National Public School, Yeshwanthpur

Subject: Data Science

MODULE 1 - INTRODUCTION TO DATA

Data for Computer

In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement
or processing.

This information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or
other types of data.

Computer data may be processed by the computer's CPU and is stored in files and folders on the
computer's hard disk.

How do computers represent data?

 Most computers are digital

 Recognize only two discrete states: ON or OFF

 Use a binary system to recognize two states

 Use number system with two unique digits: 0 and 1, called bits (short for binary digits)

 Bit is the smallest unit of data a computer can process

What is a byte?

Eight bits grouped together as a unit

Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters

 Numbers
 Uppercase and lowercase letters
 Punctuation marks
 Number Systems

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Decimal Number System

 Decimal number system is base 10

 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Uses 10 numbers

1) 23,625

Power of 10 representation 104 103 102 101 100

Decimal representation 10000 1000 100 10 1

Base 10 representation 20,000 3,000 600 20 5

 Binary Number System

 Decimal number system is base 2

 0, 1
 Uses 2 numbers

1) 10010001 = 145

Power of 2 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
representation

Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
representation
Base 2 representation 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Converting Decimal to Binary

Convert decimal number 35 to binary number

1. Using 8 bits, find largest power of 2 that will “fit” into 35
2. Place a 1 into that slot
3. If the number doesn’t fit, place a 0 into that slot

Hence, 35 = 00100011

Converting Binary to Decimal

Convert binary number 10101110 to decimal number

1. Choose an 8 bit binary number = 10101110
2. Write the binary digits under the correct column
3. For each column with a 1, you will add that decimal value
4. You will not add the values of the columns you entered 0
128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 174

Hence, 10101110 = 174

DATA REPRESENTATION

What are three popular coding systems to represent data?

 ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange

 EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

 Unicode—coding scheme capable of representing all world’s languages

How is a letter converted to binary form and back?

MEMORY

 Memory of a computer is any physical device that is capable of storing information

whether it is large or small and stores it temporarily or permanently.

 Memory can be either volatile or non-volatile

 Volatile memory is a type of memory that loses its contents when the computer or
hardware device is switched off

 RAM is an example of a volatile memory

 Non-volatile memory is a memory that keeps its contents saved even in the case of
power loss example of a volatile memory

 EPROM((Erasable Programmable ROM) is an example of non-volatile memory.

 Stores three basic categories of items:

  Operating System and system software

 Application programs

 Data and information

 Byte is basic storage unit in memory

 To access data or instructions in memory, computer references the address that

contain the bytes of data

 Manufacturers state the size of memory and storage devices in terms of number of
bytes available

How is memory measured?

 MODULE 2 - INTRODUCTION TO DATA

We often use the term data to refer to computer information. Data comes in numerous
forms. Any kind of information may it be in numbers or text or pictures is termed as data.
Data is gathered and translated for some purpose,that is usually analysis. However, if data is
not put into context, it doesn't help in any way to humans or computers.

Some of the common types of data include :

DATA TYPES

Data can be of two types:

1. Qualitative - Qualitative data is the data that is a descriptive piece of information. For
example, "What a nice day it is"
2. Quantitative – Quantitative Data is the data that is numerical information—for example,
"1", "3.65," etc.

Quantitative data can be further divided into subtypes "Discrete" and "Continuous."
Real-World examples of Data

Now that we have understood what is data and what are types in which data is categorized,
an obvious question that strikes our mind is that, what is the application of this data in the
real world?

Let us have a look at the below scenario from the entertainment industry to understand the
real-world application of data. Many of you must be used to watching videos on the web.
While you start watching a video, many a time you get the list of suggested videos to watch
post the existing clip is completed.

Have you ever noticed how relevant these videos are to the content that you are watching
or the content that you like? Yes, most of the time, the suggested clips are the ones that, if
given a situation where you were not suggested any new videos, you could have searched
and played the same clip by your choice. Isn't it strange how the video platform knows your
choices so well? Well, it is all because of data and data analysis. These platforms have many
videos in their content. Combined with that, it analyses the videos that people usually play
post watching a video. These people's preferences are stored and studied. Later an
algorithm in the background creates a pattern of people's preferences and shows you the
same content in suggested videos, which the majority of people watched post the existing
clip. This is how data analysis is applied in the entertainment industry in real life.

Some of the benefits of data in the entertainment industry are:

• Predicting interests of the audience

• Optimized or on-demand scheduling of media streams in digital media distribution platforms

• Getting insights from customer reviews

• Effective targeting of the advertisements

In a similar way a number of Industries and people are affected by this data everyday

We will try to understand how transportation is affected by the data.

Data powers the GPS smartphone applications most of us depend on to get from place to
place in the least amount of time. Data simplifies and streamlines transportation.

 Congestion management and traffic

 Route planning

 Traffic safety
Meteorology

Weather satellites and sensors all over the world collect large amounts of data for tracking
environmental conditions.

Meteorologists use Data to:

• Study natural disaster patterns

• Prepare weather forecasts

• Understand the impact of global warming

• Predict the availability of drinking water in various world regions

• Provide early warning of impending crises such as hurricanes and tsunamis