FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI DAN KEJURUTERAAN

ELEKTRONIK DAN KOMPUTER

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

ANALOG ELECTRONIC DEVICES

BEEE 2333 SEMESTER 1 SESI 2023/2024

LAB 1: BJT AMPLIFIER

NO. STUDENTS' NAME MATRIC. NO.

1.

2.

3.

PROGRAMME

SECTION /
GROUP

DATE

1.
NAME OF
INSTRUCTOR(S)
2.

EXAMINER’S COMMENT(S) TOTAL MARKS

Rev. Date Author(s) Description
No.
1. Update to new UTeM logo
1.0 30 JAN 1. ASRASubki
2019 2. Update faculty's name
3. Change "course" to
"programme"
4. Remove verification stamp

2.0 29 AUG FAREES EZWAN BIN 1. Edit theory section

2019 MOHD SANI @ 2. Add equation number
ARIFFIN
3. Add IB and βDC in Table 1.
4. Change content of part 4.3
(Circuit analysis)

2
1.0 OBJECTIVE

 To study analyze the dc and ac parameters for common-emitter (CE) amplifier and
compare your calculated values to the simulation (Multisim) and actual hardware
construction.

2.0 EQUIPMENTS/COMPONENTS

Resistor : 1.1, 10k, 2.7k, 330, 1.5k, 82, 8.2k, 1.0k

Capacitor : 1µF (2), 47µF
Transistor : 2N3904
Analog Multimeter
Oscilloscope
Function Generator

3.0 THEORY

Figure 1 shows a common emitter amplifier with swamping capacitor.

Figure 1. Common emitter amplifier with swamping capacitor.

3
DC analysis for common emitter amplifier

DC bias values of Figure 1 circuit can be determined using the DC equivalent circuit shown
below.

Figure 2. DC equivalent circuit for Figure 1.

Figure 2 shows the so called “classic” bias for BJT. The bias circuit is just network of resistors.
Power supply VCC and all resistors should set BJT to operate in the forward-active mode with
required small signal parameters and well defined DC voltage level at the output. Values of
resistors and VCC in this experiments are in shown in Figure 2.

One can neglect the base current in preliminary estimation of the bias point1. Then:
Voltage divider R1-R2 defines the BJT base voltage:

𝑅2
𝑉𝐵 ≈ 𝑉𝐶𝐶. (1)
𝑅1+𝑅2

𝑉𝐵 establishes emitter voltage 𝑉𝐸 and emitter current 𝐼𝐸:

𝑉𝐸 ≈ 𝑉𝐵 − 0.7 (2)
𝑉𝐸
𝐼𝐸 = ≈ 𝐼𝐶 (3)
𝑅𝐸1+𝑅𝐸2

𝐷𝐶 voltage level at the collector terminal 𝑉𝐶 is determined by 𝑅𝐶:

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶. 𝑅𝐶 (4)

The value of the current 𝐼𝐸 should are used to calculate the emitter diode resistance 𝑅𝑒′ :
𝑉
𝑅𝑒 ′ = 𝑇 (5)
𝐼𝐸

Where 𝑉𝑇 is the approximately value at room temparature 25mV or 26mV.

4
AC analysis of Common Emitter Amplifier

Capacitors C1 – C3 in Figure 1 act as open circuits for DC and as short circuits for AC signals.

The purpose of C1 capacitor is to make the DC operating point insensitive to the signal
generator impedance. The bypass capacitor C2 is present to ground an emitter for AC signal
and, hence, increase voltage gain of the amplifier. C3 is used to reinforce short circuit for AC
signal across DC voltage source.

Resistor 𝑅𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 serves two purposes:

(a) attenuate signal from the generator not to saturate amplifier output and, hence, enable
measuring of the high gains;
(b) determine the gain stage input resistance 𝑅𝐼𝑁 by measuring voltage drop across 𝑅𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 .

Because the 𝑅𝐶 and 𝑅𝐿 are in parallel,

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −(𝛽𝐼𝐵 )(𝑅𝐶||𝑅𝐿) (6)

𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝐵 = (7)
𝛽(𝑅𝑒′ +𝑅𝐸1)

𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝛽( )(𝑅𝐶||𝑅𝐿) (8)
𝛽(𝑅𝑒′ +𝑅𝐸1)

Where, 𝐼𝐵 signal (AC) collector and base currents, β – is common emitter current gain

The circuit AC voltage gain is:

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝐶||𝑅𝐿
𝐴𝑣 = = (9)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒′ +𝑅𝐸1

The circuit input resistance is:

𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐼𝑁 = = 𝑅1 || 𝑅2 || 𝛽(𝑅𝑒′ + 𝑅𝐸1) (10)
𝐼𝑖𝑛

5
4.0 PROCEDURE

4.1 DC Parameter

1. Construct circuit as shown in Figure 2 both by using Multisim software and

experimentally.
2. Calculate all the values of the DC Parameters and record the values in Table 1.
3. Turn on power to the circuit. Use multimeter to measure the DC parameters list in
Table 1.
Note : It is good to turn ac signal source to zero when you measure dc quantities,
because some circuit can convert part of the ac signal to dc and affect your result.
4. Compare both experimental and simulation results.

4.2 AC Parameter

1. Calculate all the values of the AC Parameters and record the values in Table 4.2 except
for 𝑅𝑒 ′ value. Assume β = 150.
2. Use Oscilloscope to measure the AC Parameters list in Table 4.2 and record the values.
3. Compare both experimental and simulation results.

Note :
The amplitude of the output signal with 𝑹𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 1.1Ω. The output signal is
monitored to assure that there is no clipping, which could affect the
measurement.

4.3 Circuit Analysis

1. Use Oscilloscope to check the waveform at point A,B,C and D

(Set oscilloscope coupling type to DC coupling)
2. Compare the waveform at point A and point B.
3. Compare the waveform at point C and point D.
4. Compare the waveform at point A and point D.

6
5.0 RESULT

DC parameter

Table 1.

DC parameter Calculated Value Measured Value

Multisim Experimental
VB

VE

IE ≈ I C

VRC

VC

VCE

IB

AC parameter
Table 2

AC parameter Calculated Value Measured Value

Multisim Experimental
VS≈VB -

Re’ - -

VOUT=VC

AV

RIN

7
 Circuit analysis

Table 3

Measurement point Waveform

A,B,C,D

A&B

C&D

A&D

6.0 QUESTION

1. What is the purpose of the unbypassed emitter resistor RE1? What design advantage
does it offer?

2. Calculate βDC from multisim and experiment result.

3. Calculate Av and R IN from multisim and experiment result.

4. What do you understand from the waveform in circuit analysis part (2) and (3).

5. How much is the phase difference between point A and point D.