COMPUTER

Unit -1

NETWORKING
Code - 165
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CLASS – 10
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COMPUTER THE APPLICATIONS (Class X)

Unit 1: NETWORKING

Part-1 Internet

1. Internet

Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks

to link devices worldwide. Vint Cerf is regarded as the father of Internet.

2. World Wide Web (W3/ Web)

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

World wide web is the graphical part of internet, where documents and
other web resources are identified by URL, and are interlinked by
hypertext. Tim Berners Lee is regarded as the father of World Wide
Web.

3. Web Servers (Server):

Web servers is server software, or hardware used to provide

information based on the request made by World Wide Web clients. The
server hardware runs on a server software.

4. Web Clients

Web clients is a computer hardware or software that access

information offered by a server by sending request. The client software
runs on the user’s machine.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

5. Web Site

Web site is a collection of web resources such as web pages and

multimedia content with a common URL address.

6. Web Pages

Web page is a digital page in a website that displays its multimedia

content to the user through a browser.

7. Home page

Home page is the first web page when a website is opened. It has links
to other web pages of the same and/or different site.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

8. Web Browsers

Web browsers is a software to surf or browse websites. Examples are

Google Chrome, UC Browser, Mozilla Firefox, Dolphin, Apple Safari etc.

9. Blog (Weblog)

Blog is a website written in style of an online journal or diary where

entries are posted by an individual (blogger) so that anyone can read and
share them. Example of a blog is marcandangel.com. Popular blog
creating websites are wix.com, wordpress.com, blogger.com etc.

10.Newsgroups

Newsgroups is an online discussion forum on a specific topic where

users from around the world can create, post to, read from, comment on
and reply to topics of similar interests easily. Examples are
rcgroups.com, diy-forums.com

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 Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

11.HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a computer

language used to create web pages with embedded multimedia
contents.

12.Web Address (URL/ Domain name)

Web address is the unique identification of all web resource, which identifies
where it is located on a computer network.

a) URL: stands for Uniform Resource Locator. (Same definition as for

web address)

b) Parts Of URL:

https:// www. mck. edu. au /subjects/IPT

Protocol Informs that the Domain Top Geographical File Path/
resource is a name Level TLD Directory
webpage Domain

TLD .com .org .net .edu .gov .mil

Entit Commercia Organizatio Networ Educatio Governmen Militar
y l n k n t y

c) IP Address: is unique identification for computers to locate them on

a network. It has four set of numbers separated by periods. For
example, 192.0.2.1. It changes whenever a computer is connected to
different network

d) Domain Name Server (DNS) is a directory on internet in which all the

domain names are linked to a particular IP Address.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

e) E-Mail Address is a unique identification of email inbox to which

email messages are delivered. Every email address has two main parts:
a username and domain name, separated by ‘@’. Example,
[email protected] where ‘info’ is the username and
‘apsazamgarh.org’ is the domain name.

13.Downloading And Uploading

a. Downloading is the copying of data from server to client over internet.

b. Uploading is the copying of data from client to server over internet.

14. Internet Protocols

a) Protocol: is a set of rules followed by devices to communicate with

each other in a network. Multiple protocols work together to ensure
that data is communicated between devices in a network. Examples
include HTTP for browsing, FTP for file transfer, SMTP for email,
Telnet for virtual terminals etc.

b) Introduction to OSI model

It stands for Open Systems Interconnection model. It is an architecture used to

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

standardize communication between devices in a network.It has seven layers

i) The Application Layer: uses protocols such as HTTP(S) on client

side applications like browser.

ii) Presentation Layer: mainly converts the data into machine

understandable binary code.

iii) Session Layer: helps establish, maintain and close network

connection.

iv) Transport Layer: uses protocol such as TCP to divide the data into
small parts called segments.

v) Network Layer:

➢ uses protocol such as IP to assign source and destination IP

address to these segments.
➢ Segments are attached with IP address of source & destination
computers, now becomes packets.
➢ Packets now know where to go, not who to go to.

vi) Data Link Layer:

➢ MAC address of sender and receiver is added to packets, now

becomes Frame.
➢ MAC address is an identification number written in each LAN card
(a hardware used inside CPU for networking)
➢ Frames now know who to go to.

c. SMTP vs POP3:

➢ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a set of communication rules

which allow programs to send mail over the internet. It works in the
Application layer of OSI model.

➢ Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is a set of communication rules which

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

allow programs to retrieve mail over the internet. Here, the mails
previously received by the mail server are later downloaded on the
client’s account. Since the mail server and client account are not synced,
any changes made on the client side is not shown on the mail server. It
works in the Application layer of OSI model.

d. HTTP, HTTPS, Remote login and file transfer protocols (TELNET, SSH,
FTP, SFTP, SCP, TCP/ IP)

i. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): is a protocol used for

communication between web clients and servers. It works in the
Application layer of OSI model.

ii. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): is a protocol for

securing communication between devices in a network. It works in
the Application layer of OSI model.

iii. Remote login protocols: are protocols that was designed to access
remote computers over a network. Examples are TELNET, SSH.

➢ Terminal Network (TELNET): is a remote login protocol to access

remote computers over a network. The data transmitted is not
encrypted and thus prone to eavesdropping. It works in The
Application layer of OSI model.

➢ Secure Shell (SSH): is also a remote login protocol to securely

access remote computers over a network by using a public key
encryption. Thus even if the data is leaked, it remains safe due to
encryption. It works in the Application layer of OSI model.

i) File Transfer Protocols: are protocols used for the transfer of

computer files between a client and server on a computer network.
Examples are FTP, SFTP, SCP

ii) File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It is a protocol used for the transfer
of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.
It works in the Application layer of OSI model. It allows user to see
and modify all the files on the server. It is very fast

iii) Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP): is a secure version of

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

File Transfer Protocol, which allows file transfer over a Secure Shell
(SSH) data stream. It works in the Application layer of OSI model. It
also allows user to see and modify all the files on the server. It is
relatively fast.

iv) Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) is a protocol which uses Secure

Shell and allows secure file transfers between devices in a network.
It works in the Application layer of OSI model. It doesn’t allow user
to see and modify files on the server. It is relatively slow.

Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/ IP): is a set of protocols used in networks

for communication between devices. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because
the foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP)

i) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): is a protocol which allows to

transport segments of data between computers over the internet. It
works in the Transport layer of OSI model.

ii) Internet Protocol (IP): is a protocol which allows to transport

packets of data between computers over the internet using their IP
addresses. It works in the Network layer of OSI model.

PART II: SERVICES AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET

1. Internet Services: are services which are offered through internet to

the users quickly and easily.
Examples include E-commerce, E-governance, communication services,
cloud computing etc.

Few examples of websites/ apps providing these services are:

a. E-commerce sites:
i. www.amazon.com

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

ii. www.flipkart.com

b. E-governance sites:
i. india.gov.in
ii. indiapost.gov.in
iii. passportindia.gov.in

c. Communication applications
i. Skype
ii. WhatsApp

d. Cloud computing service

i. www.tatacommunications.com
ii. www.cloud4c.com

Advantages of internet services are: (sscrgtwal)

i. It helps to easily share data.

ii. It helps to scale up operations.

iii. It helps in quick communication.

iv. It makes process more transparent.

v. It helps in easy mapping through GPS.

vi. It helps in real-time monitoring of events.

vii. It helps to work from anywhere around the world due to easy access
to data.

viii. It makes authorities more accountable regarding their actions. It

helps in extending services like banking, healthcare etc. to customers
easily.

ix. It provides vast resource for learning through e-learning platforms

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

such as khanacademy.org

2. Information Retrieval: is the activity of obtaining necessary

information from a collection of web resources. It is done usually by
searching the required information (query) in a Search Engine.

Some information regarding search engine is as follows:

a) Search Engine is a program which provides relevant information by

searching the World Wide Web. It works on browser connected to
internet.

b) Keywords are the words in the query which a user types in the search
box of search engine to search for information.

c) Query is the combination of keywords which a user types in the search

box of search engine to search for information.

d) Working of a Search Engine:

At the very basic, when a user searches for information, the search
engine matches the keywords in query with data in the indexed
(arranged in sequence) web pages and then shows the most suitable of
them in the search result. The web pages are indexed when programs
from search engine called spiders/ crawlers/ bots crawl (visit) web pages
available on W3.

3. Locating Sites Using Search Engines:

To search web sites, a user can search part of the domain name or other
site specific data on search engines like Google (from Google), Bing
(from Microsoft) or Yahoo (from Yahoo).**add working of search engine
to this portion if the topic comes for 3 or more marks.

PART III: WEB SERVICES

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

1. Web Services:

Web service has a different definition. For the purpose here, refer to
internet services above. Note that advantages for these services can be
taken from that in internet services, whereas disadvantages can be
thought of by just looking at the downside of the advantages

2. Chat or Online chat

Chat refers to communication over the Internet that allows a real-time

transmission of multimedia messages from sender to receiver. It
involves an application (app) which uses internet to relay messages. It
may be a text chat, audio chat or video chat. It may be used for point-to-
point communication or group chat. Popular chat applications are Skype,
WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Google Hangouts etc.

3. Electronic mail (E-mail):

E-mail is a method of exchanging messages/ mail between people

using electronic devices using internet. It was invented by Ray
Tomlinson.

It has following fields:

a. To: is used to write the email id of the recipient.

b. Cc (Carbon Copy): is used to send copy of the mail to the email id

mentioned. If a mail is sent with multiple email ids mentioned in Cc field,
people with respective email ids can see that who else has received
copies of this mail.

c. Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy): is used to secretly send copy of the mail to
the email id mentioned. If a mail is sent with multiple email ids
mentioned in Bcc field, people with respective email ids cannot see that
who else has received copies of this mail.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

d. Subject: is used to write the title of the mail. It is visible to the

recipient even before opening the mail.

e. Body: is used to write the main body of the message. Here, if any
multimedia files such as images, videos etc. and other documents are
sent along with the mail, they are called as attachment.

4. Video Conferencing:

Video conferencing is a method in which a conference between two or

more participants at different location is conducted. It is done by using
computer, fast internet connection, and web camera to transmit audio
and video data. Various apps such as Skype, IMO, WhatsApp etc. can
be used for this purpose.

5. E-Banking (Internet Banking/ Online Banking):

E-Banking is an online service that provides the facility to the customer to

make banking transactions from his/her net banking account. It enables
paperless bill paying, record keeping and money transfers between
accounts. User can either visit the bank’s website or use its mobile app,
then using the login credentials, he/she can log into the account and use the
service.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

6. E-Shopping (Electronic Shopping/ Online Shopping):

E- Shopping is a form of e-commerce which allows consumers to buy

goods or services from a seller over the internet. The payments often
made through e-banking. It enables customer to search for and buy a
good rated product/service from a large variety at less price.

7. E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce):

E- Commerce is an online service which involves range of activities

such as creating a product, showcasing it online with exact
information, and processing its sale. E-commerce is much larger than
e-shopping.

**Note that if only e-commerce is asked for 3 marks or more, after writing
its definition, write under it definition of e-shopping as well.

8. E-Reservation (Electronic Reservation/ E-booking):

E-Reservation is an online service using which one can check for

availability of seats in a bus, train, aircraft, and rooms in hotels etc. and
later book them in advance.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

For example, one may use Indian railways’ official website

www.irctc.co.in or IRCTC Rail Connect app for e-reservation in trains.
It uses Global Distribution System (GDS) to facilitate the process.

9. E-Governance:

E- Governance is an online service wherein government interacts

with and offers services to citizens, businesses, interest groups
and other governmental departments by making use of Information
and Communication Technology. It results in faster communication,
better integration of data and services, quick feedback, live monitoring
of process, and more accountable as well as responsible governance.
It makes use of mobile apps (mParivahan, UMANG, BHIM, Online
RTI etc.) and governmental websites (indiapost.gov.in, india.gov.in,
passportindia.gov.in)

10. E-Groups (Newsgroup/ E-community/ E-club):

E-Group is an online discussion forum on topics of similar interest

where users from around the world can create, post to, read from,
comment on and reply to such topics. It is also the primary feature in all
the social networking sites. Examples are rcgroups.com, diy-
forums.com

11. Social Networking:

Social Networking is a method in which dedicated websites and apps

are used by a user to interact with other users. It is also used to find
people with similar interests, promote business and events, spread news
etc. Few popular social networking sites include facebook.com,
twitter.com, instagram.com etc. Twitter is the only site in which users can
post short entries called tweets with a maximum of 140 characters.
This facility at Twitter is known as micro blogging.

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Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

PART IV: MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

1. Short Message Service (SMS): is a communication service in

which we can send message of up to 160 characters to another device
in a single SMS. It uses SMPP protocol.

2. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): is a communication

service in which we can send a multimedia message including pictures,
video or audio content to another device using an internet connection. It
makes use of WAP protocol.

3. Third Generation (3G): is a communication standard introduced in

2001 which allows mobile phones, computers, and other portable
electronic devices to access the internet wirelessly. It has 0.2 Mbps to
3.1 Mbps data transfer rate.

4. Fourth Generation (4G): is a communication standard introduced

in 2009 with a data transfer rate of 100 Mbps. It enabled smooth
functioning of various multimedia services such as online gaming,
mobile television, VoIP telephony etc.

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