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Contents To Be Discussed: Inverse of A Matrix Using Gauss-Jordan Method

The document covers the fundamentals of Applied Linear Algebra, focusing on systems of linear equations and matrices. It details methods such as Gauss elimination and Gauss-Jordan for solving equations, finding matrix inverses, and applications in various fields. Additionally, it includes examples and practice problems for students to apply the concepts learned.

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ShriVardhan Sharma
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11 views7 pages

Contents To Be Discussed: Inverse of A Matrix Using Gauss-Jordan Method

The document covers the fundamentals of Applied Linear Algebra, focusing on systems of linear equations and matrices. It details methods such as Gauss elimination and Gauss-Jordan for solving equations, finding matrix inverses, and applications in various fields. Additionally, it includes examples and practice problems for students to apply the concepts learned.

Uploaded by

ShriVardhan Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Linear Algebra: MAT3002

Module 1: System of Linear Equations and Matrices


Matrix representation of system of linear equations, Elementary Operations, System in triangular
and Echelon form, Rank of Matrices, Eigen values and Eigen vectors - properties of Eigen values
and Eigen vectors, Existence of solution, Methods of solution - Gaussian elimination and Gauss
Jordan methods - Inverse matrix by Gauss Jordan methods - LDU factorization - Applications to
Traffic flow/ Network Analysis, Chemical balancing, Electrical networks and Cryptography.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++==++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

CONTENTS TO BE DISCUSSED

 Gauss-Jordan Method.
 Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss-Jordan Method
 Practice Problems.

Gauss-Jordan Method
Gauss-Jordan method is another method for solving the systems of equations in matrix form.
It is really a continuation of Gauss elimination method.

Goal: Turn the given matrix to row reduced echelon form:


1 0 0 : 𝑎
(0 1 0 : 𝑏)
0 0 1 : 𝑐
Once it is in this form, we can say 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏, and 𝑧 = 𝑐
or (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐).

Example 1. Solve the following system of equations by (i) Gauss Elimination method, (ii)
Gauss-Jordan Method:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −4
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 17

Solution. (i) Gauss Elimination method


1 −2 3 ⋮ 9
(𝐴 ⋮ 𝐵) = [−1 3 0 ⋮ −4]
2 −5 5 ⋮ 17
1 −2 3 ⋮ 9
~ [0 1 3 ⋮ 5 ], by 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑅1
2 −5 5 ⋮ 17
1 −2 3 ⋮ 9
~ [0 1 3 ⋮ 5 ], by 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
0 −1 −1 ⋮ −1
1 −2 3 ⋮ 9
~ [0 1 3 ⋮ 5], by 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
0 0 2 ⋮ 4
1 −2 3 ⋮ 9
1
~ [0 1 3 ⋮ 5], by 𝑅3 → 2 𝑅3
0 0 1 ⋮ 2
We are left with three new equations:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
𝑧=2
Based on the last variable, we can use back substitution to find the remaining values. Finally,
the solution is given by
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = 2.

(ii) Gauss-Jordan Method


The steps are slightly different because we need zeros above the diagonal line of 1’s as well
as below. We can either complete Gauss elimination and then work on the 0’s above the 1’s,
or work on the zeros above as we move through the rows, as demonstrated below.
1 −2 3 ⋮ 9
[0 1 3 ⋮ 5]
0 0 1 ⋮ 2
1 0 9 ⋮ 19
~ [0 1 3 ⋮ 5 ], by 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅2
0 0 1 ⋮ 2
1 0 0 ⋮ 1
~ [0 1 0 ⋮ −1], by 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 9𝑅3 and 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅3
0 0 1 ⋮ 2
We are left with three new equations:
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧=2
which is the required solution.

Example 2. Reduce the following matrix to its Echelon and its Row-Reduced Echelon form:
0 1 2 0 3
2 4 8 2 4
A= [ ]
1 2 4 2 2
1 3 6 1 5
Solution:
Example 3. Solve the following system of equations by (i) Gauss Elimination method, (ii)
Gauss-Jordan Method:
𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 3
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 4
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 2
𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 5

Solution: The augmented matrix (A, b) for this system is the matrix as in Example 2 that
was shown to be equivalent to the Row-Reduced Echelon Form:
Hence, the given system is consistent and there exist infinitely many solutions.

Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss-Jordan Method


In order to find the inverse of the matrix following steps need to be followed:
1. Form the augmented matrix by the identity matrix.
2. Perform the row-operations on this augmented matrix to generate a row reduced echelon
form of the matrix.

Example 4. Apply elementary row operations to find the Inverse of the following matrix:
1 2 3
𝐴=( 2 5 7)
−2 −4 −5
OR
Apply Gauss-Jordan Method to find the Inverse of the following matrix:
1 2 3
𝐴=( 2 5 7)
−2 −4 −5
Solution. Let us consider the matrix in the form:
1 2 3 ⋮ 1 0 0
(𝐴 ⋮ 𝐼) = ( 2 5 7 ⋮ 0 1 0)
−2 −4 −5 ⋮ 0 0 1
Let us apply elementary row operations on (𝐴 ⋮ 𝐼) to reduce it to (𝐼 ⋮ 𝐵), where B is a new
matrix, which would be equal to the inverse of A.
1 2 3 ⋮ 1 0 0
(𝐴 ⋮ 𝐼) = ( 2 5 7 ⋮ 0 1 0)
−2 −4 −5 ⋮ 0 0 1
1 2 3 ⋮ 1 0 0
~ (0 1 1 ⋮ −2 1 0) , by 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1
0 0 1 ⋮ 2 0 1
1 0 1 ⋮ 5 −2 0
~ (0 1 1 ⋮ −2 1 0) , by 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2
0 0 1 ⋮ 2 0 1
1 0 0 ⋮ 3 −2 −1
~ (0 1 0 ⋮ −4 1 −1) , by 𝑅1 − 𝑅3 and 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 0 1 ⋮ 2 0 1
3 −2 −1
−1
Hence 𝐴 = (−4 1 −1).
2 0 1
Example 5. (For Students). Apply elementary operations to find the Inverse of the
following matrix:
3 0 2
𝐴 = (2 0 −2)
0 1 1

Solution. We start with the matrix A, and write it down with an Identity Matrix I next to it:

(This is called the "Augmented Matrix")


Exercise Questions for Regular Practice (For Students)

1. Apply Gauss-Jordan method to solve the following system of equations:


2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9,
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6,
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.
Ans. 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3.

2. Solve the system of equations by Gauss Jordan method:


10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13,
3𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 15.
Ans. 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1.

3. Solve the system of equations by Gauss Jordan method:


3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝑧 = 16,
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 13,
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9.
Ans. 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 1.

4. Solve the system of equations by Gauss Jordan method:


9𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6,
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1,
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.
Ans. 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = −1.

5. Find the Inverse of the following matrix: by Gauss Jordan method:

4 0 0 0
0 0 2 0
𝐴=( )
0 1 2 0
1 0 0 1

6. Determine the inverse of the matrix A using Gauss-Jordan method:


11 12 8
𝐴 = (10 5 4)
13 6 14

−0.078 0.2034 −0.0136

Answer. 𝐴−1 = 0.1492 −0.0847 −0.061

0.0085 −0.1525 0.1102

***

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