Introduction To Computing (CS101)

Course Code CS101

Course Title Introduction to Computing
Week No. Contents
W1 Electronic Data Processing:
Data,
Information,
Data Processing Cycle,
Data Processing (Manual,Mechanical,Electronic),
Data Processing Activities& Data Organization

W2 Introduction to Computers:
Computer definition,
Importance of Computer and
its types of computer ( Analog, Digital, Hybrid )
Classification of Computers (Mainframe, Mini, Micro, Special Purpose, General Purpose,
Super Computers)
W3 Computer Hardware:
Input Unit (Input Method),
Central Processing Unit ( Arithmetic & logic Unit, Control Unit, Primary Memory )
W4 Secondary Storage and Output Unit

W5 Computer Software:
Computer Languages ( Low Level, High Level )&
System Software ( Operating Systems, Translators),
Application Software

W6 MS Word:
Word Basics ( Screen, Menu, Dialog boxes ),
Accessing Help, Viewing Options, Saving Documents and Spell Checking
W7 Previewing/ Printing, Closing/ Opening/ Creating Documents, Editing ( Insert, Deleting,
Undo )&Using Attributes/ Fonts/ Font Sizes Margins/ Justifications, Moving/ Copying &
Using Templates

W8 MS Excel: Excel Spreadsheet Basics,

Entering/ Editing/ Deleting Data, Using Mouse,
Adjusting Columns widths & Entering Formulas
Mid Exam

W9 Using Built-in Functions,

Using the Fill Option, Aligning/ Formatting Data &AutoFormat, Inserting/Deleting Rows
& Columns,
Margins/ Headers/Footers &Printing Worksheet
W10 MS Power Point:
Power point Basics,
Changing View, Using Slide Editor & Working with objects

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W11 Adding Text, Editing the Presentation, Create a new Presentation, Adding / Deleting
Slides & Drawing Objects & Shapes
W12 Working with ClipArt, Running a Slide Show, Switching between multiple applications &
Cutting / Copying / Pasting between applications

W13 Number System:

Binary Number System,
Decimal Number system,
Octal number system & Hexadecimal Number System
W14 Conversion of number system:
Binary to Decimal Number System,
Binary to Octal Number System & Binary To Hexadecimal Number System. Decimal to
Binary number system,
Decimal to Octal number system and Decimal to Hexadecimal number system

W15 Conversion of number system:

Octal to Decimal number system,
Octal to Binary number system & Octal to Hexadecimal number system Hexadecimal to
Octal number system,
Hexadecimal to Binary number system &Hexadecimal to Decimal number system.
W16 Practical Programming for conversion of number system.

W1
Define Data. Discuss the different types of Data.

Data: Data is the plural form of Latin word “Datum” which means “something given”.
The collection of Facts and Figure is called data. OR Anything in raw form is called data. Data
may consist of numbers, characters, symbols or sound. Data is collected to meet some
requirement.

Example: An example is a collection of names of students on admission form, their address

and subject marks.

Types of Data:
There are three types of data to be enter in the computer
1. Alphabetic Data Capital letters from A-Z, and small letters from A-Z.

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2. Numeric Data Decimal numbers from 0-9, decimal point notation.

3. Alphanumeric Data Alphabetic, numeric and special characters/symbols

Information: The meaningful form of data is called information. OR to organize the data in
meaningful form upon which people take necessary decision is called information.
We explain information with the help of following diagram.

Data Process Information

de

Entity: Anything which we want to keep information about it.

Example: student, Teacher, room, Fans etc.

Attributes: The property of entity/field name is called Attributes.

Example: Name, age, gender, blood group, Date of birth etc.

Record: A combination of attribute/field containing data about person, item etc.

Example: Name and address and date of birth.

Table: A collection or group of records is called Table.

Example: class 11 AB students’ details

Database: A collection of tables is called database.

Primary key: The attribute that can uniquely identify the record in database.

Define Data Processing and types of Data Processing?

Data Processing: The transformation of data into more useful form is called data processing.
OR
The series of actions and operations that convert data into useful information is called data
processing.

Example: A shopkeeper apply different calculation on data to know his daily expenses and
profit and the process of applying different calculation on data is called data processing.

Types of Data processing

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1. Manual Data Processing

2. Mechanical Data processing
3. Electronic Data processing

1.Manual Data Processing (MDP): In manual data processing, every thing is done by
hands and no machine is used . This type of data processing was used before the invention of
computers and other machines like calculators. But some small organizations may still use this
type data processing.

Example: A bookseller runs his shop. During the day, he sells different books and gets the
price of books from customers. He stores the records of all transactions as data in a register,
this is manual data processing.

2.Mechanical data processing: In mechanical data processing, different calculation and

processing is performed with mechanical machines like calculators. The use of mechanical
machines makes data processing easier and faster.

Example: If we use calculator instead of just pen and paper , the process is become very easy
and will take very less time , this is mechanical data processing .

4.Electronic Data Processing (EDP): It’s also called computer-based data processing
system. In EDP, computer and its program (MS word, MS Excel etc.) , network of computers and
printer are used for data processing . EDP takes less time than other type of data processing
techniques. The information of EDP is more accurate, reliable and fast.

Example: Data processing by MS word, MS Office and Printer etc.

Discuss Data Processing Life Cycle / Operations Computers

Data Processing life Cycle: The collection of steps to required to convert data into
information is called Data Processing Cycle. Different steps of data processing life cycle is an
follow
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage

1.Input: In this step the collected data is given to the computer as input for processing.
2.Processing: In this step, all type of required processing is applied on the stored data.
Different calculation and functions are used to convert the data into the required information

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3.Output: The basic purpose of data processing is to generate new information from the data.
In this step the processed data is displayed to the user. we can see this information on monitor
or printer.

4.Storage: In this step, the information is stored in the computer for future use. This step is
optional.

W2 , W3 , W4 , W5

Computer Definition: The word “computer” is derived from Latin word “Comptutare” which
means to compute. Therefore, computer is a machine that can compute.
Computer is an electronic device which is capable to receive, process, store, analyze the data
and can provide results according to our instructions.
OR
A computer is an electronic device that can transmit, store ana manipulate information or data
which can be numeric or character type.

IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS:
The word computer is not new to us. Everyone around us heard about it, even if they haven't
used it. Today's world is world of computers, or we can say that this is computer age, because
computers are playing a role of growing importance in all our lives. Less than fifty years back
there was no computer, and nobody knew about it. Since then, there have been rapid charges
made in the computer technology, which continues to progress.
There are different opinions or images about computers in our mind. Some of us are very happy
with it when it performs a given complex task in a very short period or does calculations very
quickly and accurately. Others, however, feel very bad when during peak hours, the system
suddenly gets stuck or shuts down.
Inspire of all these concepts, it is true that computers are useful to a wide range of people
because they can serve many purposes. Let us see, how computers have revolutionized the
following fields of life.

Computers in the Offices:

In many offices computers are used for word processing instead of using typewriters. The
keypunch operators or secretaries type the letter, report or document. Once changes are made
in the existing document, store in the computer instead of retyping the whole thing all over
again. The printer attached with the computer can immediately produce as many copies of the
letter as required. Managerial staff can make spread sheets and graphical images on the
computer while accounts staff uses it for bookkeeping and hence manages office accounts and

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finances. These computers are used as personal computers as well as can be linked up through
network to improve the efficiency.

Computers in the Banks:

Banks keep most of their records and data on computers. Bank accounts are maintained on
computer to avoid duplication or any chance of error. The cheques are read by MICR (Magnetic
Ink Character Reader, a device used to allow the data on cheques to be read by machines). The
numbers and special characters along the bottom of each cheque are printed in a magnetized
ink so they can be read by MICR. In this way, computers are used to keep track of customers'
accounts, deposits, withdrawals, loan interest etc. It also helps in transactions of accounts from
one bank to another even if the banks are not located in the same city

Computers in the Industries:

Computers are used to control manufacturing systems and continuous running of the
machinery. These are also helpful in monitoring temperature and pressure measurements
needed in the manufacturing process. In many industries computers are used in the form of
robots (a computer controlled mechanical device). Many products are made by robots. These
robots often have one or more arms, which can move like human arms. The movements of the
arm are controlled by the programs stored in the computer and thus perform such tasks that
are difficult and dangerous for human beings to perform such as automobile assembly line
work. Robots can work in intense heat or in a temperature below 0°C.

Computers in Education:
Computers are used in schools in many ways. They are used to help Montessori children learn
different skills such as to distinguish between shapes, colors etc. The young children learn how
to read and write. College students can take advantage of making graphs and charts and do
calculations of their mathematical and scientific assignments.

Computer Simulation for Training:

Computer models can be used to train people such as pilots. A working model of an aero plane
cockpit is built, with a large screen in front of it. On the screen a computer shows picture of the
view that a pilot would see from a real cockpit. Simulation techniques are used to teach
everything from piloting an aero plane, learn safety procedures in an oil company, bomb
making, temperature and pressure constraints in natural gas pipelining, train health care
professionals to running a nuclear plant.

Computer Aided Design (CAD):

Computers are proved to be an assisting machine or designing tool for engineers, architects and
designers to perform their large, complex and enormous job in a very short period to which
they spend months calculating, drawing and redesigning complicated plans. Examples of such
designing projects are car making, designing office buildings, shopping plazas.

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Computers in Stores (Markets):

The items in the store are labeled with Universal Product Code (UPC) in the form of black and
white stripes. These bar codes represent data that identify the manufacturer and product when
scanned by a computer having bar code reader (a machine that detects the bar codes printed
on the items). It then prints the relative item price against that item (stored in the computer)
on the bill for the customer
the customer. Computer also updates Stock by adding items to it when a purchase order is
filled and subtracting items from it when they are sold.

Computers in Health Care:

Doctors diagnose illnesses by entering patients' symptoms in computer and prescribe medicine
accordingly. Of course, the doctor must make the final decision, but the computer speeds up
the process. Computers also help 'researchers in the field of medicine by keeping track of the
matching organ donors and blood donors with the patients who need them. It also keeps
record of the patient's appointments and bills etc.

Computers in Law:
In Law Chambers, computers are used to store a data bank of all those cases that have been
priorly solved or decided. This enables the lawyer to study any case that helps him deal with his
current case.

Computers in Police Department:

The police use computers to help them catch criminals. Data about criminals and suspects can
be stored on computers. All the information about a crime can be fed into a computer, which
can search through its store and check facts.

Computers in Airline System:

Computers used in airline system stores all information about its flights and seat reservations. It
is linked up among different cities and gives full information about its flights. For example, time
of arrival and departure, seat confirmation, cancellation, chance etc. These are also used to
control space flights and to keep a constant check on all the equipment. When a fault occurs,
these are used to find out the cause.

Computers in the Arts:

We can't say computers work in the field of science and technology only. It also works for the
people related to arts and humanities. Computers help and facilitate people to write books and
poetry, draw cartoons, compose songs, design graphical pictures and create special effects in
movies.

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History Of Computers
1) ABACUS (3000 B.C): The first computing device was Abacus. Abacus is a frame in
which ten (10) balanced lines are fixed and in each string there are approximately ten
(10) beads, which can freely move left or right.

2) John Napier's Bone: John Napier, the famous mathematician of Scotland, invented
the logarithm table in 1614. The instrument which he invented consisted some bars in
which bones were placed because of which it is called Napier bones. This device can
multiply in an easy way.
3) Blaise Pascal: in 1642, a French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented a calculator
which can add, subtract and divide. He made 50 more machines for the sake of business
but his mission failed because in these machines the level of correctness was not good.
In 1694, William von Leibnitz, a German mathematician invented such calculator which
can find square root other than add, subtract, multiply and divide. Its design was similar
to Pascal calculator.
4) Charles Babbage:-- In1822, an English mathematician Charles Babbage invented
“Difference Engine" for mathematical calculation. In 1842, he developed "Analytical
engine” that was automatic. This engine could perform 60 additions per minute. Charles
Babbage is called the father of computer.
5) Herman Hollerith:-- in 1889, Herman applied the idea of punch cards in computer.
He used punch cards in computer for input and output
6) Atanasoff:--Atanasoff was a professor at Lowa university He invented electronic
computer. He applied Boolean algebra to computer circuitry.
7) Mark-1 computer: In 1944, Howard Aiken of Harvard university in U.S.A developed
Mark-1 first digital computer. It was first automatic calculating machine. It was very
reliable Just huge in size.
8) ENIAC: ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator a calculator. It was invented
by J.P Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946. It was the first electronic computer. It weight
was 30 tons and it covers an area about 30 * 50 square feet.
9) UNIVAC: UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic computer. It was first digital
computer. It was used in business and industries.

Types of Computers:
1. Digital Computers
2. Analog Computers
3. Hybrid Computer

1. Digital computers: Digital computers consists of electronic circuits. They

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work on digital data which is discrete (separate) in nature. Digital data is counted rather than
measured. They are fast and accurate. The main purpose of digital computer is counting. Digital
computers are commonly used in offices and educational institutions.

Examples are calculator, personal computer, digital watch etc.

2. Analog computers: Analog means changeable. Analog computer is one, which measures
continuous types of data such as temperature, pressure, speed, current etc.
OR
A computer which measures physical quantities is. called Analog computer. Analog computers
do not store their output because they have no memory. They are fast but not so accurate.
They are special purpose computers. These computers are mostly used in engineering and
medical like fields.
Examples are thermometer, speedometer, voltmeter etc.

3. Hybrid computer: Hybrid means combination. A hybrid computer is a combination of

both analog and digital computer. But they have a capability to input data in digital form and
provide output in analog form OR input in analog form while output in digital form. These
computers are used in hospitals, scientific laboratories, petrol pumps and industrial units, light
radar system etc.

Classification of Computers
Computers are classified according to their size, speed, cost and memory. Following is the
classification of digital computer.

1. Supercomputer: It is the largest, fastest and most expensive computer in the world.
It was developed in 1980. It has multiple processors. It supports multiple Input/Output devices.
It supports many users at a time. Supercomputer is specially used in atomic reactor, weapon
system design and scientific applications etc.

Examples of super computers are CRAY-I, CRAY-ii, CRAY-iii, CRAY-XMP, ETA-10.

2. Main Frame computer: It is the second, largest, fastest and expensive computer in the
world. It has also multiple processors and support many users at a time. It is used in banks,
universities, PIA, WAPDA, large business organizations and scientific laboratories etc.

Examples are IBM-360, IBM-3090 etc. 3.

3.MiniComputer: It is also called Mid-Range computer. They are fast, large and expensive
than Microcomputers but small, slow and less expensive than Mainframe and super computers.
It is also used in universities and business organizations.

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Example: are IBM-400, IBM/8370, VAX/11730 etc.

4.Microcomputer: It is also called personal computer (PC). A Microcomputer is that smallest,
low speed and least expensive of all the computers. It is the most popular digital computer used
in all fields of life.

Examples are IBM-PC, 486, P-I, p-II, P-III, P-IV and Pentium D etc.

Q. Discuss the different types of computers with respect to purpose.

Ans: There are two types of computers with respect to purpose:

1.Special purpose computers: These computers are designed to perform only single
particular (special) task. They are also called dedicated computers.

Example computer for checking eyesight. These computers can do what they are made for.
They are used in games, control of traffic light, weather prediction, digital watch, calculator etc.

2. General purpose computer: These computers are used for general purpose or
multipurpose. They perform multiple functions such as typing, keeping records, entertainment,
mathematical calculation, accounting and communication etc. It is used almost in every field of
life.

Example of general-purpose computer is microcomputer (personal computer).

Parts of Computer
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Data
d. User

a. Hardware: The Physical parts of a computer is called hardware. The user can see and touch
hardware.

Example: Mouse, Keyboard, Printer, monitor etc.

b. Software: Software is the set of instruction that tells the computer hardware what to do
and how to do. The hardware can not perform any task without software and software cannot
be executed without hardware.
There are two types of Software
1. System Software

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• Operating System
2. Application Software

• System Software: System software is a group of programs that control all the
operations of a computer and its components. It controls the usage and allocation of
different hardware components. Its also enables computer programs (Microsoft Word,
Excel etc.) to execute properly.
Examples: Windows 98, XP, MS-DOC, UNIX, Anti-Virus software, backup etc.

Operating System: It’s a type of system software. Operating system is a group of programs
that control all the operations (input, output, processing, storage) of computer system and its
components.

Example: MS-DOC, MS-Windows 95, and 98, XP, UNIX and LINEX etc.
• Application Software: Application is the job or task a user wants computers
to do, so application software is the type of program that are used to perform user
tasks. They are used to solve user problems.

Example : Word processing programs (MS-Word ) , Spreadsheet program (MS-

Excel , LOTUSI-2-3) , Database management programs (MS-Access , Oracle ) etc.

c. Data: see on page no 2

d. User: An Person that use computer is called User .

Memory Of Computers
Storage (Memory): A device is used to store data and program is called storage (memory) of
computer.
Types of Storage Devices : There are two types of Storage devices.

1. Primary Storage devices / primary Memory

2. Secondary Storage devices / Secondary Memory

1.Primary Storage devices / Primary Memory : These store data , programs and
instruction temporarily during processing. These are semi conductor memory . Primary memory
is also called Main or Internal Memory. It has two Types

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1. RAM
2. ROM

1. RAM: RAM stands for random access memory . The temporary memory of a computer is
called RAM. This portion of the memory stores data temporarily.

2. ROM: ROM stands for read only memory . The permanent memory of the computer is
called ROM . The instruction stored in Rom can be read and a user cannot change it . ROM is
non-volatile memory . The instruction stored in ROM are not lost whenever the power is
switched OFF.

2. Secondary Storage devices / Secondary memory : These are also called permanent
storage, Auxiliary storage, mass storage devices. These devices are used to store data,
instructions and information permanently. These are non-volatile because it contents remain
safe even if the computer is turned OFF. Following are the different secondary storage devices .

• Hard Disk : Its made of hard material such as iron , silver and silicon etc. Its
hard to install and to remove from the computer system that’s why its called hard desk.
This desk can store more then 300GB of data . With the advancement of technology the
storage capacity of the desk is increasing day by day .
• Floppy Desk : IBM company it in 1972. Its also called diskette. Its consist of a
flexible plastic coated with magnetic oxide. The desk is enclosed in a plastic jacket to
protect it from a dust. It has less storage capacity than Hard desk .
• CD-RW: CD-RW stands for compact Disk-Rewrite able. It’s a desk like CD-ROM.
Its used to write and read data over it for many times. It can store data up to 1 GB.
• DVD-ROM : DVD stands for Digital video desk. Toshiba company invented this
in 1995. Its large size from 4GB to 17GB and transfer data from high speed .
• Flash Memory (USB): Now a day the latest and modern removeable storage
device is Flesh memory or USB (universal serial bus). Its also semi conductor memory. Its
available in different sizes such as 2GB, 4GB, 8GB and 16GB etc.

Unites of Memory
• Bit (b) = 0 or 1
• Byte (B) = 1byte = 8bits
• Kilobyte (KB) = 1KB = 1024bytes
• Megabyte (MB) = 1MB = 1024KB or 1048576Bytes or 838,848Bites.
• Gigabyte (GB) = 1GB = 1024MB or 10000000KB or 1e+9bytes or 8e+9bits

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Computer Languages (low level , High level )

Assembly language (low-level languages): It is also low-level language. It is more
computer language developed after machine language. In this language, special codes called
Mnemonic codes are used instead of binary codes.

For example MUL is used for multiplication, ADD 10 used to add etc. A special program called
Assembler is used to translate (convert) assembly language program into machine language.

High level languages (Third generation of languages): A computer language that is

closed to Human language is called high level language. They consist of English words and
mathematical symbols which are easy to understand. High-level languages are easy to learn.
They take less time to write programs. There are two types of translators called compiler and
interpreter, used to translate (convert) high-level language programs into machine language
programs.

Examples of high-level languages arc FORTARN, BASIC, C, C++ and JAVA etc.

Data Communication
Data Communication : The transfer of information from one point to another is called data
communication.

Elements of Data Communication :

1. Sender : The computer or electronic device which generates or transfer data is
called Sender.
2. Receiver: The computer or electronic device which receive data is called
receiver.
3. Medium: The media which carries the data or through which data travels is
called medium.

Modes of Data Communication

• Simplex
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex

1. Simplex: In simplex mode communication is take place in one direction only . This one
way transmission is not due to wire media but simply because one end has only
transmitter and other end is only receiver .

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Example: TV and Radio transmission is simplex transmission.

2. Half-Duplex: A half duplex system can transmit data in both directions, but only in one
in one direction at a time . wireless system is the example of half-duplex system.

3. Full Duplex: In this transmission the data is transferred in both direction

simultaneously.
Example: Telephone system and Mobile system etc.

Computer Networking
Computer Network: A computer network is a set of two or more computers
connected together in order to share information and other resources . The computers
in a network are connected one another through cables , satellite or telephone lines .

Types of Computer Networking

1.LAN (local Area Network)
2.MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
3.WAN(wide Area Network)

LAN: (local Area Network): The network of computers inside a building, office,
college or surrounded area is called local area network. In LAN, computers are
connected with each other in surrounded area.
For example, networking in a college or in office. If you have many computers in your
industry, office or college. If you connect all the computers with each other, then this
network will become a LAN.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network of computer in a city is called

MAN.
Example: Suppose you have two offices of your company in Lahore. One in Allamah
Iqbal town and other in Gulberg town. If you connect computers of these two offices,
then it will become MAT. normally covers an area between 5 and 50km.

WAN (Wide Area Network): Networking outside building, office, citizens and could
fice citizes and countries is called WAN. In a WAN normally two or more LANs are
connected together generally across a Wide geographical area. Computer in WAN are
often connected through public networks such as the telephone system. They can also
be connected through leased lines or satellite. The speed of WAN depends on the speed
provided by the company.

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Examples: In Air ticketing system like PIA, many offices can be joined together using
WAN. A person can register a ticket from any office in the country.

Network Topology : The physical layout or structure of a computer network is called

network topology. OR the way in which the computers and other devices etc. are
connected in a network is called network topology .

Types of Network Topology:

Following are the common Network Topologies.
1) Bus topology/ horizontal topology.
2) Star topology.
3) Ring topology.
4) Mesh topclogy.
5) Hybrid Topology

1. Bus Topology: It is also called horizontal topology. In this topology a single cable
(coaxial cable) also called a bus is used to connect every computer of the network.
When one computer sends a message through bus, all computers receive that
message but only one computer can said a message at a time.
2. Star Topology: In this topology, all computers are connected to a central location
through network device such as hub or switch. Each computer on the star network
sends its message to a central device (hub or switch) which resends the message
either to all computers or only to the destination computer.

3. Ring Topology: In this topology, every computer is connected to the next

computer and the last computer is connected with the first one. There is no central
controlling device in this topology .

4. Mesh Topology: In this topology, every computer or device is directly connected

to every other computer or device on the network.

5. Hybrid Topology: A hybrid topology is a combination of two or more basic

network ologies such as star-bus, star-ring etc. In a hybrid topology, central and
distributed topologies combined to meet the needs of an organization.

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W6 and W7

Microsoft Word
Q. What is Word processor?
A word processor is a computer program that is used to create, edit and print
documents. A word processor allows you to create a document, store it
electronically (such as on a disk), view it on a computer screen, modify it and print
it.
Q. What is Microsoft Word?
MS Word is word processing program developed by Microsoft Company for
creating, formatting, editing, and printing documents.

Q. Discuss the screen layout of Microsoft Word. OR Explain Integrated

Development Environment (IDE) of MS-Word?
IDE or screen layout of MS-Word is the interface that user uses to create, open,
save and format document etc. It consists of the following elements:
1. Title bar: Title bar is the horizontal area at the very top of the screen that
contains the name of the Microsoft Word and current document name.
2. Menu bar: The menu bar is below the title bar and it contains menus. A menu
displays a list of commands. There are 9 menus i.e. File, Edit, View, Format, Insert,
Tools, Table, window, and help menu.
3. Tool bar: Tool bar is below the menu bar. Tool bar provides shortcuts to menu
commands. Tool bars are of different types such as standard tool bar, formatting
tool bar, and Drawing tool bar etc.
4.Ruler: There are two types of Ruler i.e. Horizontal Ruler below the tool bars and
Vertical Ruler at the left side MS-Word window. The ruler is used to change the
format of document quickly.
5.Status bar: The Status Bar is the horizontal area at the bottom of the document.
Status bar displays formation such as current page number, page number, section
number, line number and total number of pages etc.

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6. Scroll bars: There are two types of scroll bars 1.e. Horizontal Scroll bar above
the status bar and vertical bar at the right side of MS-Word window. The
Horizontal Scroll bar is used to move left and right and Vertical scroll bar is used
to move up and down across the document.
7.Text area: It is also called working area of MS-Word. Text and other data is
inserted in this area.

Q:Write the steps to display or hide a tool bar?

This procedure is used to hide or display a toolbar
1. Click on View on Menu bar
2. Point to a Toolbar
3. Check or Uncheck any Tool

Q. What is meant by Customizing tool bar?

Customizing tool bar means creating and deleting new tool bar, adding or
removing buttons from tool bar.

Q. Write the steps for creating new tool bar?

The following procedure is used to create a new tool bar.
1. Click on Tools menu
2. Select Customize option
3. Click on Toolbars tab
4. Click on New button
5. Enter tool bar name and press Ok button

Q. Write the steps for deleting new tool bar?

The following procedure is used to create a new tool bar.
1. Click on Tools menu
2. Select Customize option
3. Click on Toolbars tab

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4. Select a tool bar check box to be deleted

5. Click on Delete button and Press Ok button

Write the steps to add or remove buttons from tool bar?

Method 1.
1. Click on the More buttons button, which is present at the end of a tool bar.
2. Click on Add or Remove Buttons
3. Single click on any button to add or remove it,
Method 2.
1. Click on Tools menu
2. Select Customize option
3. Click on commands tab
4. Select any menu from left side list
5. Click and Drag any button with mouse from right side list and drop it on a
tool bar.

Q:Write the steps or procedure for creating a new document? OR Define New
command?
New command is used to create a new blank document. It is used as:
1. Click on File on Menu bar
2. Click on NEW command.
3. A New dialog box appear
4. Select Blank Document
5. Click Ok button.
OR
We can also apply NEW command on standard tool bar or pressing CTRL +N

Q. Write the steps or procedure to open an existing document? OR

Define Open command?
Open command is used to open an existing document. It is used as:
1. Click on File on Menu bar

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2. Click on Open command

3. Open dialog box will appear on screen. In Look in field, select drive name or
folder namne thal contains required document.
4. In File name box enter the name of document or select it from the list of
files and then click Open button
OR
We can also apply Open command on standard tool bar or pressing CTRL + O.

Q:Define the steps or procedure to save a document. OR Define Save command?

Save command is used to save a new document on hard disk. It is also used to
save changes in existing document. It is used as:
1. Click on File on Menu bar
2. Click Save command.
3. Save as dialog box will appear on screen. In File Name box, enter the name
of document. Save in box select the place where to save this document.
4. Click on Save button.
OR
We can also apply Save command on standard tool bar or pressing CTRL+S
on keyboard.

Q:Write the steps or procedure to save a document with another name. OR

Define Save as command?
Save as command is used to save a document with another name. It can also be
used to save a new document, it is used as:
1. Click on File on Menu bar
2. Click Save As command.
3. Save as dialog box will appear on screen. In File Name box, enter the name
of document. Save in box, select the place where to save this document.
4. Click on Save button.
1. OR
2. We can also apply this command by pressing F12.

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Q. Write the steps or procedure to close a document. OR

Define Close command?
Close command is used to close currently opened document. It is used as:
1. Click on File on Menu bar
2. Click Close command.
1. OR
2. We can also apply this command by click Close button on Title bar or
pressing CTRL+F4.

Q. Write the steps or procedure to rename a document.

The following procedure is used to rename a document.
1. Right click a document icon
2. A drop down menu will appear. Select a Rename option
3. A document name will be changed into editing mode. Change document
name and press Enter button.

Q. Write the steps or procedure to close a MS-Word. OR

Define Exit command?
Exit command is used to close MS-Word program. It is used as:
1. Click on File on Menu bar
4. Click Exit command.
OR
We can also apply this command by click Close button on Title bar or
pressing Alt+F4.

Q:write the steps to close multiple opened documents at once ? OR Define Close
All command?
Close All command is used to close multiple documents at a time. Its used as:
1. 1.Open multiple documents.
2. 2.Hold down shift button on keyboard and click on File menu
3. 3.Click on Close All.

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Q:Define Cut command ? OR Write the steps to move text from one place to
another in a document?
Cut command is used to move the selected text or object (Picture etc) from one
place to another in a document. It is used as:
1. Select text, or object,
1. 2.Click on Edit on Menu Bar
2. Click Cut command. OR
On the standard tool bar, click the cut button, or Pressing CTRL+X on
keyboard.

Q: Define Copy Command? OR Write the steps to copy text from one place to
another in a document?
Copy command is used to copy the selected text or object (Picture etc) from one
place to another in a document. It is used as:
1. Select text, or object,
2. Click on Edit On Menu Bar
3. Click Copy command OR
On the standard tool bar, click the copy button, or Pressing CTRL+C on
keyboard.

Q: Define Paste Command? OR Write the steps to Paste text from one place to
another in a document?
Paste command is used to insert the contents of clipboard at the cursor position .
It is used with Cut and Copy command , It is used as:
1. Place the cursor at the position where you want to paste the text.
2. Click on Edit On Menu Bar
3. Click Paste command OR
On the standard tool bar, click the Paste button, or Pressing CTRL+V on
keyboard.

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Q. Define Undo command?

This command is used to reverse the last action performed. It is also used as:
1. Click on Edit Menu
2. Click on Undo command OR
We can also apply undo command on the standard tool bar , OR pressing
CTRL+Z from keyboard.

Q. Define Redo command?

This command is used to perform the action that was previously undo. It is also
used to redo many action at a time it is used as:
3. Click on Edit Menu
4. Click on Redo command OR
We can also apply Redo command on the standard tool bar , OR pressing
CTRL+Y from keyboard.

Define Find command? How it is used?

Find command is used to search the text in the currently opened document. It is
used as:
1. Click on Edit On menu Bar
2. Click on Find command. Find dialog box will appear.
3. In the Find What text box, type the text you want to Search.
4. Click on Find Next button to find one by one.

Q. Define Replace command? How it is used?

Replace command is used to search and replace text with another text in the
currently opened doc It is used as:
1. Click Edit on menu bar
2. Click Replace command. Replace dialog box will appear.
3. In the Find What text box, type the word to search
4. In Replace With text box, type the word to replace the search word

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5. Click Replace button to replace one by one or click Replace all to replace all
at once.

Q. What are Header and Footer? Write the steps to insert Header and Footer.
A header is text that is added to the top margin of a page and footer is text added
to the bottom margin of page. Following steps are used to insert Header and
Footer:
1. Click on View menu.
2. Click on Header and Footer.
3. Type header text in the Header text box.
4. Click on Switch Between Header and Footer button on Header and
Footer tool bar to move to footer text box and type footer text.

Q:write the steps to insert Bullets and Numbering in a document. OR Define

Bullet and Numbering command?
Bullets and Numbering command is used to add bullets or numbers to selected
paragraph or to new paragraph It is also used to change the existing bullets and
numbers format. It is used as:
1. Click on Format menu.
2. Click on Bullets and Numbering command
3. Select different options from Bullets and Numbering dialog box and
Press Ok button.

What is Margins or Page Margins? Also write the steps for setting page
margins?
Page Margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. Page Margins can
contain text like Headers, Footers and Page Numbers etc. The following steps are
used to set page margin:
1. Click on File menu.
2. Click on page setup command
3. Click the Margins tab.
4. Set different margins of page such as Left, Right, Top and Bottom and press
Ok button

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What are comments? Also write the steps for the steps for inserting comments
in a document?
Comments are explanatory notes or remarks that are inserted into a document.
When we insert comments, Ms Word highlights the commented text with light
yellow color. Comments can be viewed by placing the pointer on text highlighted
with light yellow color. Following steps are used to insert comments:
1. Select the text or item you want to insert comments there
2. Click on Insert menu on Menu bar
3. Click on Comment command
4. Type the comment text in the comment pane at the bottom of the
screen.
5. Press Close button

Q. Write the steps for inserting picture into a document?

Following steps are used to insert picture in a document:
1. Click on Insert menu on Menu bar
2. Click on Picture command in insert menu. A submenu will appear.
3. Click on Clip Art option to insert picture from Clip Art
4. Click on From File option to insert picture from user file
5. Click AutoShapes option to insert AutoShape
6. Click on From Scanner or Camera option to insert picture from
Scanner or Camera
7. Select a picture and then click Insert button.

Q. What is page break? Write the steps to insert a manual page break?
Page break is the point at which one page ends and another begins. Ms-word
inserts an automatic page break and starts a new page when a page is ended. We
can also insert a page break at any position that is called manual page break. A
Page break appears as a single dotted line that contains the word "Page Break" in
Normal view.
The following steps are used to insert a manual page break:
1. Click where you want to insert a page break.

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2. Click on Insert Menu on menu bar

3. Click on Break command. Break dialog box will appear.
4. Select Page break radio button and press Ok button.

Q. What is Section Break? Write the steps to insert a Section Break?

Section Break is a mark we insert to show the end of a section. A section break
stores the section formatting elements such as the Margin setting, Header and
Footer, and Page Numbering etc. A section break appears as a double dotted line
that contains the word "Section break" in Normal view.
The following steps are used to insert a section break:
1. Click where you want to insert a Section Break.
2. Click on Insert Menu on menu bar
3. Click on Break command. Break dialog box will appear.
4. Under Section Break Types heading, there are different types of
1. Section Break such as Next page, Continuous etc. Select any one of them
and press Ok button.

What is hyperlinks? Write the steps or procedure to insert hyperlink in a

document.
Hyperlink is colored and underlined text or a graphic that is linked to a specific
file, a location in a document or to a web site. It is used to quickly jump to a
specific location.
The following steps are used to insert a hyperlink.
1. Select the text or object you want to insert hyperlink
2. Click on Insert menu on menu bar
3. Click on Hyperlink command. Hyperlink dialog box will appear.
4. Select different options and press Ok button. OR
We can also apply this command from standard tool bar or pressing Ctrl + K from
keyboard.

Q. What is bookmark? Write the steps or procedure for adding a bookmark?.

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A bookmark is a mark of a location in a document that can be used to quickly

jump there using Go To command or Hyperlink command. The following steps are
used to insert Bookmark;
1. Select the text where you want to insert a bookmark.
2. Click on insert menu on menu bar
3. Click on Bookmark command. A Bookmark dialog box will appear.
4. In Bookmark name box, Type name of the Bookmark and press Add button.

What is a Table? Write the steps to create a table?

A table is made up of rows and columns. Intersection of row and column is called
a cell. Tables are often used to organize and present information in the form of
list. Following steps are used to create a table:
1. Click on Table menu on Menu bar.
2. Click on Insert command and then Table from submenu. Insert Table dialog
box will appear.
3. Enter no of columns and no of rows
4. Select other options and press Ok button.

Q:What is a Table? Write the steps to create a table?

A table is made up of rows and columns. Intersection of row and column is called
a cell. Tables are often used to organize and present information in the form of
list. Following steps are used to create a table:
1. Click on Table menu on Menu bar.
2. Click on Insert command and then Table from submenu. Insert Table dialog
box will appear.
3. Enter no of columns and no of rows
4. Select other options and press Ok button

Q:Write the steps or procedure for Deleting cells, rows, or columns from a table?
The following steps are used to delete cells or rows, or columns of a table:
1. Select the Cells, Rows, or Columns you want to delete
2. Click on Table Menu

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3. Click on Delete command from menu and then click Columns or Rows or
Cells from submenu to delete.

Q:Write the steps to merge cells of a table.

Merging cells means combing more than one cell and convert them single cell.
The following steps are used to merge cells
1. Select the cells you want to merge
2. Click on Table menu on menu bar
3. Click on Merge Cells command

Q:Write the steps to select the steps to select a printer name for printing a
document?
If we want to print a document in computer that have installed more than one
printer, we must first select printer name from print dialog box. The following
steps are used to select a printer name from print dialog box.
1. Click on File menu on menu bar.
2. Click on Print command. A Print dialog box will appear.
3. In Name box, select a printer name that is currently attached with your
computer.
4. Select any other option and press Ok button

Q. What is Print Preview? Write the steps to perform print preview

command.
A Print Preview that shows how a document will look when you print it. The
following steps are used to view the print preview:
1. Click on File Menu on menu bar
2. Click on Print Preview command. OR
We can also apply Print Preview command from Standard Tool Bar.

Define Print command? Write the steps to print a document,

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Print command is used to print a document. The following steps are used to print
a document.
1. Click on File menu on menu bar.
2. Click on Print command. A Print dialog box will appear.
3. Select different options such as All, Current page, Pages from To, Selection,
Number of Copies etc.
4. Press OK button.

Shortcut keys (MS-Word)

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W10 & W11

MS PowerPoint
What is Microsoft Power Point?
Microsoft Power Point is a presentation software (program) developed by
Microsoft. Microsoft Power Point is a part of the Microsoft Office. MS-Power Point
is used to create presentations and slide shows.
What is Presentation?
A series of slides group together is called presentation. The individual slides are
stored in it single presentation file.
Discuss the basic elements of MS-Power Point Window?
The following is the basic elements of MS-Power Point window/environment:
1. Title bar: Title bar is the top most bar of power point window. Title bar
displays the name of Microsoft Power Point and current open
presentation name, Control menu and the Minimize, Maximize and
Close buttons.
2. Menu bar: Menu bar is directly below the title bar. It contains 9 menus,
A menu displays a list of commands.
3. Tool bar: The Tool bar is a group of picture buttons just below the menu
bar. It provides shortcut for menu bar commands. Tool bars are of
different types such as Standard tool bar, Formatting tool bar etc.
4. Status bar: The status bar is a horizontal area at the bottom of the
presentation window. It displays the current position of the slides you
are working on.
5. Slide Pane: It is the larger blank space of MS-Power Point window which
shou's slide in it. Data is entered in slide and formatted in this pane.
6. Outline pane: This part shows all slides of the order these were created.
Every slide contains its topic, contents, number and icon in outline pane.
7. View buttons: These are located at the lower left corner of the window.
These are five in number Their names are Normal view, Outline view,
Slide view, Slide sorter view and Slide show View buttons are used to
view a presentation in different ways.

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8. Scroll bars: These are found on right and bottom of the window. These
are used to move through the contents of the window.

Discuss the different views of the Power Point presentation?

A view is a way you see and work with the power point. These are different views
within Microsoft Power Point that allow you to look at your presentation from
different perspectives. These views are given below:
1. Normal view: This is the default view where you can work on one slide
at a time or organize the structure of all slides in presentation.
2. Outline view: Outline view used when we need to organize the
structure of file.
3. Slide sorter view: This view displays miniature views of all the slides
compete with text and graphics in presentation. This makes it easy to
organize the slides.
4. Slide show view: This view runs slide show in a full screen, beginning
with the current slide or first slide or selected slide.

Q:How would you start Microsoft Power Point?

The following steps are used to start MS-Power Point:
1. Click on Start button
2. Highlight Programs
3. Click Microsoft Power Point OR
Double click on the Microsoft Power Point icon on the desktop.

Q:Write the steps to open ai existing presentation?

The following steps are used to open an existing presentation:
1. Click Start button on task bar
2. Click on Programs from Start menu
3. Click on Microsoft Power Point. MS-Power Point will open with power
point dialog box asking if you would like to create a new presentation or
open an existing presentation.

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4. Select Open An Existing Presentation.

5. Click on your presentation file from list and press OK.

Q:List the different methods to create a new presentation?

The following is the list of methods to create a new presentation:
1. Using Auto Content Wizard
2. Using a Design Template
3. A blank Presentation
Q:Write the procedure to create a blank (new) presentation?
The following procedure is used to create a blank new presentation:
1. Select Programs from a Start Menu
2. Click on Microsoft Power Point from Programs menu.
3. Select the Blank Presentation radio button from power point dialog box and
click Ok button
4. New Presentation dialog box will open. Click on General tab. Select Blank
Presentation and click Ok button
5. New Slide dialog box will open. Click on Auto layout and click Ok button
6. Power Point will create a new presentation.

Q: What is Slide?
Each page of Power Point presentation file is called a slide. Slide is the basic
building block of power body, point presentation. Slide can contains title, body
text, charts, shapes, clipart, movies and sound etc created can within other
application.

Q:Write the steps to insert a new slide in presentation?

The following steps are used to enter a new slide in presentation:
1. Press Ctrl + Enter key
OR
Click New Slide icon on Tool bar

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OR
Click New Slide from Insert Menu

Q:Write the steps to delete a slide from presentation?

• Select the slide and press Delete key.

What is Animation?
A slide appears character-by-character, word-by-word, and paragraph-by-
paragraph in called Animation. We can customize the animation of slide object,
text etc.

Write the steps to apply effects of a custom animation?

Display the slide in Normal view that has text or object we want to animate and
then use the following steps:
1. Click on Slide Show menu on Menu bar
2. Click on Custom Animation. A Custom Animation dialog box will open.
3. Under Check to Presentation Slides Effect, Select a slide to include in the
custom show then click Add.
4. Select different options under Entry Animation And Sound box.
5. Under Introduce text box, select different options.
6. Click Ok button

Q:Write the steps to Run a Presentation

The following procedure is used to view Slide show or run a presentation:
1. 1.Click Slide Show icon at the lower left of the Power Point.
OR
On the View menu, Click Slide Show
OR
Press F5 on the keyboard.

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W8 & W9

MS-Excel
What is Microsoft Excel ?
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software or program. Microsoft excel is used for
mathematical, statistical, graphics (Creating Charts), tabulation (Creating tables),
database (Record keeping system) and accounting purpose. It consists of rows
and columns. Columns are named as A, B, C, D ...IV and rows are named as 1.2.3.4
...65536. It has 256 columns and 65536 rows.

Q:Write the steps or procedure for starting MS-Excel?

To start Excel Follow the following steps
1. Click Start button
2. Point to Program, a sub menu display
3. Click Microsoft Excel

What is Workbook?
Microsoft Excel file is called workbook. Workbook is combination of sheets. By
default every workbooks contain three sheets. We can increase or decrease the
numbers of sheets in a workbook.
What is Workspace?
Workspace is a file used to save a group of workbook files. We can open a group
of workbooks in one step by creating a workspace file. A workspace file saves
information about all open workbooks, such as their locations, window size and
screen positions.

Write the steps or procedure to create a workspace file?

The following steps are used to make a new workspace file:

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1. Open the workbooks you want to open as a group.

2. Size and position the workbook windows, as you want.
3. On the File Menu click Save Workspace.
4. In the File Name box, enter a name for the workspace file

What is worksheet/spread sheet?

Microsoft Excel page is called worksheet or spreadsheet. Work sheet is used to
list, calculate and analyze data. It is just like a calculator, which automatically
perform calculations. Each work sheet is divided into rows and columns. Each box
of worksheet is called a cell. By default, tree worksheet are open when new
workbook is created.

Create a new workbook (NEW, CTRL+ N):

This command is used to open a new workbook file. Follow the following steps:
1. Click on File menu.
2. Click New or press CTRL +N from keyboard,
3. To create a new, blank workbook, click the General Tab, and then double
click the Workbook icon.

Open an existing a workbook (Open, Ctrl + O)?

This command is used to open an existing file. Follow the following steps:
1. Click on the file menu.
2. Click Open or press Ctrl + O from keyboard.
3. In the open window, select from Look in field, drive, folder, or location that
contains the workbook You Want to open, then select the workbook
4. Press Open button

Q:Inserting a formula directly into a cell?

This procedure is used to enter a formula directly in a cell in an opened sheet.
1. Click the cell, where you want to enter the formula.

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2. Type = (an equal sign).

3. Enter the formula and press Enter key

Q:Discuss the Following Built-in Functions?

1. SUM
2. IF
3. MAX
4. MIN
5. AVERAGE
6. COUNT
7. UPPER
8. LOWER

1. SUM :
This formula is used to sum two or more numbers. We can give arguments as
values, cell address, or rang of cells to add.
Syntax:
=SUM (value, value2...)
Example:
=SUM (2,4) is equal to 6.
=SUM (A1:A10) will add numbers from cell A1 to A10.

2. IF :
It is also called conditional statement. It returns one value if a condition is true
and another value if Condition is false
Syntax;
=IF (condition/logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)
Example:

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=IF (A1>10,"Greater","less") The result of this statement will be “Greater” if the

value of A1 cell is greater than 10,and less” if the value of A1 cell is less then 10.

3. MAX:
This function is used to return (display) the largest (maximum) value in a set (list)
of values.
Syntax:
=MAX (number1,number2, ……)
Example :
If A1=10, A2=7, A3=9, A4=27, A5=2 then:
MAX (A1:A5) is equal to 27 and MAX (A1:A5,30)is equal to 30.

4. MIN:
This function is used to return (display) the smallest (minimum) value in a set (list)
of values.
Syntax:
=MIN (number1,number2, ……)
Example :
If A1=10, A2=7, A3=9, A4=27, A5=2 then:
MIN (A1:A5) is equal to 2 and MIN (A1:A5,0)is equal to 0.

5. AVERAGE:
This function is used to return (display) the average (arithmetic mean) of the
arguments a set (list of values).
Syntax:
=AVERAGE (number1,number2, .....)

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Example
If Al=10, A2=7, A3=9, A4=27, and A5=2 then:
=AVERAGE (A1:A5) is equal to 11 and AVERAGE (A1:A5, 5) is equal to 10.

6. COUNT:
This function is used to counts the number of numeric cells within a range.
Syntax
=COUNT (range)
Example:
A1=2, A2=34, A3=34
=COUNT(A1:A3) is equal to 3

7. UPPER:
This function is used to convert (change) lowercase letters in a text to uppercase
Syntax:
=UPPER (text)
Example:
=UPPER (“total”) is equal to “TOTAL”
if A1 contains "gcms kohat” then
=UPPER (A1) is equal to “GCMS KOHAT”.

8. LOWER:
This function is used to convert (change) Uppercase letters in a text to lowercase
Syntax:
=LOWER (text)

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Example:
=LOWER (“TOTAL”) is equal to “total”

Q:Write the steps or procedure to Print selected areas?

The following steps are used to print the selected area in worksheet.
1. On the File Menu, click print or CTRL+P from keyboard.
2. Print dialog box appear.
3. Under print what, select the selection radio button.
1. 4.Click Ok Button.

THE END

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