CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Description

2.1.1 Understanding Learning Media

Basically, learning video media is a tool used to display learning materials

packaged in a video. This is supported by Putra, et. al (2017), which states that

"learning video media is a media that uses audio and visuals consisting of several

images and sounds about a learning material which is displayed through the

media, namely a projector, this is an effort made to realize learning that is not

monotonous and enjoyable". Media is very important in the student learning

process so that every teacher must provide interesting media so that students do

not feel bored with non-innovative learning techniques, so teachers are also

required to be more innovative and creative in efforts to improve student abilities.

According to Ariyati & Misriati (2016) They stated that, in the world of

education, a learning method can be presented using learning aids or often known

as learning media.

But sometimes the teaching aids used are still less interesting because they

are less interactive and monotonous. One of the learning methods that can now be

developed is by utilizing computer technology, as a learning medium it can

convey learning materials textually, audio or visually. According to Fernandita

Ardhianti (2022) also said, “The development of education is getting more

advanced every year, so teachers must have media that can make students feel

happy and not bored while learning. The media that can be chosen by teachers
also varies. Many studies have developed learning media, one of which is video

media”. Based on the statement above, it can be concluded that media in learning

is very important so that students' abilities increase. In this study, researchers will

use video media as a medium in this study as stated in the title of the study.

2.2 Animated Video

2.2.1 Definition of Video

At present, the learning process must start to have interesting innovations.

The learning process is no longer focused on one teacher who only uses the

lecture method which causes students to get bored in class. In this study,

researchers will use video as a learning medium as Fernandita Ardhianti (2022)

said, "Video is a type of audio-visual media, which means learning media that can

be seen using the sense of sight and heard using the sense of hearing. As a

learning medium, video is effectively used for the learning process in mass,

individual or group".

Dewi Miftakhul Jannah (2018) also said that video media used in the

teaching and learning process has many benefits and advantages, including that

video is a substitute for the natural environment and can show objects that

students cannot normally see, such as the material on the process of damage to the

ozone layer of the earth's atmosphere, videos can describe a process accurately

and can be viewed repeatedly, videos also encourage and increase students'

motivation to keep watching them.

Based on the statement above, it can be stated that media in learning is

very important and video media can increase students' enthusiasm for learning,
where videos can be used as a medium to show the surrounding environment that

can be seen and heard by students.

2.2.2 Video Characteristics

According to Andi Kristanto (2016) said, Video is an audio-visual

medium that may be used to deliver messages and can be utilized to pique the

learner's curiosity and support controlled, deliberate, and intentional learning

processes. The messages are either fictional (tales) or true (significant

events/events), and they can be educational, educating, or instructive. The

characteristics of video media are as follows:

1) Is able to describe a procedure in detail.

2) When observed firsthand, certain situations can be dangerous.

3) Overcoming time and space constraints.

4) Repeated for greater clarity if necessary.

5) The message is conveyed quickly and is simple to recall.

6) Encourage students to express their ideas and opinions.

7) Encourage students' creative thinking.

8) Make ambiguous concepts clear and paint a more accurate image.

9) Very intense emotional impact.

10) Excellent at demonstrating a process or ability while demonstrating stimuli

that are in line with the objectives and reactions expected of the students.

11) Students of all skill levels, including those who are less skilled, can learn

from videos.

12) Increase curiosity and enthusiasm for learning.

 13) Student performances on video can be reviewed for assessment.

Based on the statement above, it can be summarized that the

characteristics of a video are explaining in detail using video media so that

viewers can give opinions and also produce innovative ideas from the videos they

have heard and seen so that their abilities can improve, especially in terms of their

ability to write short stories.

2.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Video Media

Each learning media used has its own advantages and disadvantages.

According to Faridhoh Nur Syaifudin (2019), the advantages of using animation

media in learning include the following:

1. Overcoming distance and time

2. Can be repeated if necessary to increase clarity

3. The message conveyed is quickly and easily remembered

4. Developing students' thoughts and opinions

5. Developing imagination

6. Clarifying abstract things and providing more realistic explanations

7. Becoming the center of students' attention

8. Having more than one convergent media (Audio and Visual)

The weaknesses or shortcomings in using animation media include the

following:

1. Requires a projection tool to be able to display the images in it

2. Inaccurate shooting can cause students to hesitate in interpreting the

images they see

 3. The costs required are not small

4. Requires creativity and sufficient skills to design animations that can be

effective

5. Requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.

Based on the details above, there are several points that state the

advantages and disadvantages of video media in the learning process. Of course,

each media or method has advantages and disadvantages.

2.2.5 Definition of Animation

According to Munir (2018), Animation is a display that is composed by

combining text, graphics, and sound in movement activities. The provided

animation can help visualize the ideas that have been communicated through the

media. This research used animation video as a technique in learning English that

may improve students’ interest, motivation, and knowledge of the subject matter

by providing a clear description of it. Furthermore, P Ramdani & R Fauzian

(2021) stated that animation is a medium of knowledge and has advantages that

are difficult to explain only with pictures and words. Animation can be used to

present real and invisible material, and through visualization can explain certain

material.

According to J Simarmata et al (2019) also stated, Animation is a series of

images that form a movement. One of the advantages of animation compared to

other media such as static images or text is its ability to explain changes in

conditions over time, in this case it is especially helpful in explaining procedures

and sequences of events. Animation is suitable for creating reality from something
that is virtual, something that cannot be captured by reality in visual images.

Animation illustrates concepts with movement, shows processes, or draws

attention to an area or element of the screen, because animation usually involves

graphics, they are very dependent on the size and file type of the graphics being

animated.

Based on this statement, it can be concluded that animation is a rapid

change of sequential images to create an illusion of movement, where this

animation is a moving image in the form of a collection of objects arranged in an

orderly manner following the movement determined at each additional time count

that occurs.

2.2.6 Understanding Animation Videos

According to Muhammad Ridwan Apriansyah (2020), Animated videos

are a very effective medium to support learning processes such as mass learning,

individual learning, and group learning. Videos also add a new dimension to

learning with the characteristics of video technology that can present videos to

students in addition to the accompanying sound. In this way, children and students

feel like they are in the same place as the program shown in the video. It has been

proven that if the initial information acquisition process is carried out more

through hearing and sight, children's ability to remember (receive and remember)

learning materials can increase relevantly.

Ellentian Mazmurrini et al (2023) also said, Animated videos as teaching

media can be used in writing classes. It gives the advantage of the writing process

in the prewriting stages. Because most students still have difficulties in the
beginning of the writing process, which is in the generation of ideas. Animated

videos can help students improve their ability in English, especially writing.

According to the statement above, it can be concluded that animated

videos are videos that contain images or text. The combination of audio and visual

media attracts students' attention and presents objects in detail to help students

understand difficult learning. In addition, animated videos have a significant

impact on learning because they have been shown to attract attention, increase

retention, and visualize ideal concepts, objects, and relationships.

2.3 Writing

2.3.1 Definition of Writing

Generally, writing can be interpreted as the act of forming or tracing a

character on paper or other suitable materials with a pen or pencil. According to

Ellentian Mazmurrini (2023), Writing a text is one that should be mastered by

students in first grade in senior high school. Writing is a productive and

expressive activity, producing words and sentences and expressing the meaning of

ideas. Writing skills are therefore the activity of communicating ideas through

words and sentences, making them scientific.

According to Triana Oktavia (2023), writing is a way to produce language

that comes from our thought. By using writing, we can share our idea, feeling or

anything that exist in our mind. It is written on a paper or a computer screen. It is

influenced both by the personal attitudes and social experiences that the writer

brings to writing and the impacts of the particular political and institutional

contexts. It is also a process that what we write is influenced by the constraints of

genre and to be present in learning activities. Writing will be read whenever the

author is absent. Writing is also an ability to make a form of words that have a

higher value.

According to the statement above, writing is expressing and producing a

work in the form of writing where someone can write in a book or computer and

tell or pour out everything they want to convey. By writing someone can also

share ideas, feelings, and thoughts through writing.

2.3.2 The Purpose of Writing

The purpose of writing is not only used to express ideas, hopes, or feeling

but also it is used for the other reasons. A researcher needs to know for what his

or her writing published. According to Triana Oktavia (2023), there are three

general purposes of writing, they are:

1. Writing to entertain It does not necessarily make the reader laughs, but at

least it engages their feelings in some way. Writing to entertain is also

known as creative writing or imaginative writing. The 18 examples of

creative writing are novels, stories, poems, song lyrics, etc.

2. Writing to inform It means that the content of writing tells the reader about

something informative. The examples are newspapers, reports, articles,

procedures, etc.

3. Writing to persuade The purpose of this writing is to convince the readers

about something. This writing tries to make the reader agree with the

writer‟s opinion. This type of writing may include writer‟s opinion, but as
 a part of logical case backed up with evidence, rather than just as an

expression of feelings.

Besides those purposes, writing is also aimed at explaining and reflecting

something. Writing that explains can answer “how to” questions. So, when

someone researchers, he or she tells a reader how to follow steps and complete a

task. The type of writing is like a procedure text. Then, as a reflective writing, it

tells about how the researcher sees things around him.

2.3.3 Elements of Writing

According to Triana Oktavia (2023), said that there are four elements of

writing, there are:

1. Mastering Vocabulary or Diction

He stated that vocabulary‟s mastering / diction played an important

role in a language, especially in the writing activity. The choice of

vocabulary could describe the writer‟s knowledge. The number of words

that is mastered by a writer could indicate that he/she mastered a number

of concepts mastery of vocabulary can improve by reading and listening a

lot.

2. Mastering Grammatical Rule‟s / Sentence Structure

Mastering grammatical rule‟s / sentence structure consists of

phonology, morphology and syntax. Phonological rules don‟t have any

roles in the writing activity, while morphological and syntactical rules play
 some important roles in the writing activity, it deals with the effective use

of the right affixes, conjunction, prefixes and composition, the structure of

the sentences.

3. Coherence

Coherence means that the writer‟s paragraph is easy to read and

understand because the supporting sentences are in some kind of logical

order and the ideas are connected by use of appropriate transition signals.

4. Spelling

One of the most difficult and confusing aspects of the English

language is spelling system. There is often a discrepancy between the

pronunciation of a word and its spelling. They cannot always know how to

spell a word by its pronunciation or how to pronounce it by its spelling, to

avoid this problem the students are suggested to open dictionaries before

they are going to write.

2.3.4 Steps of Writing

According to Arifah Nurjannah & Alfa Mitri Suhara (2019), The steps that

must be considered when writing short stories are:

1. Determine the theme of the short story, so that the story is focused, the

theme of the short story must be determined first, for example a romance,

mystery or other types.

2. Determine the plot or storyline. The forward plot is a story written in terms

of time, from the beginning of the story to the end of the story, and the
 backward plot usually recalls past events experienced by the character, and

the forward and backward plot is a combination of the two.

3. Determine the characterization related to the character and its character.

There are protagonists (good), antagonists (evil) and tritagonists

(middlemen)

4. Determine the setting or background of place and time to provide a real

picture to the reader about when and where the event occurred.

5. Use good language and beautify the style of language. A literary work

must use good and interesting language so that it is pleasant to read.

2.3.5 The Process of Writing

According to Simon and Schuster (2003) good writing does not happen

overnight. It involves a process. That process will force a writer to go through the

revision required to produce a polished piece of work. That process is pointed

below:

1. Prewriting

This is discovering something to express. There are several prewriting

strategies that can help get going: free writing, brainstorming, clustering,

mapping, etc. A researcher should not edit his thoughts or limit his ideas

concerned with grammar and spelling. Reid as cited by Syafi‟i (2016),

pointed out that prewriting as thinking before writing.

2. Planning (Outlining) In the planning stage, the writer needs to organize the

ideas generates brainstorming. The most successful way to organize the

ideas generated is that making an outline from brainstorming list.

 3. Writing and Revising Drafts

After doing brainstorming as the first and second process of writing,

you can start to write and revise several drafts “frequently” until you have

produced a final copy (writing product) to hand in.

4. Writing the Final Product

The last step is that to write the final copy or product to hand it.

2.3.6 Assesing Writing

In designing assessment tasks, we have to consider the types of writing

and they are types of learner that will be given. According to Brown (2003) there

are four types of writing performance, they are:

1. Imitative. In this type, the learners attain the fundamental skills of writing,

such as writing letters, words, punctuation, and very brief sentences.

2. Intensive (controlled). This type is more than imitative writing, which is

skills in producing appropriate vocabulary within a context, collocations

and idioms, and correct grammatical features up to length sentences.

3. Responsive. This type requires learners to perform at a limited discourse

level, connecting sentences into a paragraph and creating a logically

connected sequence of two or three paragraph.

4. Extensive. Extensive writing implies successful management of all the

process and strategies of writing for all purposes, up to length of an essay,

a term paper, a major research project report, or even a thesis.

For senior high school students, it is in responsive writing performance.

Senior high school students are required to write a sentence become paragraph. In
responsive writing, students are responsible for accomplishing a purpose in

writing, for developing a sequence of connected ideas, and for empathizing with

an audience.

2.4 Framework

Language is a system of sound symbols used by people to communicate,

interact, express themselves and identify themselves. In Indonesia, there is a

mother tongue, namely Indonesian as the first language of the Indonesian people.

While English is the second language of the Indonesian people after Indonesian.

Indonesian people use English as a foreign language but with the development of

the era, English is very much needed and in Indonesia, English is part of the

curriculum of the school curriculum from elementary school to college, even

some from early childhood education because English is used for various

purposes, such as communication with foreigners, access to international

information, or for work purposes.

In this study, the researcher tried to influence students' English writing

skills in writing short stories by using animated video media. Animated videos are

videos that use moving images to tell a story or convey information. Animated

videos can also be hand-drawn, 2D or 3D animations, animations made with

computer software. Animated videos are audio visuals that combine animated

images and sounds in a certain duration of time, either to tell a story or describe

an event. Animation means bringing something to life that moves. In the context

of animated videos, it means bringing to life a sequence of previously still images

or objects, creating a dynamic movement effect.

 This media will be used to determine students' writing skills. Writing skills

are the ability to express feelings, ideas, thoughts, or thoughts through writing

clearly, completely, and effectively. Writing is also an activity of pouring out a

feeling in written form with the aim of giving and getting information or

messages. In this study, researchers will ask students to write short stories with

animated video media.

The Effect of
Animated Videos in
Students Ability to
Writing

The Effect of The Effect of

Animated Videos in Animated Videos in
Students Ability to Students Ability to
Writing Writing

2.5 Hypothesis

A transitory guess that will be demonstrated to be correct is called a

hypothesis. The study's hypothesis which must be answered as the study's

conclusion is its most crucial component. As hypotheses are merely conjectures,

the researcher must gather sufficient evidence to support them.

The hypothesis on this research is the effectiveness of using animated videos as a

media in students’ ability to write short stories at XI MIA Plus in SMA Negeri

Perisai Kutacane in the Academic Year 2024/2025.