42

Solutions

Chapter 8 Exponential Functions

Skills Assessment (P.4)
1. (a)

24 = 16

5.

81 = 3

6.

-32 = - 2

7.

3
- 27
= -2
8

(b) (-3) = - 27
2. (a)

30 = 1
1
2

8. 16

5
(b) a- 3 k = 1
0

3. (a)

-2

11.
4. (a)

-2

5 :5

3-2

=5

-4 3

-12

(b) (3 ) = 3
(c)

(-4)

(-4)

=5

7-3

2
2
a 2 k = 22 = 4
9
81
9

(f)

a
a $a
-3
3 -1 =
a
(a )

-3

(e)

12. ( 24 )

-3

= 0.092 2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

13. 111 3 = 4.81, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

8
14. a 9 k

7
6

= 1.15, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

1

-1

2
a
-1 - (-3)
=a
-3 = a
a

a3 #

16. a #

2.

^3

3
1
+
4
2

=a4

a = a4
ah = a
2

17.

a4 '

5
3. ^ a h

-4

7
4
1
2
a = a1 = a2-4 = a4

a4
2
3

3 2

4.

2+
15

Exercise 8A (P.12)
4

a = a2 # a 2 # a 4
=a

1.

a = a2 : a 2 = a2 + 2 = a 2

15. (-a) :

-3 + 2

36 = 1.82, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

4
4
= (-4) = 4 or 256

(d) 2 : 5 = (2 : 5) = 10 or 100
2

= 112 bor 5311441 l

3

= (-4)

10. 27 3 = ( 27 ) = 3 = 9

= 1 2 = 91
(-3)

(b) (-3)

1
= 41
16

1
16 2

9. 81 4 = ( 81) = 3 = 27

1
= 12 = 16
4
-2

18. (a b )

3
2

-1 3
2
a2 b
b = a 27 b3
'a= a =a

=a 5

5 2

3
2

1
1
3 =
3 = a
( a)
a2

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 42

19.

(2a )
-

4a

3
2

2 10

2 a

4a

3
2

10 - a - k
2
=a
=a
3

23
2

2009/5/29 11:07:01 AM

43

Chapter 8: Exponential Functions

20.

1
4
16a
14a
4
3 = 4a 3 =
4 = 4a
3
1
4 =
(- a )
a3
a3

1
2 -2

a
21. a a k b b l
3
3

1
2

2 -2

2
3
a
b
a b
= e 3 o c a m = 27
3
1
2

22. (2a b )

-1

1
3

-1

(a b ) =

a b
2
4
2 ab

1
4a b

23.

9
m
125

-5

125
=b 9 l

1
7

=
=

128
729

2
729

= 0.780, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

11
3

32.

a
3

b
-6

-6

(a

5
4

-2

-2 3

b )

= 4 (16 4 a

1
2

2a b
4

a b
= 2

34.

2 0

(a b ) 3

2a b n
26. d
3
-1

1
2

= c 1 4m

1
2

4ab

8b

35.

1
1
2a 2

2
3

-1
3
(a b 2 )

3a

3a
n

= -3

-1

n-2
2

1
3

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 43

37. (3ab ) 3 :
-2

n
2
n

a2 -

e- n o
2

5
2

a b3

p = f a1 p =
1
6

b3

a3
4

b3

9a2

= (3 3 a 3 b 3 ) : (9 3 a 3 )
1

an

+
+
= 33 3 a3 3 b

2
3

2
3

= 3a2

81
= -3
625
5

8
29. a 125 k

2
3

b
4

a3 b3

3
2

a b2

= 3ab
28. -

1+

9
2
4
3
- (-3)
b 3 - 2 = a 19
= a3

-3

32 a2

=-3 2

11

a3 b3

ab

n
2

=-

ab

2
3

a2 p
a2
36. f 3
=f 1

n
2

(3a)

3
2

(a 3 b 3 )

(a ) 2 (ab )

1
-1

25
6

-3

3
4

1
2

1
5
1
5
a-2 b ) 5 = (b 3 a 1 b 2 ) = (a-1 b 6 ) 5 = b

33. (b 3

b 4)

3
4

1
2

27. -

3 - (-2) 2 - 3
b
=a
5
= a b6

25. 4 ( 16a

b3
3

= 16 4 = ( 16 ) = 25 = 32
4

b )3

a b2
a

a b2

64
= 48 = 21
64

1
24. a 16 k

= 2.96, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

1
3

=c

-5

128
31. a 729 k

b3

(2a b2) 2
-1

81 l
125

1
2

1
2

30. b

b3

125 3
=a 8 k =
1

125
= 25
8

2009/5/29 11:07:27 AM

44

Solutions

38. a # (3a

3
2

) # (2a 3 ) 2

44.

1-2m

(3 ) m

1-2m

3
3

2m

1 - 2m

=3

2m - (1 - 2m)

=3

4m - 1

= a 3 # 3a 2 # 4a 3
1

= 12a 3
-

= 12a

3
2

- +

2
3

-n

= 3 # 9 # 27
n
2 n
3 -n
= 3 # (3 ) # (3 )
n
2n
-3n
=3 #3 #3
n + 2n + (-3n)
=3
= 1

1
2

= 121
a2
2

a3 p
39. f
'
2

3n - 3

45. 3 # 9 # (27 )

3a

1
a3
= 3a ' a 2

-2

= 31 a

1
4
- 1 -a 2
3

46.

2 x

2x

4 - 2 (2 )

(2 )

2x

2x

(2 ) - 2 (2 )

x 2

2x

2x

2 - 2 (2 )
2

2x

= -1

5
6
= a3

40.

47.
1

b 4
8a 3
b 4
8a
= d -3 n # c 4 m
-3 # c 4 m
a
b
a
b
9

n -1

- 16
n -1
16

16

n -1

n +1

(1 - 16 )

16

n -1

= 1 - 162
= -255

3
4

16

2a
b
3
-1 #
a
b
3

3-3
b 4 - (-1)
= 2a

48.

= 2b 4

2a + 1

2a - 2

-5
5
2a + 1
5
- 5 2a - 1
2a

=
41.

27a
4
b

#d

8b
a

1
3

27a
=e 4 o
b
3

1
3

#d

8b
a

1
3

4
3

25

2a
5 a5 - 1 k

= 6a

= 6ab
42. c

43.

1
5

1
a
2
3 m (a b
b

5
16a 2

1
-3 - 5
)

1
a2

=
=
=

5
2

1
a4

16a

11

16a 4

11 1
(16a 4 ) 4

= 2a

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 44

=f

1
a 10
3
b5

11
16

2b 3
a

1
12

-2

2a
5 a5 - 1 k

3a

2a

5 $5-5 $5
2a
2a
-1
5 $5-5 $5

1
2

1 4
3 3

5- 1
25
5- 1
5

31
= 30

1
2

p (a

1
10

49.

b 5) = 1
=>

2k + 2

8
k -1
16

3 2k + 2

(2 )

4 k -1

(2 )

1
2

2
= d 2 4k - 4 n
2
6k + 6

6k + 6 - (4k - 4) @ 2
= 62
1

2k + 10 2
)
= (2

k+5
=2

2009/5/29 11:07:50 AM

Chapter 8: Exponential Functions

Exercise 8B (P.20)

45

(b) The coordinates of the point A are (0 , 1).

(c)

1. C1: y = 2 ,

C2: y = 8x.
x

6. (a)

2. C3: y = 6 ,
x

C4: y = 0.4 .

(i)

When x 1 0, y 2 1.

(ii)

When x H 0, 0 1 y G 1.

When t = 0, R = 30,
` 30 = a # 1.20
a = 30

3. C5: y = 0.2 ,

(b) When t = 10,

C6: y = 0.8x.
y

4. (a)

y = 3x

R = 30 # 1.210
= 186, cor. to the nearest integer
` The number of hamsters after
10 weeks is 186.

7. (a)

7
6

When n = 0 (i.e. at the beginning of 2008),

V = 4 000 000,
` 4 000 000 = k # 1.030
k = 4 000 000

(b) At the beginning of 2015,

3
2

1
4 3 2 1 0

The increase in the value of the flat from

the time of purchase to the beginning of
2015
= $(4 920 000 - 4 000 000)
= $920 000, cor. to the nearest $10 000

(b) y-intercept = 1
(c)

(i)

When x 1 0, 0 1 y 1 1.

(ii)

When x H 0, y H 1.
y

5. (a)
y = 0.3

t = 2 015 - 2 008 = 7,
` V = 4 000 000 # 1.037
= 4 920 000, cor. to the nearest
10 000

8. (a)

9
8
7

When t = 0, S = 6,
` 6 = m # 1.150
m=6

(b) When t = 14,

6
5

S = 6 # 1.1514
= 42, cor. to the nearest integer
` The number of people suffering from
that infection after 2 weeks is 42.

3
2
1
4 3 2 1 0

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 45

2009/5/29 11:07:53 AM

46

Solutions

9. (a)

When n = 0, M = 0,
` 0 = 250 000 # 1.020 - k
k = 250 000

13. (a)

C1: y = 0.4x, C2: y = 4x, C3: y = 1.4x.

(b) The coordinates of the point A are (0 , 1).

(c)

(b) When n = 17,

C1

C2
C3

17

M = 250 000 # 1.02 - 250 000

= 100 060, cor. to the nearest integer
` The amount of bonus he will receive

y = ` 14j

when he retires is $100 060.

A

10. (a)

When n = 0 (i.e. at the beginning of 2007),

L = 0,
` 0 = 8 000 - k # 0.850
k = 8 000

n = 2 012 - 2 007 = 5,
` L = 8 000 - 8 000 # 0.855
= 4 450, cor. to the nearest integer
` The depreciation of the camera is
$4 450.

11. (a)

14. (a)

(b) At the beginning of 2012,

When n = 0, Y = 1 000,
` 1 000 = a # 0.8-1
a = 800

(b) At the beginning of 2013,

t = 2 013 - 2 009 = 4,
` V = 5 800 # 0.649 94
= 1 035, cor. to 4 sig. fig.

` The percentage decrease

=

The number of bacteria destroyed by the

germicide in 6 hours
= 1 000 - 262
= 738, cor. to the nearest integer

15. (a)

(b) When n = 8,

y = 10 x

When n = 3, A = 14 000,
` 14 000 = 10 000 # r3
r = 1.12, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
1.118 7

y
y = 10

5 800 - 1 035
# 100%
5 800

= 82%, cor. to 2 sig. fig.

Y = 800 # 0.86 - 1
= 262, cor. to the nearest integer

When t = 2, V = 2 450,
` 2 450 = 5 800 # r2
r = 0.65, cor. to 2 sig. fig.
0.649 9

(b) When n = 6,

12.

A = 10 000 # 1.118 78
= 24 531, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
` The percentage increase
=

24 531 - 10 000
# 100%
10 000

= 145%, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 46

2009/5/29 11:07:58 AM

Chapter 8: Exponential Functions

16. (a)

At the beginning of 2007,

t = 2 007 - 2 000 = 7, R = 1.011,
` 1.011 = 0.964 # a7
a = 1.007, cor. to 4 sig. fig.
1.006 823 7

(b) At the beginning of 2030,

t = 2 030 - 2 000 = 30,

` R = 0.964 # 1.006 823 730
= 1.182, cor. to 4 sig. fig.

(c)

-3
a 4 k = 1.40, cor. to 2 d.p.
5

(d)

3
( 15 ) = 5.08, cor. to 2 d.p.

4. (a)

47

25 4 = 2.24, cor. to 2 d.p.

-

3
8

(b)

44

(c)

(3 -30 ) = 9.65, cor. to 2 d.p.

(d)

a 2 k 3 = 0.74, cor. to 2 d.p.

5

= 0.24, cor. to 2 d.p.

2

1.182 17
` The exchange rate of the currency to
Hong Kong dollar at the beginning of

5. (a)

(-a)

2030 is 1.182.
(c)

1.182 17 - 1.011
# 100%
1.011

a
= a = a3

-1

= 12
a3

4
a4 ' ( a # a )

(b)

The percentage increase

1
3

1
3

a #a

= 16.93%, cor. to 4 sig. fig.

4- -2
=a 3
5

= a3

Supp. Exercise 8 (P.26)

1. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

- 1 = -5 1
32

32

(-125) =
3
2

(b)

64

2
3

(c)

a 1 k3 =
8

-2 +

=a

2
3

b2

+1

2
]-125 g 3

-2

= (b 2 a ) (a 3 b)

= - 21

1
= 27

= ( 64 ) = (4) = 16

b2
4

a3

= (-5) = 25

-3
= ( 9 ) = 3-3 =
3

( b3 a-2) ( a2 b3 )

(c)

0.000 1 = 0.1

2. (a)

- 163 = -16 2 = -(24) 2 = -26 = -64

3 -4

a b
-3
81a

(d)

1
4

81 a
3

1
= 21
3
8

-1

a4 b

a4

- c-

3
4
3
m
4

3b
3

a2

-2 - 2

(d) 3 (3 )

3. (a)

= 3(3) = 9

= 3b

-56 = -3.83 , cor. to 2 d.p.

4

(b) - 37 = -2.47 , cor. to 2 d.p.

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 47

2009/5/29 11:08:18 AM

48

Solutions

6. (a)
(a

(b)

8. (a)

2 - 1
5) 4

= a 10

1
a 10

a
a b
= e 3 oc 9 m

3
a a k c 29 3 m
3

1
2

a b

1
2

a b
81

=
1

-1
2
(9a ) 2 ' (27a )
1

= (9 2 a
-

= (3a
=3

1
2

1
2

) ' (27

(b) (i)

y-intercept = 1

(ii)

y-intercept = 1

(i)

When the value of x increases, the

4
3

1
4
- - a2
3

(c)

value of y decreases.

3
2

(ii)

4
3

9. (a)

N = 100 # 1.267
= 504, cor. to the nearest integer

(d)

(2a

5n
2
3 )

The increase in the number of insects

= 504 - 100
= 404, cor. to the nearest integer

2n
a3

4a
1

= 4a
a

10n
3

2n
10n
- a3
3

4n

= 4

7. (a)

3a

10a
3a : (33) = 3a : 39a = 3a + 9a = 3
2 2x

(b)

4x

2 $2
- 6x
2

10. (a)

When n = 1, H = 10,
` 10 = c # 0.751 - 1
c = 10

(b) When n = 6,

4 x

2x
x
(2 ) $ (2 )
4 $ 16
=
-x
6 -x
64
(2 )

When t = 0, N = 100,
` 100 = a # 1.260
a = 100

(b) When t = 7,

= 27a 6
2n
a3

When the value of x increases, the

value of y increases.

2
3

2
3

-2 -

) ' (3

1 - (-2)

a
ab 2
= c 27 m d 3 n

(c)

Fig. I: y = 1.5 , Fig. II: y = 0.7 .

H = 10 # 0.756 - 1
= 2.37, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
` The height from which the ball drops
before it hits the ground the 6th time

4x

is 2.37 m.

= 24x + 4x - (-6x)
14x
= 2 (or 47x)

(c)

2-n

252 - n : 51 + 2n = (52)
: 51 + 2n
4 - 2n
=5
: 51 + 2n
= 54 - 2n + 1 + 2n
5
= 5 (or 3 125)

11. (a)

-64 - 64 = (-4) - 4 = -8
4

(b)

(-3)

-1

-125

81
12. (a) a 16 k

3
4

3
3

1
- 125

3
= a2k

-3

3
= -15
- 51

3
8
= a 23 k = 27

-2
-3
a 1 k 3 +a 1 k 4 = a1k +a1k
3
3
27
81
2

(b)

= 32 + 33
= 36

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 48

2009/5/29 11:08:33 AM

49

Chapter 8: Exponential Functions

13. a a $ a $ a = a a $

a$a4

= a a$ a
= a a$a

23x + 3 = 125

20. (a)

23x : 23 = 125

5
4

2x = 2

17

= a a 12
17

= a $ a 24
=a

125

(2x) = 8

5
12

(b)

41
24

x
a 1 k = 1x =
4

4
1
1
1
= 25
x 2 =
2 x =
5 2
(2 )
(2 )
` j
2

21. (a)
2
3

x y

14.

1
4

(x y

x y

1 2
4)

-1

2
9

-2

1
12

1
2

20
x9
7
y 12

12
11

y = 0.2 x
15.

1
9 3

64a # (8a )

y = 5x

10

3
= 4a # 1 3 = 2

2a

8
1
2

16. (5m

1
3
3

n ) ' 25mn
3
2

n) ' 5m n3

= (125m

1
2

- 1-3
= 25m 2 2 n

25
= 2 2
m n

3
2
1

17.

27
27

n+1

n-1

n-1

- 27 n - 1

27
= n-1 2
27 (27 - 1)
2

18.

k+1

3 - k -2

k+2

2k - 4

(c)

ak + 1 bk + 2

k-5 k-8
b
=a

2 n

(i)

When x 2 0, y 2 1.

(ii)

When x 2 0, 0 1 y 1 1.

22. (a)

2n

- 3n

1.070 0
(b) At the beginning of 2018,

- 3n

3 $2
-n
2n
3 $2
2n - (-n)

n = 2 018 - 2 000 = 18,

-3n - 2n

=3
:2
3n
-5n
=3 :2
3n

3
5n
2

At the beginning of 2005,

n = 2 005 - 2 000 = 5, P = 2 805.
` 2 805 = 2 000 # r5
r = 1.07, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

n
- 3n
(3 ) $ 2
9 $2
-n
n =
-n
2 n
3 $4
3 $ (2 )

2k - 6

= a(2k - 4) - (k + 1)b(2k - 6) - (k + 2)

19.

(b) The coordinates of the point C are (0 , 1).

27 - 1

1
= 728
2-k

(a

` P = 2 000 # 1.070 018

= 6 759.9, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

` The percentage increase

=

6 759.9 - 2 000
# 100%
2 000

= 238%, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 49

2009/5/29 11:08:48 AM

50

Solutions

23. (a)

Given that m0 = 100 g,

when y = 30, m = 98.71 g,
` 98.71 = 100 # a30
a = 0.999 57, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

Lively Maths Problem

26. (a)

When h = 5.072,
P = 2.72

0.999 567 3

= 0.513 08, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

(b) When y = 1 000,

` The required percentage

1 000

m = 100 # 0.999 567 3

g
= 64.869 43 g, cor. to 7 sig. fig.

0.513 08
# 100%
1

= 51.3%, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

` The percentage decrease

(b) When h = 8.848,

100 - 64.869 43
# 100%
100
= 35.131%, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=

24. (a)

5.702
8.55

8.848

P = 2.72 8.55
= 0.355 05, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

When n = 2, P = 48 020,
` 48 020 = 50 000 # r2
r = 0.98

` The required percentage

=

0.355 05
# 100%
1

= 35.5%, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

(b) In January 2009,

n = (2 009 - 2 006) # 12 = 36,

` P = 50 000 # 0.9836
= 24 161, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

1.

2x + 4y
=2

50 000 - 24 161
# 100%
50 000

= 51.7%, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

8%
S = 10 000 a1 + 2 k

2.

S = 10 000(1.04)2(6)
= 16 010.322, cor. to 3 d.p.

3.

-1

a2 b
a4 b 2
-2 8
-1 4 2 =
a b
(a b )
3

- (-2) - - 8
b 2
= a4
11

` The percentage increase

=

2n

= 3n + n : 22n - n
= 32n : 2n
n
= 18

2n

(b) When n = 6,

2n
n
(3 ) 2 $ 2 $ 3
92 $2 $3
=
n
n
2
2

S = 10 000(1 + 4%)2n
2n
` S = 10 000 (1.04)

4x : 16y = (22) : (24)

` The percentage decrease

=

25. (a)

Revision Test (P.33)

= a4 b

16 010.322 - 10 000
# 100%
10 000

= 60.1%, cor. to 1 d.p.

4.

11
4

17
2

17
2

9x = (32)

= (3x)
2
= y

08 NSS TM 4B (E)-1G-KJ.indd 50

2009/5/29 11:08:58 AM

Chapter 8: Exponential Functions

5.

8 =

51

4
1

3x
2 = 43
2

3x
2 = 23

` 3x = 23
x = 29

6.

7.

At the beginning of 2006,

n = 2 006 - 1 950 = 56, V = 360 000.
56
` 360 000 = 40 000 # a
a = 1.04, cor. to 2 d.p.
At the beginning of 2030,
n = 2 030 - 1 950 = 80,
V = 40 000 # 1.0480
= 921 991.96, cor. to 2 d.p.

` The required number of times

the value of the vase at the
beginning of 2030
=
the value of the vase at the
beginning of 1950

921 991.96
40 000

= 23, cor. to the nearest integer

HKCEE Question
8. E

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