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Maths

The document contains solutions to various mathematical problems involving the calculation of changes in functions, approximations, and errors in measurements. It covers topics such as finding ∆y and dy for different functions, approximating square roots, and determining errors in the surface area and volume of spheres. Additionally, it discusses the percentage error in the time of a pendulum based on the length's percentage error.

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narayana
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21 views6 pages

Maths

The document contains solutions to various mathematical problems involving the calculation of changes in functions, approximations, and errors in measurements. It covers topics such as finding ∆y and dy for different functions, approximating square roots, and determining errors in the surface area and volume of spheres. Additionally, it discusses the percentage error in the time of a pendulum based on the length's percentage error.

Uploaded by

narayana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question 1.

Find ∆y and dy for the following functions for the values of x and ∆x
which are shown against each of the functions,
i) y = x² + 3x + 6, x = 10, ∆x = 0.01.
Solution:
∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x)
= f(10.01)-f(10)
= E(10.01)² + 3(10.01) + 6] – [10² + 3(10) + 6]
= 100.2001 +30.03 + 6 – 100 – 30 – 6
= 0.2001 + 0.03
= 0.2301
y = x² + 3x + 6
dy = (2x + 3) dx
= (2.10 + 3) (0.01) = 0.23

ii) y = ex + x, x = 5 and ∆x = 0.02


Solution:
∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x)
= f(5 + 0.02) – f(5)
= f(5.02) – f(5)
= (e5.02 + 5.02) – (e5 + 5)
= e5.02 – e5 + 0.02
= e5 (e0.02 – 1) + 0.02
dy = f'(x) ∆x = (ex + 1) ∆x
= (e5 + 1) (0.02)

iii) y = 5x² + 6x + 6, x = 2 and ∆x = 0.001


Solution:
∆y’= f(x + ∆x) – f(x)
= f(2 +0.001) – f(2)
= f(2.001) – f(2)
= (5(2.001)² + 6(2.001) + 6) – (5(2)² + 6(2) +6)
= 20.0200 + 12.0060 + 6 – 20 – 12 – 6
= 0.026005
dy = f'(x) ∆x = (10x + 6) ∆x
= (26) (0.001) = 0.0260.
iv) y = 2 1x+2 x = 8 and ∆x = 0.02
Solution:
f(x) = 1x+2=110 = 0.1000
f(x + ∆x) = 1x+Δx+2=110+0.02=110.02 = 0.0998
∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x)
= 1x+Δx+2−11+x=110.02=110
= 0.0998 003992 – 0.1000 = – 0.0001996
dy = f'(x) ∆x = −11+x2 ∆x
= −1100(0.02) = -0.0002
v) y = cos (x), x = 60° and ∆x = 1°
Solution:
∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x)
= cos (x + ∆x) – cos x
= cos (60° + 1°) – cos 60°
= cos 61° – cos 60°
= 0.4848 – 12 = 0.4848 – 0.5 = – 0.0152
dy = f'(x) ∆x
= — sin x ∆x
= – sin 60°(1°) = −3√2 (0.0174)
= – (0.8660) (0.0174) = – 0.0151.

II.

Question 1.
Find the approximations of the following.
i) √82
Solution:
82 = 81 + 1 = 81(1 + 181)
∴ x = 81, ∆x = 1, f(x) = 77
dy = f'(x). ∆x = 12x√. ∆x = 1281√.1

f(x + δx) – f(x) ≅ dy


= 118 = 0.0555

f(x + δx) ≅ f(x) + dy


= √81 + 0.0555
= 9 + 0.0555
i.e., √82 = 9.0555 = 9.056
ii) 65−−√3
Solution:
Let x = 64, ∆x = 1, f(x) = x−−√3
f(x + ∆x) ≅ f(x) + f'(x)∆x
f'(x) = 13x-2/3

65−−√3 ≅ x−−√3 + 13x-2/3 ∆x


≅ 65−−√3+13(4)-2/3(I)
≅ 4 + 13(116)
≅ 4 + 148
≅ 192+148
≅ 19348 ≅ 4.0208

iii) 25.001−−−−−√
Solution:
Letx = 25, ∆x- 0.001
f(x) = √x
dy = f'(x) ∆x

f(x + ∆x) ≅ f(x) + dy


= 12x√ ∆x = 1225√ (0.001) = 0.00110 = 0.0001

≅ √25 + 0.0001
≅ 5.0001
iv) 7.8−−−√3
Solution:
Let x = 8, ∆x = -0.2, f(x) = x−−√3
dy = f'(x). ∆x
= 13x-2/3. ∆x = 13x2/3 . ∆x
dy = 13(8)2/3(-0.2)
= – 13

f(x + δx) – (x) ≅ dy


=−0.23×4=−0.212

f(x + δx) ≅ f(x) + dy


= 8–√3 – 0.0166
= 2 – 0.0166
= 1.9834
∴ 7.8−−−√3 = 1.9834

v) sin (62°)
Solution:
Let x = 60°, ∆x = 2°, f(x) = sin x
dy = f'(x) ∆x
= cosx ∆x
= cos 60° ∆x
= 12 (2°)

f(x + ∆x) ≅ f(x) + dy


= 12 2(0.0174) = 0.0174

≅ sin 60° + 0.0174


≅ 3√2 + 0.0174
≅ 0.8660 + 0.0174
≅ 0.8834
vi) cos (60° 5′)
Solution:
Let x = 60°, Ax = 5′ = 560×π180=π2160
= 0.001453
f(x) = cos x
dy = f'(x) ∆x = – sin x ∆x
= – sin 60° (0.001453)
= −3√2 (0.001453)
= – 0.8660 (0.001453)

f(x + ∆x) ≅ f(x) + dy


= -0.001258

≅ cos x + dy
≅ cos 60° + 0.001258
≅ 0.5 – 0.001258
≅ 0.4987.

vii) 17−−√4
Solution:
Let x – 16, ∆x = 1, f(x) = x−−√4 = x¼
dy = f'(x) ∆x
= 14 x¼-1 ∆x
= 14 x-3/4 ∆x
= 14 (16)-3/4 (I)

f(x + ∆x) ≅ f(x) + dy


= 132 = 0.0312

≅ x−−√4 + 0.0312
≅ 2 + 0.0312
≅ 2.0312
Question 2.
If the increase in the side of a square is 4% then find the
approximate percentage of increase in the area of the square.
Solution:
Let x be the side and A be the area of square
A = x²

Question 3.
The radius of a sphere is measured as 14 cm. Later it was found that
there is an error 0.02 cm in measuring the radius. Find the
approximate error in surface of the sphere.
Solution:
Let s be the surface of the sphere
r’ = 14, ∆r = 0.02
s = 4πr²
∆s = 4π 2r ∆r
∆s = 8π (14) (0.02)
= 2.24π
= 2.24 (3.14)
= 7.0336.

Question 4.
The diameter of a sphere is measured to be 40 cm. If an error of
0.02 cm is made in it, then find approximate errors in volume and
surface area of the sphere.
Solution:
Let v be the value of sphere
v = 43 πr³ = 4π3[latex]\frac{d}{2}[/latex]³
= 4π3d38=πd36
∆v = π63d² ∆d
= π2 (40)² (0.02)
= π(1600) (0.01)
= 16π.
Surface Area s = 4πr²
s = 4π [latex]\frac{d}{2}[/latex]²
s = 4πd24
s = πd²
∆s = π2d ∆d
= π2d (40) (0.02)
= 1.6π.

Question 5.
The time t, of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length l
is given by t = 2π1g−−√ where g is gravitational constant. Find the
approximate percen-tage of error in t when the percentage of error l
is 1%.
Sol. Given t = 2π1g−−√
log t = log 2π + 12 {(log l – log)}

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