GEOMETRY

branch of Mathematics,
which deals with the
properties, measurements,
and relations of points, lines,
angles, surfaces and solids
 HISTORYOFGEOMETRY

 originated from Greek words

GEO + METRON
(earth) (measure)

= GEOMETRY (earth
measure)
 What is Geometry?

• Geometry is the study of shapes

• They studied Geometry in Ancient
Mesopotamia & Ancient Egypt
• Geometry is important in the art and
construction fields


EGYPTIANs
 demonstrated a
practical knowledge of
Geometry through
surveying and
construction projects

(e.g. pyramids, land surveying)

 AHMES
 wrote the Rhind
Papyrus (Ahmes
Papyrus) , it indicates
that early Egyptians
were interested in
practical aspects of
Geometry
Greek Geometry
THALES
brought Geometry
from Egypt to Greece
 first to demonstrate
the truth of a
geometric relationship
by showing that it
followed a logical,
orderly fashion called
method of deductive
reasoning
 PYTHAGORAS
 credited for proving
many theorems such
as the angles of a
triangle is equal to
180 and the
Pythagorean Theorem
 HIPPOCRATES
 wrote the Elements of
Geometry, includes
geometric solutions to
quadratic equations and
early methods of
integration
 PLATO

 develop a theory of
forms, in his book
Phaedo, which
considers
mathematical
objects as perfect
forms
 THEAETETUS of
ATHENS
 creator of Solid
Geometry
 MENAECHMUS
 discover the conic
sections (circles)
EUCLID of ALEXANDRIA
 considered to be the
Father of Geometry,
wrote The Elements
 first to present
Geometry in an
organized, logical
fashion, starting with a
few simple assumption
and building them by
logical reasoning
ARCHIMEDES
 worked out a
method of
approximating
the value of pi ()
 APOLLONIUS of
PERGA
 the Great Geometer, wrote
Tangencies, showed how to
construct the circle which
is tangent to three objects
(points, lines and circles)
HERON of ALEXANDRIA

wrote Metrica,
includes methods
for solving areas
and volumes
HYPATIA of ALEXANDRIA
The first woman in
history recognized as
a professional
geometer and
mathematician
Modern Geometry
RENE DESCARTES

made a link between

Geometry and
Algebra
ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
 GIRARD DESARGUES
invented Modern
Projective
Geometry
 GASPARD MONGE
Father of both
Descriptive and
Differential
Geometry
 Non – Euclidian Geometry
CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
(Germany)

JANOS BOLYAI (Hungary)

NIKOLAI IVANOVITCH
LOBACHEVSKY (Russia)
 three men working independently
discovered non – Euclidean Geometry
they contradicted the assumption of
Euclid that there is only one line parallel
to a given line at a given point not on
the line
this new geometry turned
out to be useful in Physics
Geometry Vocabulary
 POINT
• A POINT is an exact location on a graph,
shape or in “space”.

●
 LINE
• A LINE goes in opposite directions and
never, never, never ends.
 RAY
• A RAY is part of a line, but it has one
endpoint and the other end keeps going.

Raaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

Endpoint
 ENDPOINT
• An ENDPOINT is a point at the end of a ray
or line segment.

Endpoint
 LINE SEGMENT
• A LINE SEGMENT is part of a ray or line.
• It has two endpoints

Line
Segment

Line ● ● Line
●
Endpoints Ray
 VERTEX
• A VERTEX is a fancy name for “angle”
• Two rays or lines that have the same
endpoint make a VERTEX/angle
• VERTEX/angles are measured in “degrees”

When two
lines cross,
they make
vertex/angles
The Corners of a
square are its
vertex/angles
 CONGRUENT
• CONGRUENT means the “same”
• CONGRUENT LINE SEGMENTS means two
line segments are the same
• CONGRUENT Vertex/Angles means two
angles are the same

● ●
● ●
 VERTICAL LINE
• A VERTICAL LINE goes up & down
 HORIZONTAL LINE
• A HORIZONTAL LINE goes “across” (left
and right)
 PLANE
• A PLANE (no, not the one that flies!) is a
flat surface that goes on forever in all
directions.
• Imagine sitting on a row boat in the middle
of the ocean. No matter which way you
look…all you see is water…forever.
 OPEN & CLOSED FIGURES
• A CLOSED FIGURE/SHAPE starts and ends
at the same point.
• An OPEN FIGURE/SHAPE does NOT start
and end at the same point.
CLOSED OPEN
Start
Start

●
● ● End

End
 POLYGON
• A POLYGON is a “closed” shape
• A POLYGON is made up of line segments
that do not cross.
• The number of sides gives a POLYGON its
name NOT POLYGON

POLYGON
 PROTRACTOR
• We use a PROTRACTOR to measure
vertex/angles in degrees
 4 TYPES OF ANGLES
• ACUTE ANGLES are less than 90°
 4 TYPES OF ANGLES
• RIGHT ANGLES measure exactly 90 °
The
“square”
symbol
means 90’
 4 TYPES OF ANGLES
• OBTUES ANGLES are greater than 90 ° but
less than 180 °
 4 TYPES OF ANGLES
• STRAIGHT ANGLE is exactly 180 °
 ANGLES
• When you “name” an angle. The vertex/
angle “letter/number” goes in the center of
the label
B

A C

If I wanted to know the measurement of Angle

A…I would ask:” What is the measurement for
BAC?” (Notice A is in the center)
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