File System

Structure

Operating System : C14+E11+E12

Submitted By : GROUP 6

Submitted To : Dr. Gunjan Ansari

 What is a File System ?
Introduction to File System
A file is a collection of related information stored on disk.
The file system resides on secondary storage (e.g., HDD, SSD, flash
drives).
Provides efficient and convenient access to stored data.
File System Implementation
Refers to how the OS manages storage and retrieval of data on
physical storage devices.
Handles organization, storage, access, and management of files
on disk.
Affects overall performance of the operating system.
Ensures data reliability and system stability.
Plays a key role in data security and access control.
Common File Systems
Windows:
NTFS (New Technology File System)
FAT (File Allocation Table)
Linux:
ext4 (Fourth Extended File System)
XFS (High-performance journaling file system)
File System Structure
File structure
Logical storage unit
Collection of related information
File system resides on secondary storage (disks)
Provided user interface to storage, mapping
logical to physical
Provides efficient and convenient access to disk
by allowing data to be stored, located retrieved
easily
Disk provides in-place rewrite and random access
I/O transfers performed in blocks of sectors
(usually 512 bytes)
File control block – storage structure consisting
of information about a file
Device driver controls the physical device
File system organized into layers
A Typical File-system Organization
Layers in File System
A file system in an operating system is
organized into multiple layers, each
responsible for different aspects of file
management and storage.

Here are the key layers in a typical file

system:

Application Programs

Logical File system

File Organization Module

Basic File system

I/O Control level

Devices Layer
Layers in File System
1. Application Programs
This is the topmost layer where users
interact with files through applications.
It provides the user interface for file
operations like creating, deleting,
reading, writing, and modifying files.

2. Logical File system

It manages metadata information
about a file i.e includes all details
about a file except the actual contents
of the file. It also maintains via file
control blocks. File control block (FCB)
has information about a file – owner,
size, permissions, and location of file
contents.
Layers in File System
3. File Organization Module
It has information about files, the
location of files and their logical and
physical blocks. Physical blocks do not
match with logical numbers of logical
blocks numbered from 0 to N. It also
has a free space that tracks
unallocated blocks.

4. Basic File system

It Issues general commands to the
device driver to read and write physical
blocks on disk. It manages the memory
buffers and caches. A block in the
buffer can hold the contents of the disk
block and the cache stores frequently
used file system metadata.
Layers in File System
5. I/O Control level
Device drivers act as an interface
between devices and OS, they help to
transfer data between disk and main
memory. It takes block number as
input and as output, it gives low-level
hardware-specific instruction.

6. Devices Layer:
The bottommost layer, consisting of
the actual hardware devices. It
performs the actual reading and
writing of data to the physical storage
medium. This includes hard drives,
SSDs, optical disks, and other storage
devices.
Components of File System Implementation

File System Structure: The file system structure

refers to how the files and directories are
organized and stored on the physical storage
device. This includes the layout of file systems
data structures such as the directory structure,
file allocation table, and inodes.

File Allocation: The file allocation mechanism

determines how files are allocated on the
storage device. This can include allocation
techniques such as contiguous allocation,
linked allocation, indexed allocation, or a
combination of these techniques.
Components of File System Implementation
Data Retrieval: The file system implementation
determines how the data is read from and written to
the physical storage device. This includes strategies
such as buffering and caching to optimize file I/O
performance.
Security and Permissions: The file system
implementation includes features for managing
file security and permissions. This includes
access control lists (ACLs), file permissions, and
ownership management.

Recovery and Fault Tolerance: The file system

implementation includes features for recovering
from system failures and maintaining data integrity.
This includes techniques such as journaling and file
system snapshots.
Types of File Systems
Some commonly used File Systems are:
File Allocation system
32 (FAT32)
FAT32 is a file system developed by
Microsoft and introduced with Windows
95 OSR2.
Supports disk sizes up to 2 TB and
individual file sizes up to 4 GB.

Organizes data into clusters and uses a

table to keep track of file locations.
Compatible with a wide range of
operating systems

Lacks modern features like file

permissions and journaling, making it less
secure than NTFS or exFAT.
Types of File Systems
New Technology File
System (NTFS)

NTFS is a proprietary file system

developed by Microsoft for Windows NT
and later systems.
Supports very large file and volume
sizes, exceeding the 4 GB limit of FAT32.

Includes features like file permissions,

encryption, compression, and disk
quotas.
Uses a Master File Table (MFT) to
manage files and metadata efficiently.

Has limited compatibility with non-

Windows systems.
Types of File Systems
EXT4 (Fourth Extended
File System)

EXT4 is a journaling file

system used primarily by
Linux operating systems.

It supports volumes up to 1
exabyte and files up to 16
terabytes.

Improves performance It provides journaling to protect against data corruption

through features like during unexpected shutdowns.
extents, delayed
allocation, and multiblock Not natively supported by Windows, but supported in
allocation. Linux
Types of File Systems
HFS+ (Hierarchical File
System Plus)
HFS+ also known as Mac OS Extended, is
a file system developed by Apple.

It was introduced in 1998 to replace the

older HFS and is used primarily in macOS
versions before APFS.

HFS+ supports large files and volumes,

journaling, and file permissions.

It uses a B-tree structure to manage files

and directories efficiently.

While optimized for macOS, HFS+ has

limited support on Windows and Linux
systems.
Types of File Systems
APFS (Apple File System)

APFS is Apple’s modern file system

introduced in 2017, replacing HFS+.

Optimized for flash and SSD storage,

offering faster read/write speeds and
better space management.

Supports features like snapshots, cloning,

strong encryption, and crash protection.

It uses a copy-on-write strategy to ensure

data integrity during changes.

Is Default file system for macOS 10.13+ and

iOS 10.3+, but has limited compatibility
with non-Apple systems.
 File system implementation is a crucial component of an
operating system, as it provides an interface between the user
and the physical storage device.

Partitioning the Storage Device: Divide physical storage into logical

partitions and format them with a file system.
File System Structures: Manage files using structures like superblock,
inode table, and directory table.
Allocation of Storage Space: Allocate disk space using methods like
contiguous, linked, or indexed allocation.
File Operations: Perform file tasks such as create, read, write, delete,
open, and close.
File System Security: Secure files using permissions, ACLs, or
encryption techniques.
File System Maintenance: Ensure reliability with tasks like
defragmentation, disk checks, and backups
Advantages
Efficient Data Data Security
Management
Most modern file systems

of File File systems organize data

in a structured way using
support permission
management, access

System
directories and metadata. control lists (ACLs), and
This helps in storing and encryption, ensuring that
accessing files quickly unauthorized access is
without confusion. prevented.

Faster Data Access & Consistency and Integrity

Retrieval
Features like journaling
Using indexing, caching, and copy-on-write
and allocation strategies, maintain data
file systems reduce the consistency even during
time taken to find and power failures or crashes.
read/write data from the
disk.
 Advantages of File System

Cross-Platform Fault Tolerance and Space Optimization User and Application

Compatibility Recovery and Scalability Transparency

Many file systems like File systems like NTFS Modern systems File systems abstract
FAT32 and exFAT work and ext4 use journaling support very large file complex hardware
across different and snapshots to sizes and storage interactions, letting
operating systems, recover data and volumes, while also users and apps work
allowing better prevent corruption after managing disk space with files without
interoperability for unexpected shutdowns. efficiently using worrying about how
users. features like they're stored or
compression and retrieved.
deduplication.
 Reusability: Hardware Independence:
Common functionalities (e.g., Thanks to device drivers, the
buffering, block access) are reused same upper file system logic
across different implementations. can work with different types of
storage (HDD, SSD, USB, etc).

Advantages Modularity: Flexibility in File Systems:

of File Each layer handles a specific

function, making it easier to
Allows OS to support multiple file
systems like FAT32, NTFS, ext4 by

System design, debug, and maintain. switching file organization

modules and device drivers.

Structure
Abstraction: Ease of Updates:
Higher layers don’t need to Individual layers can be
understand hardware-level upgraded or replaced without
details — promotes cleaner affecting the entire system.
code and flexibility.
 Thank You!
Group Members :

Khushi Thakur 22BCE10611

Soumyashis Sarkar 22BCE10621
Rohan Gautam 22BCE10658
Garvit 22BCE10667
Samarth Saxena 22BCE10669
Rauneet Singh 22BCE10733
Jaivardhan Rajpurohit 22BCE10626
Uddeishya Kumar 22BCE10716