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KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI ---MALAYSIA---
JABATAN PENDIDIKAN POLITEKNIK DAN KOLEJ KOMUNITI uNGKu OMAR

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR
SESl 11 2023/2024

KOO KURSUS : DJM 40092

NAMAKURSUS :CONTROLSYSTEM
PENILAIAN : CASE STUDY 2

SEKSYEN KURSUS : DEM 4A

NAMA PENSYARAH KURSUS: NORASNI BINTI MOHDJAMIR

ARAHAN PENILAIAN:
1. Submit Paper work Week 13

NO.
NAMA CLO MARKAH
PEN DAFT ARAN
1 -
2 -

3 /50

Jumlah /50

Dlsedlakan oleh:

.............
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{NOR.A.SN! BINTI MOHO JAMIR) f.Ts. WA ' LLAH BIN WAN MOH.A.MEO)
PENSYARAH KETUA PROGRAM
DIP,LOM~ KEJURUTERAAN MEKATRONIK DIPLOMA li<~~U~UT~~N MEKATRONIK
 POLITEKNIK PREMIER UNGKU OMAR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CASE STUDY 2 DEPARTMENT
DJM 40092 CONTROL SYSTEM CASE
STUDY 2 (50 marks)
CLO1 : Explain the basic concept of control system including controller
principle, transfer function and stability (C2, PLO2)

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Case Study:
Diagram 1 below shows the value of Gain Margin and Phase Margin. Discuss clearly the
step how to find value.

Diagram 1: Bode Plot

TASK TO COM P L
ET E
No Detail of Task Note

Task 1 Complete the case study requirements, you will Use teamwork skill
(a) need to: Note:
- Form a work team of 2-3 members and It is important that your team
identifies clear roles and
organize the necessary activities you will
responsibilities, distributing and
need to do in order to complete the case coordinating various
study. task appropriately, and is able to
operate as a high performing team.
Task 2 explain what is the meaning of Gain margin in Theory
(b) achieving system stability

Task 3 Explain a phase margin in achieving system Theory

(c) stability and brief description with the main
focus on technical
Task 4 Discuss clearly the step how to find this value. Theory
(d)

GOOD LUCK !!
Task 2(b)
Gain margin is a stability margin that indicates how much a system's
gain can be increased before it becomes unstable. It's measured in
decibels (dB) and represents the difference between the actual gain
at the phase crossover frequency (where the phase shift is -180
degrees) and the gain required for marginal stability (0 dB). A
positive gain margin signifies a stable system, while a negative
margin indicates instability.
This is the frequency at which the phase shift of a system's open-
loop transfer function reaches -180 degrees.
The gain margin is calculated as the difference between the gain
at the phase crossover frequency and the gain required for
marginal stability (which is 0 dB).
Positive gain margin is considered stable. It can tolerate a certain
amount of gain increase becoming unstable.
Meanwhile for negative margin, it is considered unstable. It needs a
reduction in gain to achieve stability.

Task 3 (c)
How To Measure
To find the phase margin, one of these is most commonly employed
which is a Bode plot of the open-loop system. First find the gain
crossover frequency and then measure the phase angle at the
frequency. The phase margin is then simply the difference between
–
180° and the phase angle at the gain crossover frequency. For
instance, if the phase angle is –135° at the gain crossover
frequency, the phase margin is 45°. The larger the phase margin,
the larger the amount of phase delay the system can withstand,
which results in smoother and more stable response. If the phase
margin is small or even negative, the system is close to or already in
instability, and
this will result in oscillations or unwanted behavior.

IMPORTANCE OF PHASE MARGIN IN

SYSTEM STABILITY
The importance of Phase Margin to system stability lies in the fact
that it may indicate how large a phase delay a control system can
tolerate without losing stability. Delays and phase shifts cannot be
avoided in actual systems due to the inclusion of sensors, actuators,
signal processing elements, and communications channels. These
building blocks induce time delays that can shift the phase of the
system toward the critical –180° point, where positive feedback can
lead to unwanted oscillations or instability. Phase margin offers
engineers a measure of how near the system is to this critical
boundary and how much additional delay can be tolerated before
inducing instability. A larger phase margin provides greater
assurance that the system will remain stable even when subjected to
such unavoidable delays.
In control system design practice, it is generally found to be
preferable to achieve a phase margin of 30° to 60°. An inferior
phase margin in this range will result in poor transient response,
overshoot, or sustained oscillation, while excessively large phase
margin will produce an overly conservative system response and
result in a sluggish system. It is essential that the system acquire the
ideal balance to be stable as well as to operate efficiently. Moreover,
phase margin plays a major role in the robustness of the system and
allows the system to handle uncertainties, modeling discrepancies,
or unintended variations in operating conditions. For instance,
autopilots of aircraft, power electronics, or robotic arms - an
adequate phase margin ensures smooth and safe response under
varying conditions. Briefly speaking, phase margin is vital to control
system performance and stability and meet be a point of necessity in
consideration whenever system analysis and controller design are
being conducted.

Task 4 (d)
To find the gain and phase margins from a Bode plot, identify the phase crossover frequency (where phase = –
180°) and read the gain at that point to calculate the gain margin as the negative of that gain, while for the
phase margin, find the gain crossover frequency (where gain = 0 dB), read the phase at that point, and
add
180° to it.
 ASSESSM ENT CAS E ST UDY RU
BRI C

NAME R EGISTR ATION N U M BER

1. NURUL IZZATIE BINTI AHMAD TAJUDDIN 01DEM23F1004

2. SITI NUR AISYAH BINTI ANUAR 01DEM23F1005

3. THANUSHA SATHVA A/P THANASEELAN 01DEM23F1021

4. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI NASARUDDIN 01DEM23F1025

Rubric design
Characteristic Knowledge Task 1 2 3 4 5
Depth of Ability to understand the Ability to perform and organize the problem base on the task given
Knowledge problem with identifies
Student un able to Student able to Student able to Student able to Student able to
the specific knowledge acknowledge acknowledge with some acknowledge with acknowledge with acknowledge with
to approach the problem elaboration acceptable elaboration good elaboration excellent elaboration
DP1 Evaluate the problem 2,3 Ability to identify the problem and understand the theory
under such
Evaluate 1 point Evaluate 2-point theory of Evaluate 3-point theory Evaluate 5-point Evaluate more than
circumstance towards theory of problem problem can overcome of problem can overcome theory of problem can 5point theory of problem
providing an effective can overcome with with the issues with the issues overcome with the can overcome with the
solution the issues issues issues
Familiarity Ability to prepare the report and summarizes the result
of issues Prepare report and Student unable to Student able to listed and Student able to listed and Student able to listed Student able to listed
summaries the result. good report and discuss 1/0-point summary discuss 2 points with and discuss 3 points and discuss more 3
DP4 7 can’t summarize the and uncompleted the report complete the report points with complete the
with complete the
good result report report
Ability to perform and good presentation according to preparedness in terms of body language and eye contact
 Produce the slide Student unable to Student able demonstrate Student able Student able Student able
/video/blogger demonstrate the the presentation by demonstrate a good demonstrate a gooddemonstrate a good
demonstration good presentation considering only 1 aspect presentation by presentation bypresentation by
that are evaluated during considering 2 aspect that considering 3 aspect thatconsidering 3 aspect that
presentation are evaluated during are evaluated during are evaluated during
presentation presentation presentation
Extend of Develop solution using Ability to build the solution using standards operational procedure and codes of practices for professional engineering
Applicable standards operational
The selected structureNot all selected structures Program Design using Program design using Program design using
Codes procedure and codes of appropriate structure and
is not suitable. are appropriate program appropriate structure. appropriate structure and
practice for professional Elements control is designs. Control elements Elements control needs to control elements to be Control elements to be
engineering not good design need to be designed be improved are better achieved better is to achieve a
accordingly appropriately good standard
DP5 Develop the block 4,5,6 Ability to develop the block diagram using the standard to resolve the problem solving
diagram using the
Very incomplete or Able to design a block A ble to designed a block A ble to designed a block A ble to designed a block
standard to resolve the diagram completely with diagram completely with
incorrect diagram and but not follow diagram and unable to
problem solving interpretation of the answer standard produce descriptions well assistance from lecture effective without any
trends and a lack of assistance from lecture
understanding of
results