FAM Unit 1 Notes:

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

What Comprises/ Foundation to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of
other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding,
etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:
 Philosophy
  Mathematics
 Statistics
 Economics
 Biology
 Neuroscience
 Psychology
 Computer Engineering
 Control Theory and Cybernetics
 Linguistics

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of
that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as
AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as
per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving
car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security
purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being so
advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind
while creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
 o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does
not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and
may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.

Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more
comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and
cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we
can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without
pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid
robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like
humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-Commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in Education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
Components of AI

AI is a vast field for research and it has got applications in almost all possible domain. By
keeping this in mind, research in AI has focused mainly on the following components of AI:
1. Learning
2. Reasoning
3. Problem Solving
4. Perception
5. Knowledge representation
6. Language understanding.
1. Learning
Learning is a very essential part of AI and it happens in a number of different forms. The
simplest form of learning is by trial and error. In this form, the program remembers the section
that has given the desired output and discards the other trial actions and learns by itself. For
example, in chess (program) mate-in-one chess problems might try out moves at random until
one is found that achieves mate. Here the program remembers the successful move and next time
the computer is given the same problem it is able to produce the result instantly. It is also called
unsupervised learning. The simple learning of individual items - solutions to problems, worlds of
vocabulary, etc. is known as rote learning. In the case of rote learning, the program simply
remembers the problem solution pairs or individual items. In other cases, a solution to few of the
problems is given as input to the system, the basis on which the system or program needs to
generate solutions for new problems. This is known as supervised learning.

2. Reasoning
Reasoning is also called as logic or generating judgments from the given set of facts. The
reasoning is carried out based on a strict rule of validity to perform a specified task. Reasoning
can be of two types, deductive or inductive. The deductive reasoning is in which the truth of the
premised guarantees the truth of the conclusion while, in case of inductive reasoning, the truth of
the premises supports the conclusion but it cannot be fully dependent on the premises. In
programming logic generally, deductive inferences are used. Reasoning involves drawing
inferences that are relevant to the given problem or situation.

3. Problem Solving
AI addresses a huge variety of problems. For example, finding out winning moves on the
board games, planning actions in order to achieve the defined task, identifying various objects
from given images, etc. Problem-solving methods are mainly divided into two types special-
purpose and general-purpose methods. General purpose methods are applicable to a wide range
of problems one used in AI is means-end analysis, which involves the step-by-step reduction of
the difference between the current state and the goal state. Special purpose methods are
customized to solve a particular type of problems.

4. Perception
In order to work in the environment, intelligent agents need to scan the environment and the
various objects in it by means of different sense-organs, real or artificial. Agent scans the
environment using sense organs like camera, temperature sensor, etc. This is called perception.
After capturing various scenes, perceiver analyses the different objects in it and extracts their
features and relationships among them.

5. Knowledge Representation
The information obtained from the environment through sensors may not be in the format
required by the system. Hence, it needs to be represented in standard formats for further
processing like learning various patterns, deducing inference, comparing with past objects, etc.
There are various knowledge representation techniques like Prepositional logic and First-order
logic.

6. Language Understanding
Natural Language Processing, involves machines or robots to understand and process the
language that human speaks, and infer knowledge from the speech input. It also involves the
active participation from a machine in the form of dialog i.e. NLP aims at the text or verbal
output from the machine or robot. The input and output of an NLP system can be speech and
written text respectively.

Types of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following is flow
diagram which explain the types of AI.

AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think
like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.

3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is
an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars
can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept
 Artificial Intelligence Machine learning

1 Artificial intelligence is a technology which Machine learning is a subset of AI which allows a

enables a machine to simulate human machine to automatically learn from past data
behavior. without programming explicitly.

2 The goal of AI is to make a smart computer The goal of ML is to allow machines to learn from
system like humans to solve complex data so that they can give accurate output.
problems.

3 In AI, we make intelligent systems to In ML, we teach machines with data to perform a
perform any task like a human. particular task and give an accurate result.

4 Machine learning and deep learning are the Deep learning is a main subset of machine learning.
two main subsets of AI.

5 AI has a very wide range of scope. Machine learning has a limited scope.

6 AI is working to create an intelligent Machine learning is working to create machines that

system which can perform various complex can perform only those specific tasks for which they
tasks. are trained.

7 AI system is concerned about maximizing Machine learning is mainly concerned about

the chances of success. accuracy and patterns.

8 The main applications of AI are Siri, The main applications of machine learning
customer support using catboats, Expert are Online recommender system, Google search
System, Online game playing, intelligent algorithms, Facebook auto friend tagging
humanoid robot, etc. suggestions, etc.

9 On the basis of capabilities, AI can be Machine learning can also be divided into mainly
divided into three types, which are, Weak three types that are Supervised
AI, General AI, and Strong AI. learning, Unsupervised learning,
and Reinforcement learning.

10 It includes learning, reasoning, and self- It includes learning and self-correction when
correction. introduced with new data.

11 AI completely deals with Structured, semi- Machine learning deals with Structured and semi-
structured, and unstructured data. structured data.
1.2 Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment. The agents
sense the environment through sensors and act on their environment through actuators. An AI
agent can have mental properties such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.

What is an Agent?

An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that
environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting.
An agent can be:

o Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for sensors
and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.
o Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for
sensors and various motors for actuators.
o Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory input and
act on those inputs and display output on the screen.

Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone, camera, and even we are also
agents.

Structure of an AI Agent
An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which acts upon an environment using sensors and actuators
for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve their goals. A
thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.

Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the
information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its environment through sensors.

Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion. The
actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system. An actuator can be an
electric motor, gears, rails, etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs, wheels,
arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
 Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

o Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

o Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
o Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
o Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.

The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent function. The structure
of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent program. It can be viewed as:

Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

1. f:P* → A

Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An agent program

executes on the physical architecture to produce function f.

PEAS Representation
PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define an AI agent or
rational agent, then we can group its properties under PEAS representation model. It is made up
of four words:

o P: Performance measure
 o E: Environment
o A: Actuators
o S: Sensors

Concept of Rationality:
A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models uncertainty, and acts in a way to
maximize its performance measure with all possible actions.

The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure. Rationality can be judged on
the basis of following points:

o Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

o Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
o Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
o The sequence of percepts.

For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement learning algorithm, for
each best possible action, agent gets the positive reward and for each wrong action, an agent gets a
negative reward.

Environment in AI

An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part of an
agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in which an agent is present.

The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with something to sense and
act upon it.

Features of Environment
As per Russell and Norvig, an environment can have various features from the point of view of
an agent:

1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable

2. Static vs Dynamic
3. Discrete vs Continuous
 4. Deterministic vs Stochastic
5. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
6. Episodic vs sequential
7. Known vs Unknown
8. Accessible vs Inaccessible

Turing Test in AI
In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check whether a machine can think like a human or not,
this test is known as the Turing Test. In this test, Turing proposed that the computer can be said
to be an intelligent if it can mimic human response under specific conditions.

Turing Test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence," which considered the question, "Can Machine think?"

The Turing test is based on a party game "Imitation game," with some modifications. This game
involves three players in which one player is Computer, another player is human responder, and
the third player is a human Interrogator, who is isolated from other two players and his job is to
find that which player is machine among two of them.
Consider, Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an interrogator.
Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine, but he needs to identify this on the basis of
questions and their responses.

The conversation between all players is via keyboard and screen so the result would not depend
on the machine's ability to convert words as speech.

The test result does not depend on each correct answer, but only how closely its responses like a
human answer. The computer is permitted to do everything possible to force a wrong
identification by the interrogator.

The questions and answers can be like:

Interrogator: Are you a computer?

PlayerA (Computer): No

Interrogator: Multiply two large numbers such as (256896489*456725896)

Player A: Long pause and give the wrong answer.

In this game, if an interrogator would not be able to identify which is a machine and which is
human, then the computer passes the test successfully, and the machine is said to be intelligent
and can think like a human.

Types of AI Agents

Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and
capability. All these agents can improve their performance and generate better action over the
time. These are given below:

o Simple Reflex Agent

o Model-based reflex agent
o Goal-based agents
o Utility-based agent
o Learning agent

1. Simple Reflex agent:

o The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take decisions on the basis of the
current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.
o These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.
 o The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history during their decision and
action process.
o The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the current state to
action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in the room.
o Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
o They have very limited intelligence
o They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state
o Mostly too big to generate and to store.
o Not adaptive to changes in the environment.

2. Model-based reflex agent

o The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment, and track the situation.
o A model-based agent has two important factors:
o Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is called a Model-
based agent.
o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept history.
o These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on the model they
perform actions.
o Updating the agent state requires information about:
a. How the world evolves
b. How the agent's action affects the world.
3. Goal-based agents
o The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide for an agent to
what to do.
o The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
o Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the "goal"
information.
o They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
o These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions before deciding whether
the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of different scenario are called searching and
planning, which makes an agent proactive.
4. Utility-based agents
o These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra component of utility
measurement which makes them different by providing a measure of success at a given state.
o Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.
o The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and an agent has
to choose in order to perform the best action.
o The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each action
achieves the goals.

5. Learning Agents
o A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past experiences, or it has
learning capabilities.
o It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically through
learning.
o A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
a. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning from
environment
b. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how well the
agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
c. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
 d. Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions that will lead
to new and informative experiences.
o Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways to improve
the performance.

Extra:- (Important)
a) Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the field of computer science that focuses on the
development of intelligent machines that can perform tasks that typically require human
intelligence. There are two main definitions of AI:

- "System that think rationally": This definition emphasizes the logical thinking aspect of AI.
It refers to the ability of AI systems to think and reason in a rational manner, making logical
deductions and decisions based on available information.

- "System that act like humans": This definition emphasizes the behavioral aspect of AI. It
refers to the ability of AI systems to mimic human behavior and perform tasks in a way that is
indistinguishable from human actions.

b) Natural (Human) Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence differ in the following ways:

- Natural Intelligence: It is the intelligence possessed by humans and other living organisms. It is
based on biological systems and is characterized by the ability to learn, understand, and reason,
as well as emotions and consciousness.

- Artificial Intelligence: It is the intelligence exhibited by machines. It is based on computer

algorithms and is focused on creating intelligent systems that can mimic or surpass human
intelligence in specific tasks.

c) Weak AI and Strong AI refer to different levels of AI capabilities:

- Weak AI: Also known as narrow AI, it refers to AI systems that are designed to perform
specific tasks or solve specific problems. Weak AI is focused on a narrow domain and does not
possess general intelligence. Examples include voice assistants like Siri and Alexa.

- Strong AI: Also known as general AI, it refers to AI systems that possess the ability to
understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks and domains. Strong AI
aims to achieve human-level intelligence or even surpass it.

d) Rationality is the ability to think and act in a logical and reasoned manner. In the context of
AI, it refers to the ability of an intelligent agent to make rational decisions based on available
information and goals. An intelligent agent is an entity or system that can perceive its
environment, reason about it, and take actions to achieve its goals. It can be a human, a robot, or
a software program.

e) Some related fields of Artificial Intelligence include:

- Machine Learning: A subfield of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and

models that enable machines to learn and improve from data without being explicitly
programmed.

- Robotics: The field that combines AI with engineering to create intelligent machines or robots
that can interact with the physical world.

- Natural Language Processing (NLP): The field that deals with the interaction between
computers and human language. It involves tasks such as speech recognition, language
translation, and sentiment analysis.

f) Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of AI that focuses on enabling computers to

understand, interpret, and generate human language. Its application domain in AI is vast,
including:

- Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: NLP is used to develop chatbots and virtual assistants that can
understand and respond to natural language queries and commands.

- Language Translation: NLP techniques are used to develop machine translation systems that
can automatically translate text or speech from one language to another.

- Sentiment Analysis: NLP is used to analyze and interpret the sentiment or emotion expressed in
written or spoken text, which is useful for applications like social media monitoring and
customer feedback analysis.

Some of the problems that arise in natural language understanding for autonomous machines like
robots and intelligent computers include:

- Ambiguity: Natural language is often ambiguous, with multiple possible interpretations for a
given sentence. Understanding the intended meaning can be challenging for machines.

- Contextual Understanding: Machines need to understand the context in which language is used
to accurately interpret meaning. This requires knowledge of the surrounding information and the
ability to make inferences.

- Idioms and Sarcasm: Language can include idiomatic expressions and sarcasm, which can be
difficult for machines to understand without cultural knowledge and contextual cues.

- Language Variations: Natural language varies across different regions, dialects, and cultures.
Machines need to handle these variations to ensure accurate understanding.

Evolution of AI:

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine
learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in
which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved
 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an
academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding
from government for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)
o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost
but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.
The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to
solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able
to provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master
debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that
she was talking with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data
science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and
Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence
is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.