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 Hassan Gomaa

Gomaa
This book tells you all you need to know for modeling and design of software
applications from use cases to software architectures in UML, and shows
how to apply the COMET UML-based modeling and design method to real-
world problems. The author describes architectural patterns for various ar-
Software
Modeling
chitectures, such as layered patterns for software product line architectures,

Software Modeling and Design

and addresses software quality attributes including maintainability, modifiabil-
ity, testability, traceability, scalability, reusability, performance, availability, and

& Design
security.

Complete case studies illustrate design issues for different software architec-
tures: a banking system for client/server architectures, an emergency moni-
toring system for component based software architecture, an online shopping
system for service-oriented architecture, and an automated guided vehicle for
real-time software architecture.

Organized as an introduction followed by several short, self-contained chap-

ters, the book is perfect for senior undergraduate or graduate courses in
software engineering and for experienced software engineers wanting a quick
reference at each stage of the analysis, design and development of large-
scale software systems.

Hassan Gomaa is Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer

Science at George Mason University. Gomaa has more than thirty years
experience in software engineering, both in industry and academia. He has
published over 150 technical papers is the author of three previous books,
Designing Software Product Lines with UML, Designing Concurrent, Distrib-
uted, and Real-Time Applications with UML, and Software Design Methods for
Concurrent and Real-Time Systems.

UML, Use Cases, Patterns,

Cover design by ALICE SOLOWAY & Software Architectures
Software Modeling and Design

This book provides all you need to know for modeling and design of soft-
ware applications, from use cases to software architectures in UML. It
shows you how to apply the COMET UML-based modeling and design
method to real-world problems. The author describes architectural pat-
terns for various architectures, such as broker, discovery, and transaction
patterns for service-oriented architectures, and layered patterns for soft-
ware product line architectures, and addresses software quality attributes,
including maintainability, modifiability, testability, traceability, scalabil-
ity, reusability, performance, availability, and security.
Complete case studies illustrate design issues for different software
architectures: a banking system for client/server architectures, an online
shopping system for service-oriented architectures, an emergency moni-
toring system for component-based software architectures, and an auto-
mated guided vehicle system for real-time software architectures.
Organized as an introduction followed by several self-contained chap-
ters, the book is perfect for senior undergraduate or graduate courses in
software engineering and for experienced software engineers who want a
quick reference at each stage of the analysis, design, and development of
large-scale software systems.

Hassan Gomaa is Professor of Computer Science and Software Engi-

neering at George Mason University. Gomaa has more than thirty years’
experience in software engineering, in both industry and academia. He
has published more than 170 technical papers and is the author of three
books: Designing Software Product Lines with UML; Designing Concur-
rent, Distributed, and Real-Time Applications with UML; and Software
Design Methods for Concurrent and Real-Time Systems.
SOFTWARE MODELING
AND DESIGN
UML, Use Cases, Patterns, and
Software Architectures

Hassan Gomaa
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521764148


C Hassan Gomaa 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

Gomaa, Hassan.
Software modeling and design : UML, use cases, patterns, and software architectures /
Hassan Gomaa.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-76414-8 (hardback)
1. Computer software – Development. 2. Software architecture. 3. Computer simulation. I. Title.
QA76.76.D47G6522 2011
003 .3–dc22 2010049584

ISBN 978-0-521-76414-8 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external
or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content
on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To Gill, William and Neela, Alex,
Amanda and Neil, and Edward
Contents

Preface page xv
Annotated Table of Contents xix
Acknowledgments xxv

PART I Overview

1 Introduction 3
1.1 Software Modeling 3
1.2 Object-Oriented Methods and the Unified Modeling
Language 3
1.3 Software Architectural Design 5
1.4 Method and Notation 5
1.5 COMET: A UML-Based Software Modeling and Design
Method for Software Applications 6
1.6 UML as a Standard 6
1.7 Multiple Views of Software Architecture 7
1.8 Evolution of Software Modeling and Design Methods 8
1.9 Evolution of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methods 9
1.10 Survey of Concurrent, Distributed, and Real-Time
Design Methods 11
1.11 Summary 12
Exercises 12

2 Overview of the UML Notation 14

2.1 UML Diagrams 14
2.2 Use Case Diagrams 15
2.3 Classes and Objects 15
2.4 Class Diagrams 16
2.5 Interaction Diagrams 18
2.6 State Machine Diagrams 19
2.7 Packages 21

vii
viii Contents

2.8 Concurrent Communication Diagrams 21

2.9 Deployment Diagrams 23
2.10 UML Extension Mechanisms 23
2.11 Conventions Used in This Book 25
2.12 Summary 27
Exercises 28

3 Software Life Cycle Models and Processes 29

3.1 Software Life Cycle Models 29
3.2 Design Verification and Validation 40
3.3 Software Life Cycle Activities 41
3.4 Software Testing 42
3.5 Summary 43
Exercises 43

4 Software Design and Architecture Concepts 45

4.1 Object-Oriented Concepts 45
4.2 Information Hiding 48
4.3 Inheritance and Generalization/Specialization 51
4.4 Concurrent Processing 53
4.5 Design Patterns 57
4.6 Software Architecture and Components 58
4.7 Software Quality Attributes 59
4.8 Summary 59
Exercises 60

5 Overview of Software Modeling and Design Method 61

5.1 COMET Use Case–Based Software Life Cycle 61
5.2 Comparison of the COMET Life Cycle with Other
Software Processes 64
5.3 Requirements, Analysis, and Design Modeling 65
5.4 Designing Software Architectures 67
5.5 Summary 68
Exercises 68

PART II Software Modeling

6 Use Case Modeling 71

6.1 Requirements Modeling 72
6.2 Use Cases 74
6.3 Actors 76
6.4 Identifying Use Cases 78
6.5 Documenting Use Cases in the Use Case Model 80
6.6 Example of Use Case Description 80
6.7 Use Case Relationships 82
6.8 The Include Relationship 82
6.9 The Extend Relationship 85
6.10 Use Case Structuring Guidelines 88
 Contents ix

6.11 Specifying Nonfunctional Requirements 89

6.12 Use Case Packages 89
6.13 Activity Diagrams 89
6.14 Summary 92
Exercises 92

7 Static Modeling 94
7.1 Associations between Classes 95
7.2 Composition and Aggregation Hierarchies 100
7.3 Generalization/Specialization Hierarchy 102
7.4 Constraints 103
7.5 Static Modeling and the UML 103
7.6 Static Modeling of the System Context 104
7.7 Categorization of Classes Using UML Stereotypes 106
7.8 Modeling External Classes 107
7.9 Static Modeling of Entity Classes 111
7.10 Summary 113
Exercises 114

8 Object and Class Structuring 115

8.1 Object and Class Structuring Criteria 116
8.2 Modeling Application Classes and Objects 116
8.3 Object and Class Structuring Categories 117
8.4 External Classes and Software Boundary Classes 118
8.5 Boundary Classes and Objects 119
8.6 Entity Classes and Objects 123
8.7 Control Classes and Objects 124
8.8 Application Logic Classes and Objects 127
8.9 Summary 130
Exercises 130

9 Dynamic Interaction Modeling 132

9.1 Object Interaction Modeling 133
9.2 Message Sequence Numbering on Interaction
Diagrams 136
9.3 Dynamic Interaction Modeling 139
9.4 Stateless Dynamic Interaction Modeling 139
9.5 Examples of Stateless Dynamic Interaction Modeling 140
9.6 Summary 148
Exercises 148

10 Finite State Machines 151

10.1 Finite State Machines and State Transitions 151
10.2 Examples of Statecharts 153
10.3 Events and Guard Conditions 157
10.4 Actions 158
10.5 Hierarchical Statecharts 163
10.6 Guidelines for Developing Statecharts 167
x Contents

10.7 Developing Statecharts from Use Cases 168

10.8 Example of Developing a Statechart from a Use Case 169
10.9 Summary 175
Exercises 175

11 State-Dependent Dynamic Interaction Modeling 177

11.1 Steps in State-Dependent Dynamic Interaction Modeling 177
11.2 Modeling Interaction Scenarios Using Interaction Diagrams
and Statecharts 178
11.3 Example of State-Dependent Dynamic Interaction Modeling:
Banking System 179
11.4 Summary 187
Exercises 188

PART III Architectural Design

12 Overview of Software Architecture 193

12.1 Software Architecture and Component-Based
Software Architecture 193
12.2 Multiple Views of a Software Architecture 194
12.3 Software Architectural Patterns 198
12.4 Documenting Software Architectural Patterns 205
12.5 Interface Design 206
12.6 Designing Software Architectures 207
12.7 Summary 209
Exercises 210

13 Software Subsystem Architectural Design 212

13.1 Issues in Software Architectural Design 212
13.2 Integrated Communication Diagrams 213
13.3 Separation of Concerns in Subsystem Design 216
13.4 Subsystem Structuring Criteria 220
13.5 Decisions about Message Communication between
Subsystems 226
13.6 Summary 228
Exercises 228

14 Designing Object-Oriented Software Architectures 230

14.1 Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns 231
14.2 Designing Information Hiding Classes 231
14.3 Designing Class Interface and Operations 232
14.4 Data Abstraction Classes 234
14.5 State-Machine Classes 236
14.6 Graphical User Interaction Classes 237
14.7 Business Logic Classes 239
14.8 Inheritance in Design 239
14.9 Class Interface Specifications 245
14.10 Detailed Design of Information Hiding Classes 246
 Contents xi

14.11 Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding 248

14.12 Implementation of Classes in Java 249
14.13 Summary 250
Exercises 251

15 Designing Client/Server Software Architectures 253

15.1 Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Client/Server
Architectures 254
15.2 Client/Service Software Architectural Structure Patterns 254
15.3 Architectural Communication Patterns for Client/Server
Architectures 258
15.4 Middleware in Client/Server Systems 260
15.5 Design of Service Subsystems 261
15.6 Design of Wrapper Classes 266
15.7 From Static Models to Relational Database Design 268
15.8 Summary 275
Exercises 276

16 Designing Service-Oriented Architectures 278

16.1 Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Service-Oriented
Architecture 279
16.2 Software Architectural Broker Patterns 280
16.3 Technology Support for Service-Oriented Architecture 283
16.4 Software Architectural Transaction Patterns 285
16.5 Negotiation Pattern 289
16.6 Service Interface Design in Service-Oriented Architecture 292
16.7 Service Coordination in Service-Oriented Architecture 294
16.8 Designing Service-Oriented Architectures 295
16.9 Service Reuse 297
16.10 Summary 298
Exercises 298

17 Designing Component-Based Software Architectures 300

17.1 Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Component-Based
Software Architectures 300
17.2 Designing Distributed Component-Based Software
Architectures 301
17.3 Composite Subsystems and Components 302
17.4 Modeling Components with UML 303
17.5 Component Structuring Criteria 307
17.6 Group Message Communication Patterns 310
17.7 Application Deployment 314
17.8 Summary 316
Exercises 316

18 Designing Concurrent and Real-Time Software Architectures 318

18.1 Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Concurrent
and Real-Time Software Architectures 318
xii Contents

18.2 Characteristics of Real-Time Systems 319

18.3 Control Patterns for Real-Time Software Architectures 320
18.4 Concurrent Task Structuring 322
18.5 I/O Task Structuring Criteria 323
18.6 Internal Task Structuring Criteria 327
18.7 Developing the Concurrent Task Architecture 331
18.8 Task Communication and Synchronization 332
18.9 Task Interface and Task Behavior Specifications 338
18.10 Implementation of Concurrent Tasks in Java 342
18.11 Summary 342
Exercises 343

19 Designing Software Product Line Architectures 344

19.1 Evolutionary Software Product Line Engineering 344
19.2 Requirements Modeling for Software Product Lines 345
19.3 Analysis Modeling for Software Product Lines 349
19.4 Dynamic State Machine Modeling
for Software Product Lines 352
19.5 Design Modeling for Software Product Lines 353
19.6 Summary 355
Exercises 355

20 Software Quality Attributes 357

20.1 Maintainability 357
20.2 Modifiability 358
20.3 Testability 360
20.4 Traceability 360
20.5 Scalability 361
20.6 Reusability 363
20.7 Performance 364
20.8 Security 365
20.9 Availability 366
20.10 Summary 367
Exercises 367

PART IV Case Studies

21 Client/Server Software Architecture Case Study 371

21.1 Problem Description 371
21.2 Use Case Model 372
21.3 Static Modeling 376
21.4 Object Structuring 381
21.5 Dynamic Modeling 384
21.6 ATM Statechart 396
21.7 Design of Banking System 401
21.8 Integrating the Communication Model 401
21.9 Structuring the System into Subsystems 403
21.10 Design of ATM Client Subsystem 404
 Contents xiii

21.11 Design of Banking Service Subsystem 410

21.12 Relational Database Design 415
21.13 Deployment of Banking System 417
21.14 Alternative Design Considerations 419
21.15 Detailed Design 419

22 Service-Oriented Architecture Case Study 424

22.1 Problem Description 424
22.2 Use Case Modeling 425
22.3 Static Modeling 430
22.4 Object and Class Structuring 433
22.5 Dynamic Modeling 434
22.6 Broker and Wrapper Technology Support
for Service-Oriented Architecture 440
22.7 Design Modeling 440
22.8 Service Reuse 451

23 Component-Based Software Architecture Case Study 453

23.1 Problem Description 453
23.2 Use Case Modeling 453
23.3 Static Modeling 456
23.4 Dynamic Modeling 457
23.5 Design Modeling 462
23.6 Software Component Deployment 471

24 Real-Time Software Architecture Case Study 472

24.1 Problem Description 472
24.2 Use Case Modeling 473
24.3 Static Modeling 474
24.4 Object and Class Structuring 476
24.5 Dynamic State Machine Modeling 476
24.6 Dynamic Interaction Modeling 478
24.7 Design Modeling 482

Appendix A: Catalog of Software Architectural Patterns 495

Appendix B: Teaching Considerations 521

Glossary 523
Answers to Exercises 537
Bibliography 539
Index 547
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 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGYAR ALAKOK
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