Conversion Factors - Gas Industry

FLARE GAS RECOVERY
International Headquarters PO Box 21220 Tulsa, OK 74121-1220 +1 918.234.2903

Mass to Volume Calculations
PV = mRT
V = m X (Ru / MW) X Tabs / Pabs
Pabs in kPa or psia : Tabs in K or R : V in m3 or ft3 : m in kg or lbm
MW in kg/kg-mol or lbm/lb-mol (numerically equal)
R = Ru / MW
Ru = 8.314 472 kPam3/(kg-molK) = 10.731 6 psiaft3/(lb-molR)
kPam3/(kg-molK) = kJ/(kg-molK)
SCFM = lbs/hr / 60 X ** / MW
Nm3/hr = kg/hr X ** / MW
mmscfd
= 1,177.529 Nm3/hr
[@ 1 atm & 60F]
[@ 1 atm & 15C]
scfm
= 1.607 466 Nm3/hr
[@ 1 atm & 60F]
[@ 1 atm & 0C]
mmscfd
**
API (Standard)
15 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 23.645 Nm3/kgmol
Asia (Normal)
15 C
EC (Normal)
0 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 22.414 Nm3/kgmol
1 bar
23.959 Nm3/kgmol
US customary
60 F 14.696 psia (1 atm) 379.482 scf/lbmol
CAGI & ISO
68 F
14.5 psia (1 bar)
390.439 scf/lbmol
IUPAC (Normal)
0C
100 kPa (1 bar)
24.277 Nm3/kgmol
NIST
20 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 24.055 Nm3/kgmol
Gas Volume Conversion (T&P in absolute terms)

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
V2 = V1 X P1 / P2 X T2 / T1
Remember (in absolute terms):
double the pressure, half the volume
double the temperature, double the volume
Theoretical Gas HP
(adiabatic, ideal gas, neglecting compressibility)
HP = P1 X V1 X k / (k-1) X 144 / 33000 X [ (P2 / P1)((k-1) / k) -1 ]
Theoretical Discharge Temperature (adiabatic)
T2 = T1 X { [(P2 / P1)((k-1) / k) -1 ] + 1 }
P in psia T in R V in actual ft3/min (acfm)
Converting SCFM to ACFM (and vice-versa)
SCFM = ACFM X 35.374 X (Pact psig + 14.7) / (Tact F + 460)
ACFM = SCFM X 0.0283 X (Tact F + 460) / (Pact psig + 14.7)
(STP - 14.7 psia & 60F)
lb/hr = SCFM X MW X 0.158
Air/Water Properties
property
dimension
MW
lb/lbmol
density @60F,14.7 psia
lb/ft3
K (Cp/Cv)
Cp V
BTU/lb/F
Cp L
BTU/lb/F
Cv
BTU/lb/F
therm cond (100 F)
BTU/hr/ft2/(F/ft)
air
28.964
0.075
1.4
0.241
0.172
0.0243
psi
Bar
kPa
kg/cm2
psi
1
0.06895 6.89476 0.07031
bar
14.504
1
100
1.01972
kPa
0.145
0.01
1
0.0102
kg/cm2 14.223 0.98067 98.0665
1
atm
14.696 1.01325 101.325 1.03323
in W.C.* 0.0361 0.00249 0.24884 0.00254
C
K
R
F
1
P = lbf/in2 ; m = mass (lbm) ; g = 32.17 ft/sec2 ; A = ft2 ; = lbm/ft3

gc = 32.17 lbm-ft / lbf-sec2 ; V = ft3 = A h ; h = ft
= ft3/sec ; v = ft/sec ; = lbm/sec ; r = ft
Cp
MW
NR = Reynolds no. ; D= ft ; = lbfsec/ft2
(BTU/lb/F)
Methane
0.5266 16.043
z = ft ; Hp = pump added head
Hf = friction head ; L = ft ; f = fric. factor
Ethane
0.4097 30.070
k = loss coefficient ; Leq = equiv. L
Propane
0.3881 44.097
H 2O
18.015
62.427
1.326
0.448
1.0
0.363
atm
in W.C.*
0.06804
0.986923
0.00986
0.967841
1
0.002458
27.707
401.856
4.01463
393.701
406.782
1
C
(F - 32) X 5 / 9
(C X 9 / 5) + 32
1
(K - 273.15) X 9 / 5 + 32
K - 273.15
R - 459.67
(R 459.67) X 5 / 9
BTU = British Thermal

Unit = energy required to
raise 1 lb of water 1F at
68F
kcal = energy required
to raise 1 kg of water 1C
at 20C
Fluid Flow
P = Force = Weight = m g = V g = A h g = h g
A gc
gc
Area
Area
A gc A gc
= A v = ( r2) v
=
( A v)in = ( A v)out
NR = v D NR < 2000 -> laminar; NR > 3500 -> turbulent
elevation
velocity
pressure
gc
head
head
head
z1 + v12 + P1 gc + Hp = z2 + v22 + P2 gc + Hf ID (in)
ID = 1.748 [Q(cfm)/v]
2g g
2g
g
ID = 1.341 [Q(m3/hr)/v]
Hf = f L v2 = k v2 ; Leq = k D ; k = f Leq
ID
= 0.639 [Q(gpm)/v]
D2g
2g
f
D
Typical Values of Leq / D

Globe Valve
Leq / D
Conventional 400
Y-Pattern 160
Gate Valve
Fully Open
13
75% Open
35
50% Open 160
25% Open 900
Standard Tee
Flow thru Run
20
Flow thru Branch 60
Check Valve
Conventional Swing 135
Clearway Swing 50
Butterfly Valve
>8 inch, fully open 40
90 Standard Ell
30
45 Standard Ell
16
Return Bend
50
* water @ 60 F
Temp
F
Identities
N kgm/s2
J N m kgm2/s2
kJ kPam3
Pa N/m2 kg/m/s2
Pa 100 mBar
W J/s kgm2/s3
W hr 3600 J
m3 1000 liter
cm3/g liter/kg
Torr mm Hg
(Angstrom)
1 x 10-10 m
0.0001 m
m (Micron)
1 x 10-6 m
0.001 mm
Pump Calculations
H = 2.31 X P / SG
where:
H in ft P in psi
SG = specific gravity
ACFM = gas volume at actual gas T & P

(ignoring humidity effects)
SCFM = gas volume at one of the listed STP
(Standard Temperature & Pressure)
< conditions
ICFM = T & P at compressor inlet flange
Multiply units in left column by proper factor below:

Pressure
Pipe Sizing Velocity

Liquid < 10 fps
Gas < 100 fps
k = Cp / Cv = MW X Cp / (MW X Cp - 1.99)
k = 1.4 air, k = 1.28 typical flare gas
for k = 1.0 to 1.1 gas easily compressed
for k > 1.35 gas difficult to compress
(large T incr. opposes compression process)
= 694.44 scfm
STP
Compressors
Centrifugal approximates
constant head,
variable volume.
PD variable head,
constant volume.
K
(F - 32) X 5 / 9 + 273.15
R
F + 459.67
C + 273.15
1
RX5/9
(C + 273.15) X 9 / 5
KX9/5
1
n-Butane
0.3867
58.124
i-Butane
n-Pentane
0.3872
0.3883
58.124
72.151
i-Pentane
0.3827
72.151
n-Hexane
Ethylene
0.3864
0.3622
86.178
28.054
Propylene
0.3541
42.081
1-Butene
0.3548
56.108
C-2-Butene
0.3269
56.108
T-2-Butene
0.3654
56.108
Isobutene
1-Pentene
0.3701
0.3635
56.108
70.135
CO
CO2
H2S
0.2484
0.1991
0.2380
28.010
44.010
34.076
Hydrogen
3.408
2.016
Oxygen
Nitrogen
0.2188
0.2482
31.999
28.013
Water
Air
0.4446
0.241
18.015
28.964
Latent heat - the

amount of heat added or
removed to produce only
a phase change.
Sensible heat - the heat
added or removed that
causes a temperature
change.
Conversions
CFM = 1.69 9 m3/hr

liter/s = 2.118 9 CFM
[flow rate]
gpm = 8.020 9 ft3/hr
3
m /hr = 4.402 gpm
in3/lb = 36.127 3 cm3/kg
[specific
m3/kg = 16.018 5 ft3/lb
volume]
m3/kgmol = 16.018 5 ft3/lbmol
lb/gal = 119.826 1 kg/m3
gr/cm3 = 62.428 0 lb/ft3
[density]
lb/ft3 = 16.018 5 kg/m3
grain/100 scf = 22.888 35 mg/m3
grain/gallon = 17.118 06 g/m3
ft3 H2O = 62.427 lb
gallon H2O = 8.345 lb
liter H2O = 1 kg
[mass]
kg = 2.204 6 lb
ton = 2,000 lb
metric ton = 1,000 kg
grain = 64.798 9 mg
m = 3.280 8 ft = 39.37 in
inch = 2.54 cm
m = 3.937 x 10-5 in
[length]
mile = 5,280 ft = 1.609 3 km
naut. mile = 1.852 km = 6,076.4 ft
fathom = 6 ft = 1.828 8 m
league = 3 mile = 5.556 km
gallon = 3.785 4 liter = 231 in3
in3 = 16.387 1 cm3
[volume]
m3 = 35.314 7 ft3 = 264.171 4 gallon
3
ft = 7.480 5 gallon = 28.316 8 liter
bbl = 42 gal = 0.159 m3
psi = 2.308 9 ft H2O = 70.375 8 cm H2O
ft H2O = 2.986 1 kPa
kPa = 7.5 mm Hg = 9.806 4 cm H2O
in Hg = 3.386 4 kPa
atm = 33.931 7 ft H2O
[pressure]
atm = 760 Torr = 29.921 3 in Hg
Torr = 133.322 Pa = 1,000 (micron)
bar = 750 Torr = 100 kPa
lb/in2 = 2.036 in Hg
kPa = 20.885 4 lb/ft2
kW = 1.341 hp = 3,412.14 BTU/hr
kW = 1.360 metric hp
[power]
W = 1.627 9 kcal/hr
hp = 550 ft lbf/s = 2,544.43 BTU/hr
hp = 1.014 metric hp
BTU/s = 1.055 056 kW
ton refrig = 12,000 BTU/hr = 3.516 9 kW
kWhr = 3,412.14 BTU = 3.6 MJ
kWhr = 2,655,223.74 ft lbf
hphr = 2,684.52 kJ
[energy]
ftlbf = 1.355 8 J = 1.355 8 Nm
kgfm = 7.233 ftlbf
kJ = 737.562 1 ft lbf
BTU = 1,055.056 J = 0.252 kcal
BTU = 778.169 4 ft lbf
kcal = 3.968 3 BTU = 4,186.8 J
calth = 4.184 J
therm (EU) = 100,000 BTU
therm (US) = 99,976.12 BTU
therm (EU) = 105.505 6 MJ
therm (US) = 105.480 4MJ
BTU/hrft2 = 2.712 5 kcal/hrm2 [heat flux]
kW/m2 = 316.998 BTU/hrft2
BTU/F = 1.899 1 kJ/C [heat capacity]
BTU/ft3 = 37.234 kJ/m3 [heat content]
BTU/lb/F = cal/gr/C
[entropy]
BTU/lb/F = 4.186 8 kJ/kg/C
cal/gr = 1.799 BTU/lb
[enthalpy]
BTU/lb = 2.325 98 kJ/kg
knot = 1.150 8 mph = 1.852 km/hr
ft/s = 1.097 3 km/hr
[speed]
speed sound = 1,125.3 fps
2
1/4 steel plate = 10.2 lb/ft
radian = 180/ = 57.295 8 degrees
rev = 360 = 2 radians
g = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.806 7 m/s2
dia. human hair = 0.003 5 inch
= 0.088 9 mm
Flare Gas Recovery Its more than just a Compressor Skid
10.10.10 r7.53 reb
FLARE GAS RECOVERY

International Headquarters PO Box 21220 Tulsa, OK 74121-1220 +1 918.234.2903
Atmospheric Pressure at Site Elevation

Feet Meters psia Atm Bar (a) kPa kg/cm2 in Hg mm Hg
0
14.7
1.00
328
100
14.5 0.99
500
150
14.4 0.98
1.013
101
1.03
29.9
760
1.000
100
1.02
29.5
752
0.994
99.4
1.01
29.4
747
656
200
14.3
0.97
0.988
98.8
1.01
29.2
743
1,000
300
14.2 0.96
0.976
97.6
1.00
28.9
734
1,312
400
14.0 0.95
0.964
96.4
0.98
28.5
725
1,500
450
13.9 0.94
0.956
95.6
0.98
28.3
719
2,000
600
13.7
0.939
93.9
0.96
27.8
706
694
0.93
2,500
750
13.4
0.91
0.923
92.3
0.94
27.3
3,000
900
13.2
0.89
0.906
90.6
0.92
26.8
681
3,500
1,070
12.9 0.88
0.888
88.8
0.91
26.3
668
4,000
1,220
12.7
0.86
0.871
87.1
0.89
25.8
655
4,500
1,370
12.4
0.85
0.858
85.8
0.87
25.4
645
5,000
1,520
12.2
0.83
0.842
84.2
0.86
24.9
633
5,500
1,680
12.0
0.81
0.825
82.5
0.84
24.4
620
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6,000
1,830
11.8
0.80
0.811
81.1
0.83
24.0
610
6,500
1,980
11.5
0.78
0.794
79.4
0.81
23.5
597
7,000
2,130
11.3
0.77
0.781
78.1
0.80
23.1
587
ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Many petroleum products are graded according to the ISO Viscosity Classification
System. Each ISO viscosity grade number corresponds to the mid-point of a viscosity
range expressed in centistokes(cSt) at 40 deg C. For example, a lubricant with an ISO
grade of 32 has a viscosity within the range of 28.8-35.2, the midpoint of which is 32.
Rule of Thumb: The comparable ISO grade of a given product whose viscosity in SUS at
100F is known can be determined by using the following conversion formula:
SUS @ 100 deg F/5=cSt @ 40 deg C.
cst= 0.226xSUS-(195/SUS)
7,500
2,290
11.1
0.76
0.767
76.7
0.78
22.7
577
8,000
2,440
10.9 0.74
0.750
75.0
0.76
22.2
564
2,590
10.7
0.737
73.7
0.75
21.8
554
8,500
0.73
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Retrieved 2.11.2009 from http://www.uigi.com/Atmos_pressure.html
Viscosity
Standard NEMA Motor Sizes (HP)
1
1.5
2
0.75
25
30
40
200
250
300
800
900
1000
3000
3500
4000
50
350
1250
4500
60
400
1500
5000
6000
7.5
75
450
1750
10
100
500
2000
7000
15
20
125
150
600
700
2250
2500
8000
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity () = Shear Stress () / Shear Rate ()

Kinematic viscosity () = Dynamic (absolute) viscosity () / Density ()
Pas = Ns/m2 = kg/m/s = 10 P
cP = mPa-s = 10-3 kg/m/s
P = g/cm/s
poise = dynes/cm2 = g/cm/s = 0.01 Pas
cSt = 10-6 m2/s = 1 mm2/s = 92,903.4 ft2/s
(SUS) = 4.63 (cP) / SG
liquid inversely proportional to temperature
gas directly proportional to temperature
SAE
ISO VG
Crankcase
Grade
Oil Grade
22
5W
32
10W
46
15W
68
20W
100
30
150
40
220
50
320
60
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www.engineeringtoolbox.com/iso-vg-grade-d_1206.html
Standard IEC Motor Sizes (kW)

15
132
400
1250
4000
1.1
18.5
160
450
1400
1.5
22
185
500
1600
2.2
30
200
560
1800
37
220
630
2000
45
250
710
2240
5.5
55
280
800
2500
7.5
75
300
900
2800
9.2
11
90
110
315
355
1000
1120
3150
3550
Power Factor (PF) = Watts / Volts/ Amps

3 Ph kW = V X I X PF X 1.732 / 1000
Synch. RPM = Hz X 120 / # poles
Torque (ft-lb) = HP X 5252 / RPM
Est. starting current or lock rotor current
= 6 X full load current
The information contained in these materials is for

informational purposes only and is provided "AS IS",
without warranties of any kind. John Zink Company, LLC
expressly disclaims any representations, warranties or
guaranties, including without limitation, the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose. John Zink Company, LLC will have absolutely
no liability (whether direct, indirect or consequential) in
connection with the materials including without limitaRetrieved 2.11.2009 from http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-ohm.htm
tion, any liability for damage to person or property.
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Conversion Factors - Gas Industry

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FLARE GAS RECOVERY

International Headquarters PO Box 21220 Tulsa, OK 74121-1220 +1 918.234.2903

15 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 23.645 Nm3/kgmol

0 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 22.414 Nm3/kgmol

60 F 14.696 psia (1 atm) 379.482 scf/lbmol

CAGI & ISO

14.5 psia (1 bar)

100 kPa (1 bar)

20 C 101.325 kPa (1 atm) 24.055 Nm3/kgmol

Gas Volume Conversion (T&P in absolute terms)

P = lbf/in2 ; m = mass (lbm) ; g = 32.17 ft/sec2 ; A = ft2 ; = lbm/ft3

BTU = British Thermal

Typical Values of Leq / D

ACFM = gas volume at actual gas T & P

Multiply units in left column by proper factor below:

Pipe Sizing Velocity

Latent heat - the

CFM = 1.69 9 m3/hr

Flare Gas Recovery Its more than just a Compressor Skid

10.10.10 r7.53 reb

FLARE GAS RECOVERY

Atmospheric Pressure at Site Elevation

Retrieved 4.20.2010 from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/iso-vg-grade-d_1206.html

ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Retrieved 4.20.2010 from http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/visc.html

Retrieved 2.11.2009 from http://www.uigi.com/Atmos_pressure.html

Dynamic (absolute) viscosity () = Shear Stress () / Shear Rate ()

Retrieved 4.20.2010 from http://

Standard IEC Motor Sizes (kW)

Power Factor (PF) = Watts / Volts/ Amps

The information contained in these materials is for

Flare Gas Recovery Its more than just a Compressor Skid

10.10.10 r7.53 reb

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