A PROJECT REPORT ON

Matrix and its computer-based applications projection of 3D images,

goggle page ranking.

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE

REQUIREMENT IN MATHEMATICS OF CLASS XI

Submitted By

Name:Sushan Parajuli

Class:11

Section:S1

Roll No:38

NEB registration No:

Submitted To

Department Of Mathematics

Global School of Science

Mid-Baneshwor Kathmandu, Nepal

Submission date:10 Baishakh

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very pleased to dedicate this work to all the people and institution that
provide me moral and technical support and guidance for the successful
completion of this project. I would like to thank Department of Mathematics,
Global School of Science for introducing me to the topic as well as for the all
support, useful comments, remarks and encouragement through the learning
process of this project. Special thank subject teachers Bimal Pandeya, Raphi
Bhandari and Tekendra Timalsina for continuous motivation, support and
encouragement to complete this process. In addition, I would like to thank Mr.
Bimal Pandeya (Head of the department of Mathematics, Global School of
Science) for comments and encouragement during completion of this project.

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 Subject Teacher's Recommendation
I have supervised the project work report entitled “Matrix and its computer-based
applications projection of 3D images, goggle page ranking.” which was
submitted by the student named Sushan Parajuli. The project report follows the
procedure and format requirements set by the Department of Mathematics and
are being submitted as partial fulfillment of the internal evaluation requirements
for grade XI. Therefore, I recommend this report for final evaluation.
Signature………..
Name of Subject Teacher:
Date:

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 APPROVAL SHEET
We have examined the project report entitled “Matrix and its computer-based
applications projection of 3D images, goggle page ranking” presented by Sushan
Parajuli as the project report of class XI section S1 we hereby certify that the
project report is acceptable.
Name:
Signature:
Subject teacher
Name:
Signature:
Head of department

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 Abstract
Matrices are powerful mathematical structures used to organize and manipulate
numerical data. They form the basis for many operations in linear algebra and are
especially useful in solving systems of equations, transforming geometric data,
and handling large datasets efficiently. In the world of computer science, matrices
play a crucial role in a variety of applications.
This report focuses on two major computer-based applications of matrices: the
projection of 3D images and the Google Page Ranking algorithm. In 3D image
projection, matrices are used to rotate, scale, and translate objects in a virtual
three-dimensional space. These transformations help in converting 3D scenes
into 2D images that can be displayed on screens, which is essential for computer
graphics, video games, animations, and simulations.
In the field of internet search engines, Google uses a matrix-based method called
the PageRank algorithm to rank web pages in its search results. This algorithm
models the internet as a huge network of links, which can be represented by a
matrix. Using matrix operations, it calculates the importance of each web page
based on how many other pages link to it and the importance of those pages.
Through these examples, this report shows how matrices, though abstract in
nature, are at the heart of many technologies that are part of our everyday lives.
Their ability to process complex data in an organized way makes them a key tool
in both theoretical and applied computer science

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Table of Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
1.1Defination .................................................................................. 1
1.2Historical background of matrix ............................................. 2
Ancient Contributions ................................................................ 2
European Development (18th–19th Century) ........................... 2
20th Century and Beyond ........................................................... 2
1.3Rationale of this Project ........................................................... 4
1.4Objective .................................................................................... 4
Analysis and interpretation of matrix ............................................. 5
Application in 3D Image Projection ................................................ 9
Google Page Ranking with Matrix ................................................ 11
Conclusion ....................................................................................... 13
References ....................................................................................... 14

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 Introduction
1.1Defination
A matrix is a mathematical structure that organizes data in rows and columns. It is
a fundamental tool in mathematics and has found widespread application in
computer science, physics, engineering, and data analysis. A matrix is essentially a
two-dimensional array of numbers that can represent anything from coefficients in
linear equations to pixel values in an image or even relationships in a network.
A matrix is a 2-dimensional array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
Matrices provide a method of organizing, storing, and working with mathematical
information. Matrices have an abundance of applications and use in the real world.
It's a fundamental tool in linear algebra and has applications in various fields like
physics, computer graphics, and economics. Matrices provide a concise way to
represent systems of linear equations and perform operations on them.

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1.2Historical background of matrix

The concept of the matrix has deep historical roots, extending back thousands of
years. While the formal study of matrices as a branch of linear algebra developed
in the 18th and 19th centuries, earlier civilizations had already used methods
similar to matrix manipulation for solving mathematical problems.

Ancient Contributions

• China (circa 200 BCE): One of the earliest known uses of matrix-like
methods was in ancient China. The Chinese mathematical text "The Nine
Chapters on the Mathematical Art" included a technique similar to what we
now call Gaussian elimination, used for solving systems of linear equations.
The process involved arranging coefficients in a tabular form and
manipulating them systematically—essentially an early matrix approach.
• India and the Islamic World: Indian and Arabic mathematicians also
explored ideas related to linear equations, although their work did not
explicitly develop the concept of matrices. Their algorithms often laid the
groundwork for algebraic manipulation.

European Development (18th–19th Century)

• Arthur Cayley (1858): The English mathematician Arthur Cayley is often

credited with formalizing the modern concept of the matrix. He was among
the first to define matrix multiplication and introduced the idea of the
matrix inverse. His work, “A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices,” marked a
significant turning point.
• James Joseph Sylvester: A contemporary of Cayley, Sylvester introduced
the term “matrix” itself. He viewed matrices as a compact way of expressing
systems of linear equations and their transformations.
• Carl Friedrich Gauss: Though he did not use the term matrix, Gauss
developed Gaussian elimination, a powerful method for solving systems of
linear equations, which became one of the foundational matrix operations.

20th Century and Beyond

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 • With the rise of quantum mechanics, relativity, and statistical methods,
matrices found essential applications in representing quantum states,
coordinate transformations, and statistical models.

• The advent of computers in the mid-20th century made large-scale matrix

computations practical. This allowed for their use in engineering
simulations, computer graphics, and later, machine learning.
• In modern times, matrix algebra is deeply embedded in machine learning,
computer vision, graph theory, economics, and network science, making
matrices one of the most widely used mathematical tools in technology and
science.

Examples in daily life:Matrices are used in daily life to process digital images (as
pixel grids), calculate Google search rankings (through link matrices), power
recommendation systems like Netflix (user-item matrices), optimize GPS routes
(network matrices), and model economic systems (input-output analysis).

Understanding the underlying principles:Explains how the properties of matrix

can be learne.

Benefits and impact: Matrices offer numerous benefits by simplifying complex

systems, enabling efficient computations, and modeling real-world problems
across various fields.

Possible future applications: In the future, matrices will play a crucial role in
advancing fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and big data
analytics. As technologies evolve, matrices will be key in optimizing algorithms,
improving machine learning models, and enhancing simulations in areas such as
robotics, autonomous vehicles, and personalized medicine.

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1.3Rationale of this Project

1. Simplification of Complex Problems:

Matrices simplify the representation and solving of complex systems,
particularly in areas like linear algebra, economics, and engineering.
2. Real-World Applications:
Matrices are widely used in various industries, including computer graphics,
machine learning, economics, and physics, to model and solve practical
problems.
3. Data Representation and Transformation:
Matrices provide an efficient way to represent and manipulate large datasets,
enabling tasks like data analysis, transformation, and storage.
4. Optimization in Technology:
The use of matrices in optimization algorithms aids in improving the
efficiency of technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and
computational simulations.
5. Enhancement of Mathematical Understanding:
Exploring matrices helps build a deeper understanding of mathematical
structures and enhances problem-solving skills across multiple disciplines.

1.4Objective

• Solving Problems Using Matrices

• Exploring Advanced Matrix Concepts
• Practical Application in Real-World Problems
• Demonstrating Real-Life Relevance
• Understanding Basic Matrix Operations

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Analysis and interpretation of matrix

A matrix is a group of numbers arranged in rows and columns. It is like a box or

table of numbers. These are used in many areas of mathematics and computer
science.In the modern world, matrices help in making 3D games, graphics,
machine learning, data science, Google search engines, and much more.

I have the following answers of the questions from the project:

• What is a matrix?
• Types and properties of matrices
• Matrix operations
• Applications in 3D image projection
• Applications in Google page ranking
• Other real-life computer applications

What is a Matrix?

A matrix looks like this:

[1 2 3]

[4 5 6]

This is a 2×3 matrix (2 rows and 3 columns). The numbers inside are called
elements.

Uses of Matrix are:

• To store data (like marks, scores, images)

• To perform calculations faster
• To represent complex problems easily

Types of Matrices (With Examples)

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There are many kinds of matrices:

Row Matrix – Only one row

Example: [1 2 3] (1×3)

Column Matrix – Only one column

Example:

[4]

[5]

[6]

Square Matrix – Same number of rows and columns

Example:

[1 2]

[3 4]

Zero Matrix (Null Matrix) – All elements are 0

Example:

[0 0]

[0 0]

Identity Matrix – Diagonal is 1, rest are 0

Example (3×3):

[1 0 0]

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[0 1 0]

[0 0 1]

Diagonal Matrix – Only diagonal has values

Example:

[5 0 0]

[0 3 0]

[0 0 8]

Symmetric Matrix – Same across the diagonal

Example:

[1 2 3]

[2 4 5]

[3 5 6]

Properties of Matrices

Addition is Commutative:

A+B=B+A

Multiplication is Not Commutative:

A × B ≠ B × A (usually)

Associative Property:

A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

Distributive Property:

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A × (B + C) = A×B + A×C

Multiplying with Identity Matrix gives same matrix:

A×I=A

Zero Matrix is like 0 in regular math:

A+0=A

These properties are useful in programming, computer graphics, and calculations.

Matrix Operations (With Examples)

1. Addition and Subtraction:

Only works when both matrices are of the same size.

Example:

A=

[1 2]

[3 4]

B=

[5 6]

[7 8]

A+B=

[6 8]

[10 12]

2. Scalar Multiplication:

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Multiply every element by a number (called scalar).

Example:

3 × [1 2]

[3 4]

=[3 6]

[9 12]

3. Matrix Multiplication:

Only possible when columns of first = rows of second.

A (2×3) × B (3×2) = Matrix of size (2×2)

Used in computer graphics, image processing, etc.

Application in 3D Image Projection

3D image projection is used in:

1)It is used in Computer Graphics.

2)Games like Minecraft and PUBG

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3)Movies like Avatar

How it works:

• 3D objects are made of many points in space.

• These points are stored using matrices.
• Special matrices change the object’s size, angle, and position.
• This allows it to be shown properly on a 2D screen.

Example Matrices Used:

• Translation Matrix – moves object

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 • Scaling Matrix – resizes object
• Rotation Matrix – turns object

These operations are fast and easy using matrix multiplication.

Example of 3D Transformation (Simple View)

Let’s say a point in 3D is:

P = [x y z 1]

We multiply this by a transformation matrix to get a new position.

This is how 3D movement happens in games and apps.

For example:

Move left/right = translation matrix

Make bigger = scaling matrix

Turn around = rotation matrix

All these are done in a few milliseconds using matrix math!

Google Page Ranking with Matrix

Google uses the PageRank algorithm to decide which websites come on top.

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How it works;

• Every website is a node.

• Links between websites make a network.
• This network is written as a matrix.
• The matrix is used to calculate how important each website is.
• More links from other websites = higher score.

Example Matrix (Simple View):

A B C
A 0 1 1
B 1 0 1
C 1 1 0

This matrix shows how websites A, B, and C link to each other.

The final score (PageRank) is found by multiplying this matrix many times.

Other Applications of Matrix in Computers

1)Image Processing:

Images are just matrices of pixel colors. Changing images = changing numbers in a
matrix.

2)Machine Learning / AI:

Data is stored in large matrices. Algorithms learn from these matrices.

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3)Robotics:

Robots use matrices to calculate movement, angles, and space.

Conclusion

Matrices are everywhere!They are used in computers, science, business, and daily
life. From showing images and videos, to helping robots and websites work
smartly—matrices play a key role.

By learning matrices, we are not just studying math, but also unlocking the secrets
behind modern technology. It's amazing how such a simple table of numbers can
do so many powerful things.

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References
• Hearn, D., & Baker, M. P. (2010). Computer Graphics with OpenGL.
Prentice Hall.
• Study.com. (n.d.). How Matrices Are Used in Computer Graphics and
Google Search.
• Wikipedia. (n.d.). Matrix (Mathematics) and PageRank.
• Brilliant.org. (n.d.). Introduction to Matrices.
• Mathematics Grade 11, National Curriculum – Nepal Education Board
(NEB), Government of Nepal.Used for definitions, types, and operations of
matrices.

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