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 Chapter 5

Multiple Choice (21) WARNING: CORRECT ANSWERS ARE IN THE SAME POSITION AND TAGGED WITH **.
YOU SHOULD RANDOMIZE THE LOCATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWERS IN YOUR EXAM.

1. When reading data from a file, the open function returns a(n) __________.
a. file object **
b. file name
c. file handle
d. file tuple

2. What function do you use to terminate a connection to a file?

a. close **
b. terminate
c. stop
d. disconnect

3. After all the lines of a file have been read, the readline method returns __________.
a. the empty string **
b. an empty tuple
c. the value None
d. a Throwback error

4. Python uses a(n) __________ as a temporary holding place for data to be written to disk.
a. buffer **
b. temp space
c. special memory location
d. list

5. When are the contents of the buffer written to disk?

a. When the buffer is full.
b. When the file is closed.
c. Both a & b. **
d. None of the above.

6. Which standard library module do you need to import in order to use the remove and rename
functions for files?
a. os **
b. file
c. path

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 d. pickle

7. A(n) __________ is an unordered collection of items with no duplicates.

a. set **
b. file
c. dictionary
d. tuple

8. Elements of a set are delimited with __________.

a. { } **
b. [ ]
c. ( )
d. < >

9. The statement set1.union(set2) is:

a. the set containing the elements that are in either set1 and set2 without duplicates **
b. the set containing the elements that are in both set1 and set2
c. the set containing the elements that are in set1 with the elements of set2 removed
d. the set containing the elements that are in set2 with the elements of in set1 removed

10. The statement set1.intersection(set2) is:

a. the set containing the elements that are in both set1 and set2 **
b. the set containing the elements that are in either set1 and set2 without duplicates
c. the set containing the elements that are in set1 with the elements of set2 removed
d. the set containing the elements that are in set2 with the elements of in set1 removed

11. The statement set1.difference(set2) is:

a. the set containing the elements that are in set1 with the elements of set2 removed **
b. the set containing the elements that are in set2 with the elements of in set1 removed
c. the set containing the elements that are in both set1 and set2
d. the set containing the elements that are in either set1 and set2 without duplicates

12. An attempt to open a nonexistent file for input:

a. generates a runtime error **
b. generates a syntax error
c. creates an empty input file
d. none of the above

13. If a file that already exists is opened for writing:

a. the contents of the file will be erased **
b. the new data to be written will be appended to the end of the rile
c. a Throwback error will occur

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 d. the user will be prompted for the action they wish to take

14. The default mode for opening a file is

a. reading **
b. writing
c. appending
d. deleting

15. To avoid a potential runtime error when opening files for reading or writing:
a. use the os.path.isfile function **
b. use the os.path.file.exists function
c. prompt the user for the action to take if the file does not exist
d. use the Boolean value try to check if the file exists

16. What is the output of the following Python statement?

print (set(“bookkeeper”))
a. {‘b’, ‘o’, ‘k’, ‘e’, ‘p’, ‘r’} **
b. {‘b’, ‘o’, ‘o’, ‘k’, ‘k’, ‘e’, ‘e’, ‘p’, ‘e’, ‘r’}
c. {‘o’, ‘k’, ‘e’}
d. {‘b’, ‘p’, ‘r’}

17. Each line of a CSV file is referred to as a(n) __________.

a. record **
b. tuple
c. field
d. comma field

18. Each piece of data in a CSV file record is referred to as a(n) __________.
a. field **
b. record
c. tuple
d. line

19. In a dictionary, a pair such such as “dog” : “rover” is called a(n) __________.
a. item **
b. pair
c. key
d. couple

20. Which file format stores data as a sequence of types that can only be access by special readers?
a. binary **
b. text

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 c. CSV-formatted
d. all of the above

21. In order for Python to use functions to work with binary files, you must first import which
standard library module?
a. pickle **
b. os
c. binaries
d. osfile

True/False (23)

1. After all the lines of a file have been read, the readline method returns the value None.

Answer: false

2. You must close a file in order to guarantee that all data has been physically written to the disk.

Answer: true

3. The remove and rename functions cannot be used with open files.

Answer: true

4. Sets cannot contain lists.

Answer: true

5. Sets can contain other sets.

Answer: false

6. Elements of a set have no order.

Answer: true

7. Elements of a set may be duplicated.

Answer: false

8. Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements.

Answer: true

9. Elements if a set cannot be ordered.

Answer: true

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

10. Sets cannot be created with comprehension.

Answer: false

11. infile is a descriptive name bot not mandatory for file input usage.

Answer: true

12. An attempt to open a nonexistent file for input generates a syntax error.

Answer: false

13. If a file that already exists is opened for writing, the contents of the file will be erased.

Answer: true

14. The default mode for opening a file is writing.

Answer: false

15. Only strings can be written to text file.

Answer: true

16. The value of set() is the empty set.

Answer: true

17. The data in the fields of each record in a CSV file normally should be related.

Answer: true

18. In a dictionary, keys must be immutable objects.

Answer: true

19. It is common to create dictionaries from text files.

Answer: true

20. Dictionaries cannot have other dictionaries as values.

Answer: false

21. A dictionary is an ordered structure that can be sorted.

Answer: false

22. Dictionaries cannot be created with comprehension.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Answer: false

23. Dictionary comprehension can be used to extract a subset of a dictionary.

Answer: true

Short Answer (11)

1. Complete the following function to open the file for reading and read the contents into a single
string named contents.

def readFile(file):

Answer:
infile = open(file, ‘r’)
contents = infile.read()

2. Write a Python statement to open a file called names for writing and assign it to a variable called
outfile.

Answer: outfile = open(names, ‘w’)

3. Write a Python statement to open a file called grades with the intent to add values to the end of
the file and assign it to a variable called outfile.

Answer: outfile = open(grades, ‘a’)

4. Write a single Python statement to convert the list [“spring”, “summer”, “fall”, “winter”] to a set
called seasons.

Answer: seasons = set([“spring”, “summer”, “fall”, “winter”])

5. Write a single Python statement to convert the tuple (“spring”, “summer”, “fall”, “winter”) to a
set called seasons.

Answer: seasons = set((“spring”, “summer”, “fall”, “winter”))

6. Why can’t elements of a set be indexed?

Answer: Elements of a set cannot be indexed have no order.

7. Explain the difference between a simple text file and a CSV-formatted file.

Answer: A simple text file has a single piece of data per line. A CSV-formatter file has several items
of data on each line with items separated by commas.

8. Write a Python statement to create an empty dictionary called dogs.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Answer: dogs = { }

9. Write a Python statement to create a copy of the dictionary called dogs into a new dictionary
called canines.

Answer: canines = dict(dogs)

10. Create a dictionary called dogs for the following data.

Eddie Jack Russell

Lassie Collie
Ping Beagle

Answer: dogs = {“Eddie” : “Jack Russell”, “Lassie” : “Collie”, “Ping” : “Beagle”}

11. Why can’t lists and sets serve as keys for dictionaries?

Answer: Because dictionary keys must be immutable objects. Lists and sets are mutable.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

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occasion, and the dancers move forward in a regular quick-step to
the tune, in the order of procession; and at each turn of the tune
throw up their white handkerchiefs with a shout, and the whole
facing quickly about, retrace their steps, repeating the same
manœuvre until the tune is once played. The music and dancing
then vary into a reel, which is succeeded by another dance, to the
old tune of “Cheshire Round.”
During the whole of this time, the buffoonery of the Cadi is
exhibited without intermission. He assails the inmates of the house
for money, and when this is obtained he bows or curtsies his thanks,
and the procession moves off to the next farmhouse. They do not
confine the ramble of the day to their own parish, but go from one
to another, and to any country town in the vicinity.
When they return to their resident village in the evening, the
bells ringing merrily announce their arrival. The money collected
during the day’s excursion is appropriated to defray whatever
expenses may have been incurred in the necessary preparations,
and the remainder is spent in jovial festivity.
This ancient custom, like many others among the ancient Britons,
is annually growing into disuse. The decline of sports and pastimes
is in every age a subject of regret. For in a civil point of view, they
denote the general prosperity, natural energy, and happiness of the
people, consistent with morality,—and combined with that spirit of
true religion, which unlike the howling of the dismal hyæna or
ravening wolf, is as a lamb sportive and innocent, and as a lion
magnanimous and bold!
I am, Sir,
Yours sincerely,
H. T. B.
April 14, 1825.

MAY-DAY AT HITCHIN, IN HERTFORDSHIRE.

For the Every-Day Book.

Extract from a letter dated Hitchin, May 1st, 1823.
 On this day a curious custom is observed here, of which I will
give you a brief account.
Soon after three o’clock in the morning a large party of the town-
people, and neighbouring labourers, parade the town, singing the
“Mayer’s Song.” They carry in their hands large branches of May, and
they affix a branch either upon, or at the side of, the doors of nearly
every respectable house in the town; where there are knockers, they
place these branches within the handles; that which was put into our
knocker was so large that the servant could not open the door till
the gardener came and took it out. The larger the branch is, that is
placed at the door, the more honourable to the house, or rather to
the servants of the house. If, in the course of the year, a servant has
given offence to any of the Mayers, then, instead of a branch of May,
a branch of elder, with a bunch of nettles, is affixed to her door: this
is considered a great disgrace, and the unfortunate subject of it is
exposed to the jeers of her rivals. On May morning, therefore, the
girls look with some anxiety for their May-branch, and rise very early
to ascertain their good or ill fortune. The houses are all thus
decorated by four o’clock in the morning. Throughout the day parties
of these Mayers are seen dancing and frolicking in various parts of
the town. The group that I saw to-day, which remained in Bancroft
for more than an hour, was composed as follows. First came two
men with their faces blacked, one of them with a birch broom in his
hand, and a large artificial hump on his back; the other dressed as a
woman, all in rags and tatters, with a large straw bonnet on, and
carrying a ladle: these are called “mad Moll and her husband:” next
came two men, one most fantastically dressed with ribbons, and a
great variety of gaudy coloured silk handkerchiefs tied round his
arms from the shoulders to the wrists, and down his thighs and legs
to the ancles; he carried a drawn sword in his hand; leaning upon
his arm was a youth dressed as a fine lady, in white muslin, and
profusely bedecked from top to toe with gay ribbons: these, I
understood, were called the “Lord and Lady” of the company; after
these followed six or seven couples more, attired much in the same
style as the lord and lady, only the men were without swords. When
this group received a satisfactory contribution at any house, the
music struck up from a violin, clarionet, and fife, accompanied by the
long drum, and they began the merry dance, and very well they
danced, I assure you; the men-women looked and footed it so much
like real women, that I stood in great doubt as to which sex they
belonged to, till Mrs. J.—— assured me that women were not
permitted to mingle in these sports. While the dancers were merrily
footing it, the principal amusement to the populace was caused by
the grimaces and clownish tricks of mad Moll and her husband.
When the circle of spectators became so contracted as to interrupt
the dancers, then mad Moll’s husband went to work with his broom,
and swept the road-dust, all round the circle, into the faces of the
crowd, and when any pretended affronts were offered (and many
were offered) to his wife, he pursued the offenders, broom in hand;
if he could not overtake them, whether they were males or females,
he flung his broom at them. These flights and pursuits caused an
abundance of merriment.
I saw another company of Mayers in Sun-street, and, as far as I
could judge from where I stood, it appeared to be of exactly the
same description as that above-mentioned, but I did not venture
very near them, for I perceived mad Moll’s husband exercising his
broom so briskly upon the flying crowd, that I kept at a respectful
distance.
 May-day at Hitchin, in Hertfordshire.
The “Mayer’s Song” is a composition, or rather a medley, of great
antiquity, and I was therefore very desirous to procure a copy of it;
in accomplishing this, however, I experienced more difficulty than I
had anticipated; but at length succeeded in obtaining it from one of
the Mayers. The following is a literal transcript of it:
The Mayer’s Song.
Remember us poor Mayers all,
And thus do we begin
To lead our lives in righteousness,
 Or else we die in sin.
We have been rambling all this night,
And almost all this day,
And now returned back again
We have brought you a branch of May.
A branch of May we have brought you,
And at your door it stands,
It is but a sprout,
But it’s well budded out
By the work of our Lord’s hands.
The hedges and trees they are so green
As green as any leek,
Our heavenly Father He watered them
With his heavenly dew so sweet.
The heavenly gates are open wide,
Our paths are beaten plain,
And if a man be not too far gone,
He may return again.
The life of man is but a span,
It flourishes like a flower,
We are here to-day, and gone to-morrow,
And we are dead in an hour.
The moon shines bright, and the stars give a light,
A little before it is day,
So God bless you all, both great and small,
And send you a joyful May.
Milkmaids’ Garland on May-day.
 In London, thirty years ago,
When pretty milkmaids went about,
It was a goodly sight to see
Their May-day Pageant all drawn out:—
Themselves in comely colours drest,
Their shining garland in the middle,
A pipe and tabor on before,
Or else the foot-inspiring fiddle.
They stopt at houses, where it was
Their custom to cry “milk below!”
And, while the music play’d, with smiles
Join’d hands, and pointed toe to toe.
Thus they tripp’d on, till—from the door
The hop’d-for annual present sent—
A signal came, to curtsy low,
And at that door cease merriment.
Such scenes, and sounds, once blest my eyes,
And charm’d my ears—but all have vanish’d!
On May-day, now, no garlands go,
For milk-maids, and their dance, are banish’d.
My recollections of these sights
“Annihilate both time and space;”
I’m boy enough to wish them back,
And think their absence—out of place.
May 4, 1825.
From the preceding lines somewhat may be learned of a lately
disused custom in London. The milkmaids’ garland was a pyramidical
frame, covered with damask, glittering on each side with polished
silver plate, and adorned with knots of gay-coloured ribbons, and
posies of fresh flowers, surmounted by a silver urn, or tankard. The
garland being placed on a wooden horse, was carried by two men,
as represented in the engraving, sometimes preceded by a pipe and
tabor, but more frequently by a fiddle; the gayest milkmaids followed
the music, others followed the garland, and they stopped at their
customers’ doors, and danced. The plate, in some of these garlands,
was very costly. It was usually borrowed of the pawnbrokers, for the
occasion, upon security. One person in that trade was particularly
resorted to for this accommodation. He furnished out the entire
garland, and let it at so much per hour, under bond from responsible
housekeepers for its safe return. In this way one set of milkmaids
would hire the garland from ten o’clock till one, and another set
would have the garland from one o’clock till six; and so on, during
the first three days of May.
It was customary with milk-people of less profitable walks to
make a display of another kind, less gaudy in appearance, but better
bespeaking their occupation, and more appropriate to the festival.
This was an exhibition of themselves, in their best apparel, and of
the useful animal which produced the fluid they retailed. One of
these is thus described to the editor of the Every-Day Book, by an
intelligent eye-witness, and admirer of the pleasant sight. A beautiful
country girl “drest all in her best,” and more gaily attired than on any
other day, with floral ornaments in her neat little hat, and on her
bosom, led her cow, by a rope depending from its horns, garlanded
with flowers and knots of ribbons; the horns, neck, and head of the
cow were decorated in like manner: a fine net, like those upon
ladies’ palfreys, tastefully stuck with flowers, covered Bess’s back,
and even her tail was ornamented, with products of the spring, and
silken knots. The proprietress of the cow, a neat, brisk, little,
matronly body, followed on one side, in holiday-array, with a sprig in
her country bonnet, a blooming posy in her handkerchief, and
ribbons on her stomacher. This scene was in Westminster, near the
old abbey. Ah! those were the days.
The milkmaids’ earlier plate-garland was a pyramid of piled
utensils, carried on a stout damsel’s head, under which she danced
to the violin.
MAY-FAIR.

The great May-fair was formerly held near Piccadilly. An

antiquary, (shudder not, good reader, at the chilling name—he was a
kind soul,) Mr. Carter, describes this place in an interesting
communication, dated the 6th of March, 1816, to his valued friend,
the venerable “Sylvanus Urban.” “Fifty years have passed away since
this place of amusement was at its height of attraction: the spot
where the fair was held still retains the name of May-fair, and exists
in much the same state as at the above period: for instance,
Shepherd’s market, and houses surrounding it on the north and east
sides, with White Horse-street, Shepherd’s-court, Sun-court, Market-
court. Westwards an open space extending to Tyburn (now Park)
lane, since built upon, in Chapel-street, Shepherd’s-street, Market-
street, Hertford-street, &c. Southwards, the noted Ducking-pond,
house, and gardens, since built upon, in a large Riding-school,
Carrington-street, (the noted Kitty Fisher lived in this street,) &c. The
market-house consisted of two stories; first story, a long and cross
aisle, for butcher’s shops, externally, other shops connected with
culinary purposes; second story, used as a theatre at fair-time, for
dramatic performances. My recollection serves to raise before me
the representation of the ‘Revenge,’ in which the only object left on
remembrance is the ‘black man,’ Zanga. Below, the butchers gave
place to toy-men and gingerbread-bakers. At present, the upper
story is unfloored, the lower ditto nearly deserted by the butchers,
and their shops occupied by needy peddling dealers in small wares;
in truth, a most deplorable contrast to what once was such a point
of allurement. In the areas encompassing the market-building were
booths for jugglers, prize-fighters, both at cudgels and back-sword,
boxing-matches, and wild beasts. The sports not under cover were
mountebanks, fire-eaters, ass-racing, sausage-tables, dice-tables,
up-and-downs, merry-go-rounds, bull-baiting, grinning for a hat,
running for a shift, hasty-pudding eaters, eel-divers, and an infinite
variety of other similar pastimes. Among the extraordinary and
wonderful delights of the happy spot, take the following items, which
still hold a place within my mind, though I cannot affirm they all
occurred at one precise season. The account may be relied on, as I
was born, and passed my youthful days in the vicinity, in Piccadilly,
(Carter’s Statuary,) two doors from the south end of White Horse-
street, since rebuilt (occupied at present by lady Pulteney).—Before
a large commodious house, with a good disposure of walks, arbours,
and alcoves, was an area, with an extensive bason of water,
otherwise ‘Ducking-pond,’ for the recreation of lovers of that polite
and humane sport. Persons who came with their dogs paid a trifling
fee for admission, and were considered the chief patrons and
supporters of the pond; others, who visited the place as mere
spectators, paid a double fee. A duck was put into the pond by the
master of the hunt; the several dogs were then let loose, to seize
the bird. For a long time they made the attempt in vain; for, when
they came near the devoted victim, she dived under water, and
eluded their remorseless fangs. Herein consisted the extreme felicity
of the interesting scene. At length, some dog more expert than the
rest, caught the feathered prize, and bore it away, amidst the
loudest acclamations, to its most fortunate and envied master. This
diversion was held in such high repute about the reign of Charles II.,
that he, and many of his prime nobility, did not disdain to be
present, and partake, with their dogs, of the elegant entertainment.
In Mrs. Behn’s play of ‘Sir Patient Fancy,’ (written at the above
period,) a sir Credulous Easy talks about a cobbler, his dog-tutor, and
his expectation of soon becoming ‘the duke of Ducking-pond.’—A
‘Mountebanks’ Stage’ was erected opposite the Three Jolly Butchers’
public-house, (on the east side of the market area, now the King’s
Arms.) Here Woodward, the inimitable comedian and harlequin,
made his first appearance as merry-andrew; from these humble
boards he soon after found his way to Covent-garden theatre.—Then
there was ‘Beheading of Puppets.’ In a coal-shed attached to a
grocer’s shop, (then Mr. Frith’s, now Mr. Frampton’s,) one of these
mock executions was exposed to the attending crowd. A shutter was
fixed horizontally; on the edge of which, after many previous
ceremonies, a puppet laid its head, and another puppet then
instantly chopped it off with an axe. In a circular staircase-window,
at the north end of Sun-court, a similar performance took place by
another set of puppets. The condemned puppet bowed its head to
the cill which, as above, was soon decapitated. In these
representations, the late punishment of the Scotch chieftain (lord
Lovat) was alluded to, in order to gratify the feelings of southern
loyalty, at the expense of that farther north.—In a fore one-pair
room, on the west side of Sun-court, a Frenchman submitted to the
curious the astonishing strength of the ‘Strong Woman,’ his wife. A
blacksmith’s anvil being procured from White Horse-street, with
three of the men, they brought it up, and placed it on the floor. The
woman was short, but most beautifully and delicately formed, and of
a most lovely countenance. She first let down her hair, (a light
auburn,) of a length descending to her knees, which she twisted
round the projecting part of the anvil, and then, with seeming ease,
lifted the ponderous weight some inches from the floor. After this, a
bed was laid in the middle of the room; when, reclining on her back,
and uncovering her bosom, the husband ordered the smiths to place
thereon the anvil, and forge upon it a horse-shoe! This they obeyed;
by taking from the fire a red-hot piece of iron, and with their forging
hammers completing the shoe, with the same might and indifference
as when in the shop at their constant labour. The prostrate fair one
appeared to endure this with the utmost composure, talking and
singing during the whole process; then, with an effort which to the
by-standers seemed like some supernatural trial, cast the anvil from
off her body, jumping up at the same moment with extreme gaiety,
and without the least discomposure of her dress or person. That no
trick or collusion could possibly be practised on the occasion was
obvious, from the following evidence:—The audience stood
promiscuously about the room, among whom were our family and
friends; the smiths were utter strangers to the Frenchman, but
known to us; therefore the several efforts of strength must have
proceeded from the natural and surprising power this foreign dame
was possessed of. She next put her naked feet on a red-hot
salamander, without receiving the least injury: but this is a feat
familiar with us at this time. Here this kind of gratification to the
senses concluded.—Here, too, was ‘Tiddy-doll.’
 Tiddy Diddy Doll—loll, loll, loll.
This celebrated vender of gingerbread, from his eccentricity of
character, and extensive dealings in his way, was always hailed as
the king of itinerant tradesmen.[127] In his person he was tall, well
made, and his features handsome. He affected to dress like a person
of rank; white gold laced suit of clothes, laced ruffled shirt, laced hat
and feather, white silk stockings, with the addition of a fine white
apron. Among his harangues to gain customers, take this as a
specimen:— ‘Mary, Mary, where are you now, Mary? I live, when at
home, at the second house in Little Ball-street, two steps under
ground, with a wiscum, riscum, and a why-not. Walk in, ladies and
gentlemen; my shop is on the second-floor backwards, with a brass
knocker at the door. Here is your nice gingerbread, your spice
gingerbread; it will melt in your mouth like a red-hot brickbat, and
rumble in your inside like Punch and his wheelbarrow.’ He always
finished his address by singing this fag end of some popular ballad:
—

Play music.
Hence arose his nickname of ‘Tiddy-doll.’ In Hogarth’s print of the
execution of the ‘Idle ’Prentice,’ at Tyburn, Tiddy-doll is seen holding
up a gingerbread cake with his left hand, his right being within his
coat, and addressing the mob in his usual way:—‘Mary, Mary,’ &c. His
costume agrees with the aforesaid description. For many years, (and
perhaps at present,) allusions were made to his name, as thus:
—‘You are so fine, (to a person dressed out of character,) you look
like Tiddy-doll. You are as tawdry as Tiddy-doll. You are quite Tiddy-
doll,’ &c.—Soon after the late lord Coventry occupied the house,
corner of Engine-street, Piccadilly, (built by sir Henry Hunlocke, Bart.,
on the site of a large ancient inn, called the Greyhound;) he being
annoyed with the unceasing uproar, night and day, during the fair,
(the whole month of May,) procured, I know not by what means, the
entire abolition of this festival of ‘misrule’ and disorder.”
The engraving here given is from an old print of Tiddy-doll; it is
presumed, that the readers of the Every-Day Book will look at it with
interest.
EVIL MAY-DAY.

In the reign of king Henry VIII., a great jealousy arose in the

citizens of London towards foreign artificers, who were then called
“strangers.” By the interference of Dr. Standish, in a Spital sermon,
at Easter, this was fomented into so great rancour, that it violently
broke forth in the manner hereafter related by Stow, and occasioned
the name of “Evil May-day” to the first of May, whereon the tumult
happened. It appears then from him that:—
“The 28th day of April, 1517, divers yong-men of the citie picked
quarels with certaine strangers, as they passed along the streets:
some they smote and buffetted, and some they threw in the
channell: for which, the lord maior sent some of the Englishmen to
prison, as Stephen Studley, Skinner, Stevenson, Bets, and other.
“Then suddenly rose a secret rumour, and no man could tell how
it began, that on May-day next following, the citie would slay all the
aliens: insomuch that divers strangers fled out of the citie.
“This rumour came to the knowledge of the kings councell:
whereupon the lord cardinall sent for the maior, and other of the
councell of the citie, giving them to understand what hee had heard.
“The lord maior (as one ignorant of the matter) told the cardinall,
that he doubted not so to governe the citie, but as peace should be
observed.
“The cardinall willed him so to doe, and to take good heed, that
if any riotous attempt were intended, he should by good policy
prevent it.
“The maior comming from the cardinals house, about foure of
the clocke in the afternoone on May eve, sent for his brethren to the
Guild-hall, yet was it almost seven of the clocke before the assembly
was set. Vpon conference had of the matter, some thought it
necessary, that a substantial watch should be set of honest citizens,
which might withstand the evill doers, if they went about any
misrule. Other were of contrary opinion, as rather thinking it best,
that every man should be commanded to shut in his doores, and to
keepe his servants within. Before 8 of the clock, master recorder was
sent to the cardinall, with these opinions: who hearing the same,
allowed the latter. And then the recorder, and sir Thomas More, late
under-sheriffe of London, and now of the kings councell, came backe
againe to the Guild-hall, halfe an houre before nine of the clock, and
there shewed the pleasure of the kings councell: whereupon every
alderman sent to his ward, that no man (after nine of the clocke)
should stir out of his house, but keepe his doores shut, and his
servants within, untill nine of the clocke in the morning.
“After this commandement was given, in the evening, as sir Iohn
Mundy, alderman, came from his ward, hee found two young-men in
Cheape, playing at the bucklers, and a great many of young-men
looking on them, for the command seemed to bee scarcely
published; he commanded them to leave off; and because one of
them asked him why, hee would have him sent to the counter. But
the prentices resisted the alderman, taking the young-man from
him, and cryed prentices, prentices, clubs, clubs; then out at every
doore came clubs and other weapons, so that the alderman was
forced to flight. Then more people arose out of every quarter, and
forth came servingmen, watermen, courtiers, and other, so that by
eleven of the clocke, there were in Cheape, 6 or 7 hundred, and out
of Pauls church-yard came about 300. From all places they gathered
together, and brake up the Counter, took out the prisoners, which
had been committed thither by the lord maior, for hurting the
strangers: also they went to Newgate, and tooke out Studley and
Bets, committed thither for the like cause. The maior and sheriffes
were present, and made proclamation in the kings name, but
nothing was obeyed.
“Being thus gathered into severall heaps, they ran thorow saint
Nicholas shambles, and at saint Martins gate, there met with them
sir Thomas More, and other, desiring them to goe to their lodgings.
“As they were thus intreating, and had almost perswaded the
people to depart, they within saint Martins threw out stones and
bats, so that they hurt divers honest persons, which were with sir
Thomas More, perswading the rebellious rout to cease. Insomuch as
at length, one Nicholas Dennis, a serjeant at arms, being there sore
hurt, cryed in a fury, Downe with them: and then all the unruly
persons ran to the doores and windowes of the houses within St.
Martins, and spoiled all that they found. After that they ran into
Cornehill, and so on to a house east of Leadenhal, called the Green-
gate, where dwelt one Mewtas a Piccard or Frenchman, within
whose house dwelled divers French men, whom they likewise
spoyled: and if they had found Mewtas, they would have stricken off
his head.
“Some ran to Blanchapleton, and there brake up the strangers
houses, and spoiled them. Thus they continued till 3 a clocke in the
morning, at which time, they began to withdraw: but by the way
they were taken by the maior and other, and sent to the Tower,
Newgate and Counters, to the number of 300. The cardinall was
advertised by sir Thomas Parre, whom in all haste he sent to
Richmond, to informe the king: who immediately sent to understand
the state of the city, and was truely informed. Sir Roger Cholmeley
Lievtenant of the Tower, during the time of this business, shot off
certaine peeces of ordnance against the city, but did no great hurt.
About five of the clock in the morning, the earles of Shrewsbury and
Surrey, Thomas Dockery, lord prior of saint Iohns, George Nevill, lord
Aburgaveny, and other, came to London with such powers as they
could make, so did the innes of court; but before they came, the
business was done, as ye have heard.
“Then were the prisoners examined, and the sermon of doctor
Bell called to remembrance, and hee sent to the Tower. A
commission of oyer and determiner was directed to the duke of
Norfolke, and other lords, for punishment of this insurrection. The
second of May, the commissioners, with the lord maior, aldermen,
and iustices, went to the Guildhall, where many of the offenders
were indicted, whereupon they were arraigned, and pleaded not
guilty, having day given them till the 4. of May.
“On which day, the lord maior, the duke of Norfolke, the earle of
Surrey and other, came to sit in the Guildhall. The duke of Norfolke
entred the city with one thousand three hundred men, and the
prisoners were brought through the streets tyed in ropes, some
men, some lads but of thirteen or foureteene yeeres old, to the
number of 278 persons. That day Iohn Lincolne and divers other
were indicted, and the next day thirteen were adjudged to be
drawne, hanged, and quartered: for execution whereof, ten payre of
gallowes were set up in divers places of the city, as at Aldgate,
Blanchapleton, Grasse-street, Leaden-hall, before either of the
counters, at Newgate, saint Martins, at Aldersgate and Bishopgate.
And these gallowes were set upon wheels, to bee removed from
street to street, and from doore to doore, whereas the prisoners
were to be executed.
“On the seventh of May, Iohn Lincoln, one Shirwin, and two
brethren, named Betts, with divers other were adjudged to dye.
They were on the hurdles drawne to the standard in Cheape, and
first was Lincolne executed: and as the other had the ropes about
their neckes, there came a commandement from the king, to respit
the execution, and then were the prisoners sent againe to prison,
and the armed men sent away out of the citie.
“On the thirteenth of May, the king came to Westminster-hall,
and with him the lord cardinall, the dukes of Norfolke, and Suffolke,
the earles of Shrewsbury, Essex, Wiltshire, and Surrey, with many
lords and other of the kings councell; the lord maior of London,
aldermen and other chiefe citizens, were there in their best liveries,
by nine of the clocke in the morning. Then came in the prisoners,
bound in ropes in a ranke one after another, in their shirts, and
every one had a halter about his necke, being in number 400 men,
and 11 women.
“When they were thus come before the kings presence, the
cardinall laid sore to the maior and aldermen their negligence, and
to the prisoners he declared how justly they had deserved to dye.
Then all the prisoners together cryed to the king for mercy, and
there with the lords besought his grace of pardon: at whose request,
the king pardoned them all. The generall pardon being pronounced,
all the prisoners shouted at once, and cast their halters towards the
roofe of the hall. The prisoners being dismissed, the gallowes were
taken downe, and the citizens tooke more heed to their servants:
keeping (for ever after) as on that night, a strong watch in Armour,
in remembrance of Evill May-day.
 “These great Mayings and Maygames made by the governours
and masters of this city, with the triumphant setting up of a great
shaft (a principall May-pole in Cornehill, before the parish of saint
Andrew) therefore called Vndershaft, by meane of that insurrection
of youths, against aliens on May-day, 1517. the 6. of Henry the
eighth, have not been so freely used as before.”
DRURY-LANE MAY-POLE

There was formerly a May-pole put up by a “smith” at the north

end of little Drury-lane, to commemorate his daughter’s good
fortune, who being married to general Monk, while a private
gentleman, became duchess of Albemarle, by his being raised to the
dukedom after the Restoration. The May-pole is only mentioned here
on account of its origin. It appears, from a trial at bar on action of
trespass, that the name of this “smith” was John Clarges, that he
was a farrier in the Savoy, and farrier to colonel Monk, and that the
farrier’s daughter, Anne, was first married in the church of St.
Laurence Pountney to Thomas Ratford, son of Thomas Ratford, late
a farrier, servant to prince Charles, and resident in the Mews. She
had a daughter, who was born in 1634, and died in 1638. Her
husband and she “lived at the Three Spanish Gipsies in the New
Exchange, and sold wash-balls, powder, gloves, and such things, and
she taught girls plain work. About 1647, she, being a sempstress to
colonel Monk, used to carry him linen.” In 1648, her father and
mother died. In 1649, she and her husband “fell out, and parted.”
But no certificate from any parish register appears reciting his burial.
In 1652, she was married in the church of St. George, Southwark, to
“general George Monk;” and, in the following year, was delivered of
a son, Christopher (afterward the second and last duke of Albemarle
abovementioned), who “was suckled by Honour Mills, who sold
apples, herbs, oysters,” &c. One of the plaintiff’s witnesses swore,
that “a little before the sickness, Thomas Ratford demanded and
received of him the sum of twenty shillings; that his wife saw
Ratford again after the sickness, and a second time after the duke
and duchess of Albemarle were dead.” A woman swore, that she saw
him on “the day his wife (then called duchess of Albemarle) was put
into her coffin, which was after the death of the duke,” her second
husband, who died Jan. 3, 1669-70. And a third witness swore, that
he saw Ratford about July 1660. In opposition to this evidence it was
alleged, that “all along, during the lives of duke George and duke
Christopher, this matter was never questioned”—that the latter was
universally received as only son of the former—and that “this matter
had been thrice before tried at the bar of the King’s Bench, and the
defendant had had three verdicts.” The verdict on the trial was in
favour of sir Walter Clarges, a grandson of the farrier, who was
knighted when his daughter, from the selling of wash-balls, became
duchess of Albemarle. This sir Walter Clarges was created a baronet
October 30, 1674, and was ancestor to the baronets of this name.
[128]

Chimney Sweepers on May-Day.

 Chimney Sweepers on May-Day.
Here they are! The “sweeps” are come! Here is the garland and
the lord and lady! Poor fellows! this is their great festival. Their
garland is a large cone of holly and ivy framed upon hoops, which
gradually diminishes in size to an apex, whereon is sometimes a
floral crown, knots of ribbons, or bunches of flowers; its sides are
decorated in like manner; and within it is a man who walks wholly
unseen, and hence the garland has the semblance of a moving
hillock of evergreens. The chimney-sweepers’ jackets and hats are
bedizened with gilt embossed paper; sometimes they wear coronals
of flowers in their heads; their black faces and legs are grotesquely
coloured with Dutch-pink; their shovels are scored with this crimson
pigment, interlaced with white chalk. Their lord and lady are
magnificent indeed; the lord is always the tallest of the party, and
selected from some other profession to play this distinguished
character: he wears a huge cocked hat, fringed with yellow or red
feathers, or laced with gold paper: his coat is between that of the
full court dress, and the laced coat of the footman of quality; in the
breast he carries an immense bunch of flowers; his waistcoat is
embroidered; his frill is enormous; his “shorts” are satin, with paste
knee-buckles; his stockings silk with figured clocks; his shoes are
dancing pumps, with large tawdry buckles; his hair is powdered,
with a bag and rosette; he carries in his right hand a high cane with
a shining metal knob, and in his left a handkerchief held by one
corner, and of a colour once white. His lady is sometimes a strapping
girl, though usually a boy in female attire, indescribably flaunty and
gaudy; her head in full dress; in her right hand a brass ladle, in her
left a handkerchief like to my lord’s. When the garland stops, my lord
and lady exhibit their graces in a minuet de la cour, or some other
grave movement; in a minute or two they quicken into a dance,
which enables my lord to picture his conceptions of elegance; the
curvilinear elevation of his arm, with his cane between his finger and
thumb, is a courtly grace, corresponding with the stiff thrown-back
position of his head, and the strait fall of the handkerchief in the
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