CE366

HYDRAULICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

ENGR. DJ LEX YNOT

Faculty, CE Department
 PRINCIPLES
• Principle of conservation of mass
• Energy principle (kinetic and potential energy)
• Principle of momentum

DISCHARGE (FLOW RATE)

Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per
unit of time where:
Volume flow rate 𝑸 = 𝑨𝝊 𝑸 = discharge
Mass flow rate 𝑴𝒇 = 𝝆 𝑸 𝑨 = cross-sectional area of flow
Weight flow rate 𝑾𝒇 = 𝜸 𝑸 𝝊 = mean velocity of flow
𝝆 = mass density
𝜸 = unit weight
 PRINCIPLES

Volume A×d d
𝑸 = = = A× = A𝝊
time t t
Mass = 𝝆 × V = 𝝆 × V = 𝝆𝑸
𝑴𝒇 =
time t t
Weight 𝜸× V = V = 𝜸𝑸
𝑾𝒇 = = 𝜸×
time t t
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Steady Flow
This occurs when the discharge 𝑄 passing a given cross-section is constant with time
Unsteady Flow
If the flow 𝑄 at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady
Uniform Flow
This occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, the average velocity of flow is the same at
every cross-section
Non-uniform Flow
If the average velocity of flow varies at every cross-section, the flow is non-uniform
 ILLUSTRATION
Steady Flow Uniform Flow

Time = 0 Time = n

Unsteady Flow Non-uniform Flow

Time = 0 Time = n
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Continuous Flow
This occurs when at any time, the discharge 𝑄 at every section of the stream is the same

1 2
𝑸 3
𝑸

For incompressible fluids:

𝑸 = A1𝜐1 = A2𝜐2 = A3𝜐3 = constant

For compressible fluids:

𝑸 = 𝜌1A1𝜐1 = 𝜌2 A2𝜐2 = 𝜌3 A3𝜐3 = constant
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Laminar Flow
The flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not
cross or intersect
The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 is less than
(approximately) 2100

Turbulent Flow
The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles are irregular
and continuously cross each other
Turbulent flow normally occurs when the Reynolds number exceed 2100 (most
common situation is when it exceeds 4000)
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Turbulent Flow

Transition

Laminar Flow
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 5 m/sec. Determine
the following:
(a) Volume flow rate in m3/sec and lit/sec Ans. 22 lit/s
(b) Mass flow rate in kg/sec Ans. 22 kg/s
(c) Weight flow rate in N/sec Ans. 215.82 N/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Solution:
(a) 𝑄 = A𝜐 (c) Wf = 𝛾 𝑄
𝜋
= 0.075 2 (5) = 9810(0.022)
4
= 0.022 m3/s × 1000 lit/m3 = 215.82 N/s
= 22 lit/s
(b) Mf = 𝜌 𝑄
= 1000(0.022)
= 22 kg/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A 100-mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank filled with
oil having a specific gravity of 0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how many N/s of
oil is being forced out at a 30-mm diameter hole? Ans. 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝐍/𝐬

Oil
s = 0.82
100mm∅

Plunger

v = 0.06 m/s

Hole 30mm∅
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Solution:
Since the fluid is incompressible:
Q1 = Q2 W f = 𝛾 Q2
Q1 = A1 v1 = (9810 × 0.82)(0.00047)
𝜋 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝐍/𝐬
Q1 = 0.1 2 (0.06)
4

Q1 = 0.00047 m3/s
Q2 = Q1 = 0.00047 m3/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A city requires a flow of 5900 m3/day for its water supply. Compute the diameter
of pipe (mm) required if the velocity of flow is 2 m/s Ans. 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝐦𝐦
Solution:
𝑚3 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄 = 5900 × × = 0.068
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24 ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 𝑠

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝜋
0.068 = 𝐷 2 (2)
4
𝐷 = 0.208 m
𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖 mm
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The water tank in the figure being filled through section 1 at 𝑣1 = 5 m/s and
through section 3 at 𝑄3 = 0.012 m3/s. If the water level ℎ is constant,
(a) Compute the discharge at point 2 Ans. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 m3/s
(b) Compute the exit velocity at point 2 Ans. 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 m/s
(c) If the water level varies and 𝑉2 = 8 m/s, find the rate of change 𝑑ℎ/𝑑𝑡
when 𝑑 = 1.0 m

𝑄3 = 0.012 m3/s

𝑄2 = ?
𝑣2 = ?
𝑣1 = 5 m/s
𝑑2 = 60 mm∅
𝑑1 = 40 mm∅

𝑑 = 1 m∅
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The water tank in the figure being filled through section 1 at 𝑣1 = 5 m/s and
through section 3 at 𝑄3 = 0.012 m3/s. If the water level ℎ is constant,
(a) Compute the discharge at point 2 Ans. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 m3/s
(b) Compute the exit velocity at point 2 Ans. 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 m/s
(c) If the water level varies and 𝑉2 = 8 m/s, find the rate of change 𝑑ℎ/𝑑𝑡
when 𝑑 = 1.0 m Ans. −𝟓. 𝟓𝟐 mm/s

𝑄3 = 0.012 m3/s

𝑑ℎ 𝑄2 = ?
𝐴 𝑣2 = ?
𝑣1 = 5 m/s
𝑑2 = 60 mm∅
𝑑1 = 40 mm∅ 𝑑ℎ
𝑄 = 𝑄2 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 = 1 m∅
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Solution:

(a) (b) 𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑄1 + 𝑄3 = 𝑄2 𝜋
𝜋 0.01828 = 0.060 2 𝑣2
0.040 2
5 + 0.012 = 𝑄2 4
4 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 m/s
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 m3/s

𝑑ℎ
(c) 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 = 𝑄2 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑ℎ
0.040 2 5 + 0.012 = 0.060 2 8 + 1 2
4 4 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
= −0.00552 m/s = −𝟓. 𝟓𝟐 𝐦𝐦/𝐬
𝑑𝑡
 ENERGY AND HEAD
Principle:
• The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic and
potential energy
• Potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to position
or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the
fluid
• Kinetic energy is the ability o the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its
velocity
• The amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid is called the head
 KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic Energy Formula: Kinetic Head or Velocity Head:
1
KE = 2 mv2 KE
HV =
1 W
W
= v2 1 W
2 𝑔 v2
2 𝑔
HV =
where: W
KE = kinetic energy in N∙m 𝒗𝟐
W = weight in N HV =
𝟐𝒈
v = velocity of flow in m/s
 POTENTIAL ENERGY (ELEVATION)
Potential Energy Formula: Elevation Head:
PE = mgh PE
Hz =
W W
= 𝑔h
𝑔 Hz = Wz
= Wh = Wz W

where: Hz = 𝒛
PE = potential energy in N∙m
W = weight in N
z = elevation
(+) above
datum line
(-) below
 POTENTIAL ENERGY (PRESSURE)
Potential Energy Formula: Pressure Head:
PE = mgh PE
Hp =
W W
= 𝑔h 𝑝
𝑔 W
𝛾
W 𝑝
Hp =
= 𝑔 W
𝑔 𝛾
𝑝 𝒑
=W Hp =
𝛾 𝜸
where:
PE = potential energy in N∙m
W = weight in N
𝑝 = gage pressure in Pa
𝛾 = unit weight in N/m3
 TOTAL ENERGY / TOTAL HEAD

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energies

𝑣2 𝑝
E = 2𝑔 + 𝛾
+ z

Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

For a constant discharge in an open conduit, the energy head at any cross
section must equal that any other downstream section plus the intervening
losses

E1 + Eadded - Eextracted = E2
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

𝑣1 2 Energy Grade Line

𝑣2 2
2𝑔
2𝑔
𝑃2
𝛾
𝑃1
𝛾
z2

z1
Datum
 ENERGY EQUATION WITHOUT HEAD LOST

• If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving

from section 1 to section 2, then the total
energy at section 1 must be equal to the total
energy at section 2. Neglecting head lost in
fluid flow, the value that we get are called ideal
or theoretical values
E1 = E2
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + z1 = + + z2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
 ENERGY EQUATION WITH HEAD LOST

• Considering head lost, the values that we can

attain are called actual values
E1 – HL = E2
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + z1 – HL = + + z2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
 ENERGY EQUATION WITH PUMP

Pump is used basically to increase the head usually to raise water from a lower
to a higher elevation
Note: The input power of the pump is the electrical energy and its output power
is the flow energy

E1 + HA – HL = E2
ENERGY EQUATION WITH PUMP

𝑣1 2
2𝑔
𝑣2 2
2𝑔
𝑃2
𝛾
𝑃1
𝛾

Pump z2

z1
Datum
 ENERGY EQUATION WITH TURBINE

Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn

converted into electrical energy for turbines
E1 – HE – HL = E2
ENERGY EQUATION WITH TURBINE

𝑣1 2
2𝑔

𝑃1
𝛾
𝑣2 2
2𝑔

𝑃2
z1 𝛾
Turbine

z2
Datum
 ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES

Hydraulic Grade Line

• Also known as pressure gradient, hydraulic grade line is the graphical
representation of the total potential energy of flow
Characteristics of HGL
• HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise and fall due
to changes in velocity of pressure
• For uniform pipe cross-section, HGL is parallel to the EGL
• For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drop in pressure heads
between any points is also equal to the head lost between these points
 ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES

Energy Grade Line

• Energy Grade Line is a graphical representation of the total energy of flow

Characteristics of EGL
• EGL always slope downward in the direction of flow, and it will only rise
with the presence of a pump
• The drop of the EGL between any points is the head lost between those
points
• For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to the HGL
• EGL is always above the HGL by an amount equal to v2/2g
• Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal
 POWER AND EFFICIENCY

Power
• It is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight 𝛾 and moving
at a rate Q with a total energy of E, the power in N-m/s (Joules/sec) or
Watts is:
P = 𝜸 Q E
Note:
1 hp = 746 Watts = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 Watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 J/s
 POWER (PUMP)

Power:

Poutput = 𝜸 Q (HA)

Efficiency: Poutput
Effpump = × 100%
Pinput
 POWER (TURBINE)

Power:

Pinput = 𝜸 Q (HE)

Efficiency:
Poutput
Effturbine = × 100%
Pinput
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

If the velocity of water is 8 m/s and the pressure is 140 kPa on the discharge
side of a pump,
(a) What is the head of the pump if the velocity is 4 m/s and the pressure is
90 kPa on the suction side of the pump? Ans. 𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 m
(b) How much power is required to drive it if the diameter of the suction side
is 600 mm? Ans. 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 hp
(c) If the pump is rated at 120 hp, what is the efficiency of the pump neglecting
energy losses in the system? Ans. 𝟗𝟑. 𝟒𝟓%

P1 = 90 kPa P2 = 140 kPa

v1 = 4 m/s Pump v2 = 8 m/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

Solution:
(a) Head of the pump:
E1 + HA = E2

42 90 82 140
+ + 0 + HA = + + 0
2 9.81 9.81 2 9.81 9.81

HA = 7.54 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Solution:
(b) Power required:
Pout = 𝛾𝑤 Q (HA)
𝜋
Q = Av = 4 0.6 2 (4)
Q = 1.13 m3/s
(c) Efficiency:
Pout = 𝛾𝑤 Q (HA) Effpump = × 100%
Pout = (9810)(1.13)(7.54) 112.14 hp
1 hp Effpump = × 100%
Pout = 83583.16 Watts × 120 hp
746 Watts
Pout = 112.14 hp Effpump = 93.45%
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A large tank contains compressed air, gasoline at specific gravity 0.68, light oil
at specific gravity 0.80 and water as shown. The pressure of the air is 120 kPa
gage. (a) What is the pressure at point 1? (b) What is the velocity at point (2)?
(c) What is the mass flow of oil from a 20mm diameter jet? Neglect head loss
𝑷𝟏 = 133.34 kPa
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟔 m/s ②
Mass flow of oil

120 kPa Oil

4m
2m Gasoline
①

4m 4m
Water
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Solution:
Part (a)
𝑃1 = Pair + Pgasoline
𝑃1 = 120 + (0.68×9.81)(2)
𝑷𝟏 = 133.34 kPa

Part (b)
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
Part (c)
133.34 𝑣2 2
0+ +0= +0+4 Mf = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
(9.81 × 0.80) 2(9.81)
𝜋 2
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟔 m/s Mf = 1000 × 0.8 0.02 (15.96)
4
Mf = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏 kg/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
For the water shooting out of the pipe and nozzle under the condition shown,
compute the following: (a) velocity at the hydrant, (b) velocity at the nozzle,
(c) height above the nozzle to which the water will shoot. Assume negligible
head loss
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 m/s
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟐 m/s
P1 = 55 kPa h
𝒉 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 m
D1 = 200 mm D2 = 100 mm 2

1.10 m

1
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Solution:
Part (a) Part (b)
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑣2 = 4𝑣1
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟐 m/s
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣1 2 55 𝑣2 2 𝑄1 = 𝑄2
+ +0= + 0 + 1.1
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) A1v1 = A2v2
𝑣1 2 55 (4𝑣1 )2 𝜋 2
𝜋 𝑣2
+ +0= + 0 + 1.1 𝑑 𝑣1 = 𝑑2 2 𝑣2 𝑣1 =
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 4 1 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
0.2 2 𝑣1 = 0.1 2 𝑣2 𝑣2 = 4𝑣1
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 m/s 4 4

Part (c)
𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣0 2 = 2𝑎𝑆
(0)2 − 9.72 2 = 2 −9.81 ℎ
𝒉 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8

The 600 mm ∅ pipe shown conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure

turbine, which discharges through another 600 mm ∅ pipe into tail race B. The
loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the pipe and the loss of
head from 2 to B is 0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is
700 liters/second
(a) Compute the total head loss
(b) Compute the energy head given up by the water to the turbine
(c) What horsepower is being given up by the water to the turbine
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
The 600 mm ∅ pipe shown conducts water from
El. 60 m reservoir A to a pressure turbine, which discharges
through another 600 mm ∅ pipe into tail race B.
The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity
head in the pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is
0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the
discharge is 700 liters/second
T El. 15 m (a) Compute the total head loss
1 2 Ans. 1.63 m
El. 0 m (b) Compute the energy head given up by the water
B to the turbine
Ans. 58.37 m
(c) What horsepower is being given up by the water
to the turbine
Ans. 537.3 hp
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
Solution:
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵
(a) 𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴1 𝑣𝐴1 (b) + + 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 − 𝐻𝐸 = + + 𝑧𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝜋
0.70 = 0.60 2 𝑣𝐴 0 + 0 + 60 − 1.63 − 𝐻𝐸 = 0 + 0 + 0
4
𝑣𝐴1 = 2.48 m/s 𝑯𝑬 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 m
Since diameter is the same
for pipe 𝐴 and pipe 𝐵 (c) 𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄(𝐻𝐸)
𝑣2𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴1 = 2.48 m/s
𝑃 = 9810(0.7)(58.37)
𝑣𝐴1 2 𝑣2𝐵 2 1 hp
𝐻𝐿 = 5 + 0.2 𝑃 = 400826.79 𝑊 ×
2𝑔 2𝑔 746 𝑊
2.482 2.482 𝑷 = 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟎 hp
𝐻𝐿 = 5 + 0.2
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
𝑯𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9

In the figure below, the fluid is water and the pressure gage reads 𝑃1 = 180
kPa. If the mass flux is 15 kg/sec, compute the following:
(a) Velocity at section 1 Ans. 2.98 m/s
(b) Velocity at section 2 Ans. 7.64 m/s
(c) Head loss between 1 and 2 Ans. 3.83 m

2
180 kPa 5 cm ∅

12 m

8 cm ∅ 1
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Solution:
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
(a) 𝑀 = 𝑚 (c) + + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 = + + 𝑧2
𝑓 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑡
𝑀𝑓 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2.982 180 7.642 0
+ + 0 − 𝐻𝐿 = + + 12
𝜋 2
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81
15 = 1000 0.08 𝑣1
4 𝑯𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑 m
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖 m/s

(b) 𝜋 2
15 = 1000 0.05 𝑣2
4
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒 m/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 10

Oil (specific weight = 9000 N/m3) is flowing at a rate of 0.40 m3/s in the system
shown below. If the total head loss between point 1 and point 2 is 3.2 𝑣2/2g
Where 𝑣 is the velocity in the 50 cm ∅ pipe and the pressure at point 2 is 45 kPa
(a) Determine the head that must be supplied by the pump to the flow
(b) Determine the power in kW that must be supplied by the pump to the flow
(c) Determine the power in kW that must be supplied to the pump if the
efficiency is 78%
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10

2 El. 18 m

1
Oil (specific weight = 9000 N/m3) is flowing at a rate of 0.40 m3/s in the
El. 10 m
system shown below. If the total head loss between point 1 and point 2 is
3.2 𝑣 2/2g where 𝑣 is the velocity in the 50 cm ∅ pipe and the pressure at
point 2 is 45 kPa
P (a) Determine the head that must be supplied by the pump to the flow
Ans. 13.68 m
(b) Determine the power in kW that must be supplied by the pump to
the flow
Ans. 49.25 kW
(c) Determine the power in kW that must be supplied to the pump if the
efficiency is 78%
Ans. 63.14 kW
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
Solution:
(a) (b) 𝑃𝑜 = 𝛾𝑄(𝐻𝐴)
𝑃𝑜 = 9000(0.4)(13.68)
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝜋 1 k𝑊
0.40 = 0.5 2 𝑣 𝑃𝑜 = 49248 𝑊 ×
4 1000 𝑊
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝑣 = 2.037 m/s

𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2 𝑃𝑜
+ + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑧2 (c) 𝜂 = × 100%
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 𝑃𝑖
2
3.2𝑣 45 49.25
0 + 0 + 10 − + 𝐻𝐴 = 0 + + 18 0.78 =
2𝑔 9 𝑃𝑖
2
3.2 2.037 45
0 + 0 + 10 − + 𝐻𝐴 = 0 + + 18 𝑷𝒊 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑾
2(9.81) 9

𝑯𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟖 m