Syntax of the if statement in C++

Example of a simple if statement: checking if a

number is positive

Explanation of the code block within the if

statement

Use of curly braces for multiple statements in

the if block

Importance of indentation for readability

Common pitfalls when using if statements (e.g.,

missing parentheses)

Nested if statements: structure and examples

Use of the if-else statement to handle

alternative conditions

1. The if Statement:if (condition) { // code Example of if-else statement: grading system

block} based on marks

Introduction to the if-else-if ladder for multiple

conditions

Example of if-else-if ladder: determining letter

grades

Best practices for using conditional statements

in programming

Real-world applications of conditional

statements in software development

The if statement is a fundamental control

structure in programming that executes a block
of code only if a speci ed condition evaluates to
true. It allows for decision-making in code,
enabling different outcomes based on varying
inputs. This enhances program exibility and
functionality.

Understanding the syntax of if-else statements

and their components.

Exploring nested if-else statements for more

complex decision-making.

Practical examples of using if-else statements

in real-world scenarios, such as grading
systems based on marks.

1. Introduction to Variables 2. The if-else Statement:if (marks >= 50) cout Differences between if-else statements and
<< "Pass";else cout << "Fail"; switch statements in terms of use cases.
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Common pitfalls and mistakes when using if-
Every variable in C++ must be declared with a else statements in C++.
data type before use.
Exercises to practice writing if-else statements
Syntax:int age = 25; for various conditions.

2. Rules for Naming Variables Debugging common errors encountered with if-
else statements
Must begin with a letter or underscore
Understanding the concept of nested if
No special characters or spaces statements and their syntax.

Should not be a C++ keyword Practical examples of nested if statements in

real-world scenarios.
3. Basic Data Types
Importance of indentation and readability in
Fundamental Data Types nested if structures.
int: Integer type for whole numbers 3. Nested if:if (a > 0) { if (a % 2 == 0) cout << Common pitfalls and errors when using nested 1. What is a Function?A block of code that
"Positive Even";} if statements. performs a speci c task.
int | Integer values | int x = 5; oat oat: Single precision oating-point for decimal
| Decimal values | oat pi = 3.14; double | numbers Exercises to practice writing nested if 2. De ning and Calling a Function:void greet()
Larger decimal values | char | statements based on user input. { cout << "Hello Student!";}int main() { greet();}
Single character | char grade = 'A'; || bool | double: Double precision oating-point for more
True/false values | bool pass = true; precise decimal numbers Comparison between nested if statements and 3. Function with Parameters:void add(int a, int
switch statements for decision-making. b) { cout << a + b;}
char: Character type for single characters
Exploring the e ciency of nested if versus 4. Function with Return Value:int square(int x)
bool: Boolean type for true/false values
multiple if-else statements { return x * x;}
4. Type Modifiers: short, long, unsigned, signed
4. The else if Ladder:if (marks >= 85) cout << 5. Function Overloading:int add(int a, int b)
5. Variable Initialization & Assignment:int a = "A";else if (marks >= 70) cout << "B";else cout << { return a + b; } oat add( oat x, oat y) { return
10;a = 20; "C"; x + y; }

6. Real-life Example:int units = 350; oat rate = 5. The switch Statement:switch(choice) { case 6. Real-Life Example: Result Calculator: oat
7.5; oat total = units * rate; 1: cout << "Tea"; break; case 2: cout << "Coffee"; calculatePercentage(int totalMarks, int
break; default: cout << "Invalid";} obtainedMarks) { return (obtainedMarks *
7. Scope of Variables 100.0) / totalMarks;}
6. Real-life Analogy: Exam Grading based on
Local variables are accessible only within the marks. 7. Recursion in Functions
block they are de ned.
7. Short-circuit Evaluation A function that calls itself to solve a problem.
Global variables can be accessed from any part
of the program. In logical expressions, evaluation stops as soon Useful for tasks like calculating factorials or
as the result is determined. Fibonacci sequences.
Programming
Lecture 3: Variables and Data Types
Fundamentals Lecture in C++
Lecture 4: Operators in C++ Lecture 5: Conditional Statements Lecture 6: Loops in C++ Lecture 7: Functions in C++

3 to 7
1. What Are Operators? 1. What is Looping?Repeating a block of code
multiple times.
Symbols that perform operations on variables
and values. 2. The for Loop:for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << i
<< " ";}
2. Types of Operators
3. The while Loop:int i = 0;while (i < 5) { cout << i
Understanding the use of arithmetic operators << " "; i++;}
in various scenarios, such as calculating
Exaples and scenarios were discussed during averages and totals. 4. The do-while Loop:int i = 0;do { cout << i << "
Rough notes for Lecture 3,4,5,6,7 "; i++;} while (i < 5);
the class for each of the lectures
Exploring the concept of operator precedence
and how it affects the outcome of expressions 5. Infinite Loops:while (true) { ... }
involving multiple operators.
6. Loop with User Input:int num;cin >>
Practical exercises involving the use of num;while (num != 0) { cout << "You entered: "
arithmetic operators to solve real-world << num << endl; cin >> num;}
problems, such as budgeting or calculating
distances. 7. Loop Control Statements

Examples of using the modulus operator (%) to break and continue can alter the flow of loops.
a) Arithmetic Operators:+, -, *, /, %int a = 10, b =
determine even or odd numbers based on user
3;cout << a % b; // Output: 1 break exits the loop, while continue skips to the
input.
next iteration.
Code snippets demonstrating the use of
arithmetic operators in conjunction with
variables and user input.

Discussion on common mistakes when using

arithmetic operators, such as integer division
and its implications.

Exercises that require students to predict the

output of given expressions involving
arithmetic operators

Relational operators in C++ are used to

compare two values.

The result of a relational operation is a boolean

value: true or false.

Example of using relational operators in a

conditional statement:
```cpp
int a = 5, b = 10;
if (a < b) {
cout << "a is less than b";
}
```

The `!=` operator checks if two values are not

equal.

Example of using `!=` in a condition:

b) Relational Operators:==, !=, >, <, >=, <=if (a != b) cout << "Not ```cpp
equal"; if (a != b) {
cout << "a is not equal to b";
}
```

The `>=` operator checks if the left operand is

greater than or equal to the right operand.

Example of using `>=`:

```cpp
if (a >= b) {
cout << "a is greater than or equal to b";
}
```

Relational operators can be combined with

logical operators for complex conditions.

Example of combining relational operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple

conditions in programming.

The AND operator (&&) returns true if both

operands are true.

The OR operator (||) returns true if at least one

of the operands is true.

The NOT operator (!) inverts the truth value of

the operand.

Example of using logical operators: if (a > 0 &&

c) Logical Operators:&& (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)if
b > 0) checks if both a and b are greater than
(a > 0 && b > 0) { ... }
zero.

Logical operators can be used in conditional

statements to create complex conditions.

Understanding the precedence of logical

operators is important when combining them
with other operators.

Real-world example: checking if a user is eligible

for a discount based on multiple criteria (e.g.,
age and membership status

Understanding the concept of assignment

operators in C++ and their usage in variable
manipulation.

Examples of using assignment operators: a -=

3; // same as a = a - 3

Explanation of compound assignment

d) Assignment Operators:=, +=, -=, *=, /=a +=
operators: how they simplify code and improve
5; // same as a = a + 5
readability.

Practice problems involving assignment

operators to reinforce learning.

Real-world scenarios where assignment

operators can be effectively used in
programming

Understanding the difference between pre-

increment (++a) and post-increment (a++) in C+
+.

Examples demonstrating the use of increment

and decrement operators in loops.

Practical applications of increment and

e) Increment/Decrement:++, --a++; // post-
decrement operators in real-world scenarios
increment
(e.g., counting iterations).

Common pitfalls when using increment and

decrement operators in expressions.

Exercises to practice increment and decrement

operations in various contexts

Bitwise Operators: Overview and usage in C++

Bitwise AND operator (&): Explanation and

examples

Bitwise OR operator (|): Explanation and

examples

Bitwise XOR operator (^): Explanation and

examples

Bitwise NOT operator (~): Explanation and

examples
f) Bitwise Operators:& | ^ ~ << >>
Left Shift operator (<<): How it works and
practical examples

Right Shift operator (>>): How it works and

practical examples

Applications of bitwise operators in

programming

Common pitfalls and mistakes when using

bitwise operators

Exercises to practice bitwise operations

Understanding the signi cance of operator

precedence in expressions.

Examples demonstrating how operator

precedence affects the outcome of arithmetic
operations.

Practice problems involving different

3. Operator Precedence:int result = 5 + 3 * 2; //
combinations of operators to reinforce the
result = 11
concept of precedence.

Explanation of how parentheses can be used to

alter the order of operations in expressions.

Common pitfalls and misconceptions regarding

operator precedence in C++

Understanding the signi cance of operator

precedence in expressions

Examples of operator associativity with

different operators

Practical exercises on using operators to solve

mathematical problems
4. Operator Associativity
Common pitfalls related to operator precedence
and associativity

Exercises to demonstrate the impact of

parentheses on operator evaluation

Real-world scenarios where operator

precedence affects program behavior

Determines the order in which operators of the

same precedence are processed.

Left-to-right and right-to-left are common

associativity types.
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