝑝 ∝ 𝑣2 2
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 = 𝜌 2𝑔 + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑚𝑒 + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔

 For Ac = constant, [𝑉2 = 𝑉1 ]

𝑝1 𝑝
 + 0 + 𝑧1 + 0 ≠ 𝜌 2𝑔 + 0 + 𝑧2 + 0 + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
 𝜌𝑔
= 0 + ℎ2 (𝑧2 = 𝑧1)

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 (745− 97) × 103 f L 𝑉2
 9.81
= 2gD

(745− 97) × 103 ×2 ×0.05

 0.8000 ×f L 𝑍 2
= 𝑉2

64 64 𝜇
For laminar flow, f = 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝐷

1.8242 × 𝜌 𝑉 𝐷
 = 𝑉2 [𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄]
64 𝜇

𝜋
Flow rate (V) = 𝐴𝑢 𝑣 = × 0.05 − 2 × 1. 582 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
4

 𝑉 = 0.003106 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐.
(ii) For elevation of 15°:

𝛥𝑧 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 𝐿 sin 15 = 40 × 𝐿 sin 15

𝛥𝑧 = 10.35276 𝑚

∆𝑃
= 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ2 = 10.35276 + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔

(745 − 97)× 103

 0.800 ×9.81
= 10.35276 + ℎ2

 74.3863 − 10.35276 = ℎ2
2
 64.03355 m = ℎ2 = 𝑓2 𝐿𝑔𝑉𝐷
64.03355 ×2 𝑔 𝐷 × 𝜌 𝑉 𝐷
 64 𝜇 ×𝐿
= 𝑉2

 [𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄]
 𝑉𝑎 = 𝐴𝑐 × 𝑣 = 𝜋/4 × 0.052 × 1.36185 = 0.00267 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐.

(iii) For inclined 15° downward:

Δz = − L in 15° = − 10.338096 m

∆𝑃
= − 10.335276 + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔

 74.3865 + 10.335276 = ℎ2
 84.721276 = ℎ2
𝑓 𝐿 𝑉2
 = 84.721276
2𝑔𝐷
84.721276 ×2 𝑔 𝐷2 × 𝜌
 V= = 1.80183 m/sec
64 𝜇 𝐿
 Q = V Ac = 0.0035379 m3/sec. (Answer)

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 Laminar Flow practice math
1. Find the Reynold number for flow of 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 of oil having specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity
0.021 𝑵𝒔/𝒎𝟐 through a pipe of 500 mm diameter.

Solution, Given Data:

Velocity of flow through the pipe, Diameter of tube, d = 500 mm
𝑄
 𝑣= Viscosity of oil,  = 0.021 Ns/ m2
𝐴
𝑄
 𝑣=𝜋 Specific gravity of oil= 0.85
×𝑑2
4
0.5
 𝑣=𝜋
×(0.5)2
4
 𝑣 = 2.55 𝑚/𝑠

Density of oil, 𝜌 = 0.85 × 1000 = 850 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

Therefore, Reynold number,
𝜌𝑣𝑑
 𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
850×2.55×0.5
 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 0.021
 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 51.607 (Answer)

2. Water is flowing through a tube of 6 mm diameter. Find the highest velocity at which the flow
of water will remain laminar. Viscosity of water is 1.02×10—3 Ns/ m2.

Given Data:
To Find: Diameter of tube, d = 6 mm
⎯ Maximum velocity for laminar flow Viscosity of water,  = 1.02×10—3
Solution: Ns/ m2

For laminar flow maximum Reynolds number NRe = 2000

Density of water, 𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Let v = required velocity

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

1000 ×𝑣 ×0.006
or, 2000 = 1.02×10−3

or, 𝑣 = 0.34 𝑚/𝑠 (Answer)

3. Oil of kinematic viscosity 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝒎²/𝒔 is flowing through a pipe of 40 mm diameter. Find

the velocity at a point 10 mm from the pipe wall if the Reynolds number for the flow is 1400.
To Find:
- Velocity of oil at a point 10 mm from the pipe wall

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

Solution:
Let, v = average velocity of flow
𝑑
Radius of pipe, 𝑟0 = = 20 𝑚𝑚 Given Data:
2

𝑣𝑑 Diameter of pipe, d = 40 mm
Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉

𝑣×0.04
Kinematic viscosity of oil, v = 0.75×10m²/s
 1400 = 0.75×10−4
Reynolds number of flow, NRe = 1400
 𝑣 = 2.63 𝑚/𝑠

For laminar flow, maximum velocity = 2x average velocity

or, 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑣

or, 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 × 2.63𝑚/𝑠 = 5.26 𝑚/𝑠

Velocity of flow at a radius r from the centre of the pipe is given by,
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑢= (− ) (𝑟0 2 − 𝑟 2 ) ……………..(i)
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥

Maximum velocity is given by,

1 𝜕𝑝
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝜇 (− 𝜕𝑥 ) (𝑟0 2 ) ……………(ii)

Dividing equation (i) by (ii)

𝑢 𝑟0 2−𝑟2
= ……………(iii)
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟02

In the equation (iii), 𝑟 = (20 − 10)𝑚𝑚 = 10𝑚𝑚

Therefore, the required velocity,
𝑟0 2 −𝑟2
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑟0 2

(0.02)2−(0.01)2
Or, 𝑢 = 5.26 × = 3.95 𝑖𝑛/𝑠 (Answer)
(0.02)2

4. A certain amount of liquid is flowing from a reservoir through a tube of 6 mm diameter. The
specific weight of the liquid is 𝟖. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑 and its viscosity is 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑵𝒔/𝒎𝟐 . Neglecting minor
losses find the flow rate.

Given Data:
Diameter of tube, d = 6 mm

Specific weight of water,  = 8.64 kN/m3

Viscosity of liquid,  = 0.01 Ns/ m2

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

To Find:

⎯ Flow rate of oil, Q

Solution:

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between points (i) and (ii),

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1= + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑓
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

or, 0 + 0 + 6 = 0 + 0 +0 + ℎ𝑓

or, ℎ𝑓 = 6 m

Ler v = velocity of liquid through the tube

Assuming the flow as laminar, the head loss is given by

32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 =
𝛾 𝑑2

32 ×0.01 × 𝑣 ×5
or, 6 = 8.64 ×1000 × (0.06)2

or, 𝑣 = 1.17 𝑚/𝑠

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

8.64 ×1000 ×1.17 ×0.006

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 9.81 ×0.01

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 618. 18

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar.

Flow rate, Q=Av

𝜋
or, 𝑄 = 4 × 𝑑 2 × 𝑣

𝜋
or, 𝑄 = 4 × (0.006)2 × 1.17 × 1000

or, 𝑄 = 0.033 𝑙 / 𝑠 (Answer)

5. Oil is flowing through a pipe of 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 diameter at the rate of 𝟓. 𝟓𝟏 𝒍/𝒔. The density of oil is
𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 and its viscosity is 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝑵𝒔/𝒎𝟐 . Find the power loss per meter length of pipe.

Solution:

𝑄
Velocity of flow, 𝑣 = 𝐴
AMIE Education Point (01832810595)
 𝑄
 𝑣=𝜋
× 𝑑2 Given Data:
4

0.0055
 𝑣=𝜋 Diameter of pipe, d = 210 mm
× (0.21)2
4

 𝑣 = 0.16 𝑚/𝑠 Flow rate of oil, Q = 5.5 1/s

𝜌𝑣𝑑 Density of oil, u = 0.19 Ns/m²

Reynolds number. 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

850 ×0.16 ×0.21

Length of pipe considered, L = 1 m
or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 0.19

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 150.32

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar.

64
For laminar flow friction factor, 𝑓 =
𝑁𝑅𝑒

64
Or, 𝑓 = = 0.43
150.32

Specific weight of oil, 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = 850 × 9.81 𝑁/𝑚² = 8338.5 𝑁/𝑚²

𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
Head loss due to friction, ℎ𝑓 = 2𝑔𝑑

0.43×1×(0.16)2
Or, ℎ𝑓 = = 0.0027 𝑚
2×9.81×0.21

Power required per meter length, 𝑃 = 𝑄 × 𝛾 × ℎ𝑓

Or, 𝑃 = 0.0055 × 8338.5 × 0.0027 = 0.12 𝑊 (Answer)

6. A certain liquid of specific weight 𝟗. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟑 is flowing through a capillary tube of 1.25 mm
diameter from a reservoir. The viscosity of liquid is 𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐍𝐬/𝐦𝟐 . Neglecting minor losses
find the flow rate of liquid.

Given Data:

Diameter of capillary tube, d = 1.25 mm

Length of tube, L = 1 m

Specific weight of liquid 𝛾 = 9.11 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝑁𝑠
Viscosity of liquid, = 9.58 × 10−4
𝑚2

Solutions:
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between points (1) and (2),
P1 𝑣1 2 P2 𝑣2 2
 + + Z1 = + + Z2 + ℎ𝑓
γ 2g γ 2g
AMIE Education Point (01832810595)
 𝑣2 2
 0+ 0+2= 0+ + 0 + ℎ𝑓
2g
 ℎ𝑓 = 2 − 0.051𝑣 2 Here, 𝑣2 = 𝑣

Assuming laminar flow, head loss is given by

32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿
 ℎ𝑓 = 𝛾 𝑑2
32 ×9.58×10−4 × 𝑣× 1
 2 − 0.051𝑣 2 = 9.11× (0.00125)2
2
 2 − 0.051𝑣 = 2.15 𝑣
 0.051𝑣 2 + 2.15 𝑣 − 2 = 0

∴ 𝑣 = 0.91 𝑚/𝑠 (Considering positive sign)

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

9.11 ×1000 ×0.91×0.00125

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 9.81×9.58×10−4

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 1102.64

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar.

Therefore, Flow rate, Q=Av

𝜋
or, Q = 4 × 𝑑 2 × 𝑣
𝜋
or, Q = 4 × (0.00125)2 × 0.91 × 1000 × 3600 𝑙/ 𝑠

∴ 𝑄 = 4.02 𝑙/𝑠 (Answer)

7. A certain liquid is flowing through a 40 mm diameter and 16 m long pipe. The specific gravity
of the liquid is 0.91 and its viscosity is equal to 0.05 Ns/m2. If the pressure drop in the pipe is equal
to 25 kPa, show that the flow is laminar. Find the power required for maintaining this flow.

To Find:
Given Data:
⎯ To prove that the flow is laminar
⎯ Power required to maintain this flow Diameter of tube, d = 40 mm

Solution: Length of pipe, L = 16 m

Density of liquid, 𝜌 = 0.91 × 1000 = 910 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 Specific gravity of liquid = 0.91

Let, v = velocity of flow through the pipe. Viscosity of liquid,  = 0.005 Ns/ m2

Now for laminar flow pressure drop is given by, Pressure drop in the pipe, (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿 = 25 𝑘𝑃𝑎
=
𝛾 𝛾 𝑑2

32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿
or, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 =
𝑑2

32 ×0.05 ×𝑣 ×16
or, 25 × 1000 = (0.04)2

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 or, 𝑣 = 1.56 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

910 ×1.56 ×0.04

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 0.05

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 1135.68

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar.

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Specific weight of liquid, 𝛾 = 0.91 × 9.81 𝑚3 = 8.93 𝑚3
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 25 ×1000
Head loss due to friction, hf = = 8.93 ×1000 = 2.80 𝑚
𝛾

Flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝜋
or, 𝑄 = × 𝑑2 × 𝑣
4
𝜋
or, 𝑄 = × (0.04)2 × 1.56 𝑚3 / 𝑠 = 1.96 × 10−3 𝑚3 / 𝑠
4

Required power, 𝑝 = 𝑄 × 𝛾 × ℎ𝑓

or, 𝑝 = 1.96 × 10−3 × 8.93 × 2.8 𝑘𝑊

or, 𝑝 = 0.049 𝑘𝑊 (Answer)

8. A certain liquid of specific weight 9.9kN/m³ and viscosity 0.09 Ns/m² is flowing from one
reservoir to another through a tube of 8 mm diameter and 21 m length. Neglecting minor losses,
find the flow rate of liquid.
Given Data:

Specific weight of liquid, 𝛾 = 9.9 𝑘𝑁/𝑚³

Viscosity of liquid, 𝜇 = 0.09 𝑁𝑠 / 𝑚²

Diameter of tube, d = 8 mm

Length of tube, L = 21 m
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between points (1) and (2),
P1 𝑣1 2 P2 𝑣2 2
 + + Z1 = + + Z2 + ℎ𝑓
γ 2g γ 2g

 0 + 0 + 25 = 0 + 0 + 0 + ℎ𝑓
 ℎ𝑓 = 25 m

Assuming laminar flow, head loss is given by

32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿
 ℎ𝑓 = 𝛾 𝑑2
32 ×0.09× 𝑣× 21
 25 =
9.9×1000× (0.008)2

∴ 𝑣 = 0.26 𝑚/𝑠
AMIE Education Point (01832810595)
 𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇

9.9 ×1000 ×0.26×0.008

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 9.81×0.09

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 23.32

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar.

Therefore, Flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑣

𝜋
𝑜𝑟, 𝑄 = × 𝑑2 × 𝑣
4
𝜋
𝑜𝑟, 𝑄 = × (0.008)2 × 0.26 × 1000 × 3600 𝑙/ 𝑠
4
∴ 𝑄 = 47.05 𝑙/𝑠 (Answer)

9. Oil having kinematic viscosity of 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔 is flowing through a pipe at the rate of
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔. Find the maximum diameter of pipe considering laminar flow conditions.

Solutions:

For laminar flow maximum Reynolds number. 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 2000 Given Data:
𝑄 kinematic viscosity of oil = 2.94 ×
Velocity of flow, 𝑣 = 𝐴
10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠

 𝑣=𝜋
𝑄 Flow rate of oil 𝑄 = 0.03 𝑚3 /𝑠
× 𝑑2
4

0.03
 𝑣=𝜋
× (𝑑)2
4

 𝑣 = 0.038 × (𝑑)−2

𝑣𝑑
Reynolds number. 𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉

0.038× (𝑑)−2 ×𝑑
or, 2000 = 2.94× 10−5

or, 𝑑 = 0.6463 𝑚 = 646.30 𝑚𝑚 (Answer)

10. Oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 0.12 Ns/m2 is flowing through a 300 mm diameter and
1300 m long pipe at the rate of 20 l/s. Prove that the flow is laminar. Find the pressure drop over
the length of pipe due to friction.

To Find:

⎯ Whether the flow is laminar

⎯ Pressure drop due to friction, (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )

Solution:

Density of oil, 𝜌 = 0.85 × 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

 𝑄
Velocity of oil through the pipe, 𝑣 = 𝐴 Given Data:
𝑄
or, 𝑣 = 𝜋 Diameter of tube, d = 300 mm
× 𝑑2
4

0.02 Length of pipe, L = 1300 m

or, 𝑣 =𝜋
× (0.3)2
4
Specific gravity of oil = 0.85
or, 𝑣 = 0.28 𝑚/𝑠
Viscosity of oil, 𝜇 = 0.12 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = Flow rate of oil, 𝑄 = 20 𝑙/𝑠
𝜇

850 ×0.28 ×0.3

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 0.12

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 595

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar.

For laminar flow pressure drop,
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿
=
𝛾 𝛾 𝑑2

32 𝜇 𝑣 𝐿
or, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑑2

32×0.12 ×0.28 ×1300

or, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 15.53 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (Answer)
(0.3)2

11. Lubricating oil flows through a steel pipe at a velocity 0.90 m/s. The diameter of pipe is 150
mm and it is 50 m long. Find the head loss due to friction. The density of oil is 870 kg/m3.

To Find: Head loss due to friction, hf

Given Data:
Solution:
Diameter of pipe, d = 150 mm
𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇 Length of pipe, L = 50 m
870 ×0.90 ×0.15
or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = Velocity of oil, v = 0.90 m/s
0.0815

or, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 1441 Viscosity of oil,  = 0.0815 Ns/ m2

Since 𝑁𝑅𝑒  2000, the flow is laminar. Density of oil,  = 870 kg/m3
64
For laminar flow friction factor is given by, 𝑓 = 𝑁𝑅𝑒

64
or, 𝑓 = = 0.0444
1441

𝑓 𝐿 𝑉2
Head loss due to friction, ℎ𝑓 = 2𝑔𝑑

0.0444 ×50 × (0.90)2

or, ℎ𝑓 =
2 ×9.81 ×0.15

or, ℎ𝑓 = 0.61 𝑚 (Answer)

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

12. A certain oil of viscosity 0.018 Ns/ m2 is flowing between two parallel fixed horizontal plates
with a centerline velocity of 1.98 m/s. the plate are 1 m wide and kept at a distance of 9 mm apart.
Find the pressure gradient, average velocity and discharge of the oil.
To Find:
𝑑𝑝 Given Data:
⎯ Pressure gradient, 𝑑𝑥
Viscosity of oil,  = 0.0181 Ns/ m2
⎯ Average velocity, v
⎯ Discharge, Q Centerline velocity of oil, 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.98 𝑚/𝑠
Distance between the two plates, h = 9 mm
Width of the plates, b = 1 m

Solution:
We know that centerline velocity is the maximum velocity (Umax).
1 𝑑𝑝
Now, 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8𝜇 (− ) ℎ2
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑝 9 2
or, 1.98 = − 8 ×0.018 × 𝑑𝑥 × (1000)

𝑑𝑝
or, = − 3520 N/m2 per m (Answer)
𝑑𝑥

2
Average velocity, 𝑣 = 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
3

2
or, 𝑣 = × 1.98 𝑚/𝑠
3

or, 𝑣 = 1.32 𝑚/𝑠 (Answer)

Discharge, 𝑄 = area of flow × average velocity

9
= 1 × 1000 × 1.32

= 0.0119 𝑚3 /𝑠 (Answer)
13.A certain oil is flowing through a 250 m long and 155 mm diameter pipe. The specific gravity
of oil is 0.90 and its kinematic viscosity is 7.44×10-6 m2/s. The flow is laminar. If 20 kW is required
to drive the pump whose efficiency is 70%, find the flow rate oil.

Solution:

Let, V= velocity of flow

through the pipe
𝑉𝑑
Reynolds number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉

Friction factor for laminar flow,

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 64
f=𝑁 Given Data:
𝑅𝑒

64 𝑉 Length of pipe, L = 250 m

or, f= 𝑉𝑑
Diameter of pipe, d = 155 m = 0.155 m
Now head loss due to friction,
Specific gravity of soil, S = 0.90
𝑓 𝐿 𝑉2
hf = 2𝑔𝑑 Kinematic viscosity of oil, v = 7.44×10-6 m2/s
64 𝑉 𝐿 𝑉2
or, hf = × Power required to drive the pump, P = 20 kW
𝑉𝑑 2𝑔𝑑

64 𝐿 𝑉 Efficiency of pump, 𝜂𝑝 = 70 %
or, hf = 2 𝑔 𝑑2

64 × 7.44×10−6 ×250 ×V
or, hf = 2 × 9.81 (0.155)2

or, hf = 0.25 V

Specific weight of oil, 𝛾0 = 9.81×0.9 kN/ m3 = 8.83 kN/ m3

Now, 𝑃 × 𝜂𝑝 = 𝑄 𝛾0 ℎ𝑓

or, 20 × 0.70 = 𝑄 × 8.83 × 0.25𝑉

or, 20 × 0.70 = 𝐴𝑉 × 8.83 × 0.25𝑉

𝜋
or, 20 × 0.70 = × (0.155)2 × 8.83 × 0.25𝑉 2
4

∴ 𝑉 = 18.33 𝑚/𝑠

Therefore, Flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

𝜋
= × (0.155)2 × 18.33 = 0.35 𝑚3 /𝑠 (Answer)
4

14. A certain fluid of specific gravity 1.4 and dynamic viscosity 0.8 Ns/m² is flowing through a pipe
of diameter 105 mm. If the wall shear stress is 210 N/m², find the discharge and velocity and shear
stress at a radius of 30 mm from the pipe center.

Solution:
Let us consider that the flow is laminar. Wall share stress is the maximum shear stress.
For a pipe maximum share stress is given by, Given Data:
𝜕𝑝 𝑟0
 τ0 = − 𝜕𝑥 Diameter of pipe, d = 105 mm = 0.105 m
2
𝜕𝑝 0.105
 210 = − 𝜕𝑥 × Specific gravity of fluid = 1.4
2×2
𝜕𝑝
 − 𝜕𝑥 = 8000 𝑁/𝑚2 Dynamic viscosity of fluid, μ = 0.8 Ns/m²

Maximum velocity is given by, Wall shear stress, τ0 = 210 N/m²

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 1 𝜕𝑝
 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝜇 (− 𝜕𝑥 ) (𝑟0 2 )
1
 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4×0.8 × (8000) × (0.0532 )
 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7.02 𝑚/𝑠
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 7.02
Now average velocity. 𝑣 = 2
= 2
= 3.51 𝑚/𝑠

Flow rate, Q=Av

𝜋
or, Q = 4 × 𝑑 2 × 𝑣

𝜋 𝑚3
or, Q = 4 × (0.105)2 × 3.51 𝑠

𝑚3
or, 𝑄 = 0.03 (Answer)
𝑠

𝛾 1.4×9.81×1000
Density of fluid, 𝜌 = 𝑔 = 9.81

𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1400
𝑚3

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, NRe = 𝜇

1400×3.51 ×0.105
or, NRe = 0.8

or, NRe = 644.96

Since NRe  2000, the flow is laminar.

Velocity of fluid at a radius of 30 mm is given by,

1 𝜕𝑝
 𝑢 = 4𝜇 (− 𝜕𝑥) (𝑟0 2 − 𝑟 2 )
1
 𝑢 = 4×0.8 × (8000) × ((0.053)2 − (0.03)2 )
 𝑢 = 4.64 𝑚/𝑠

Shear stress at a radius of 30 mm is given by,

𝜕𝑝 𝑟
 τ = − 𝜕𝑥 . 2
0.03
 τ = 1800 × 2
= 120 𝑁/𝑚2 (Answer)

15. A certain liquid of specific gravity 0.85 is pumped through a horizontal pipe of 1 km long. The
diameter of pipe is 125 mm and flow rate of liquid is 16 l/s. The pump absorbs 8 kW and its
efficiency is 70%. Find the dynamic viscosity of oil and type of flow.

Solution:
Let us consider the flow is laminar,

Specific weight of oil, 𝛾 = 0.85 × 9.81 = 8.34 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑄 0.016
Average velocity of oil, 𝑣 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 = 1.3 𝑚/𝑠
× (0.125)2
4

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)

Let, ℎ𝑓 = head loss due to friction Given Data:
Now for the pump, 𝜂 × 𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾ℎ𝑓 Diameter of pipe, d = 125 mm = 0.125 m

Or, 0.70 × 8 = 0.016 × 8.34 × ℎ𝑓 Length of pipe, L = 1 km

Specific gravity of Oil = 0.85
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 41.97 𝑚
Flow rate of oil, 𝑄 = 16 𝑙/𝑠 = 0.016 𝑚3 /𝑠
For laminar flow head loss due to friction is given by,
Power absorbed by pump, P= 8kW
32𝜇𝑣𝐿
 ℎ𝑓 = 𝛾𝑑2 Pump efficiency, 𝜂 = 70%
32×𝜇×1.3×1
 41.97 = 8.34×(0.125)2
 𝜇 = 0.13 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 (Answer)
𝜌𝑣𝑑
Now Reynolds number, NRe = 𝜇

0.85×1000×1.3 ×0.125
or, NRe = 0.13

or, NRe = 1062.5

Since NRe  2000, the flow is laminar. (Proved)

AMIE Education Point (01832810595)