SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF EDUCATION

`EPM 410 : SCHOOL LIBRARIANSHIP

MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION INSTITUTIONS AND RESOURCES
`

FOURTH YEAR SECOND SEMESTER

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COURSE TOPICS
Introduction to Information Resources
Definition of terms: Differentiate between information resource, institutional and human
resources
INFORMATION
Information is an assemblage of recorded data in a comprehensive form, both on paper or
electronic, and capable of communication. (Harold`s Librarian Glossary)
RESOURCES
This is an available means of support from which an individual gains; it can be a person or
material.
DOCUMENT
Any medium with recorded information regardless of format or type.
MATERIAL RESOURCES
This refers to tangible sources of information. It incorporates print and non-print media.
PRINT MEDIA
It is the source of information arising in information content in a printed form. This is through an
impression that produces letters, words, and pictures on paper or any other surface.
NON- PRINT MEDIA
This term refers to sources of information from recorded sounds and images e.g. films, magnetic
tapes, drama form disks, slides, etc. They are usually associated with the concept of electronics
and even paper-based media e.g. Photographs. These are all products of modern communication
techniques. It’s also a modern communication media for the storage and retrieval of information
and in fact, supplement the print media in the communication process.
The print and non–print media are important channels of information in a communication
system. The choice of an information channel depends on its availability, accessibility, and its
effectiveness.
Examples of non–print
Audiotapes, filmstrips, microfiche, sound films, and three-dimensional materials, i.e., real, e.g.,
models, specimens, and objects.
INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES
They are available aids that assist information dissemination through the provision of certain
functions or services i.e. they give accommodation/ house the material resources conserve
produce, and organize the information.
Examples include;
Libraries, publishing firms, electronic video centers, archival and documentation centers.
Roles of Libraries in Society
1. Libraries have a role to play in national development e.g. eradication of illiteracy and
implementation of recommendations from research projects.
2. Libraries are important for storing information i.e. for posterity.
3. Acts as a cultural house
4. Promote a reading habit
5. Serves as recreational centers.
6. They play a big role in literacy campaigns.

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 School Libraries
It refers to an organized collection of books and other literary materials used by staff and students
for study and consultation purposes.
Or it’s referred to as a place where books are kept. It’s a reading or study centre a media centre as
well as an information centre. Or It’s a communication center or A learning laboratory or a
Recreational center.
Three main purposes of a School Library
 To meet the information needs of pupils and teachers
 To encourage students to learn from the materials to broaden their education
 To develop reading habits
Functions of a School Libraries
 Provide a wide range of learning materials
 To organize materials in the library for ease of retrieving using either indexes or guides
 To facilitate effectively in the school programme to meet the information needs of the
users
 It should encourage people to learn from the available materials
 Develop reading habits for students and the school as a whole
 To acquire and disseminate comprehensive information
 To involve teaching staff in the selection of library materials
 Conduct user education program for both teachers and students
 To provide and facilitate the materials needed
A school library should have the following for its success:
 Adequate funds
 Qualified Staff
 Adequate space
 A stock of relevant materials
 Support from teachers and administration

Academic Libraries

It refers to Libraries established to serve an institution of higher learning e.g. Polytechnics,

Colleges, and Universities.

Role of Academic Libraries

 To support teaching and Learning

 To support research activities of the parent organization
Functions of Academic Libraries
 To offer a general collection of material of common interest in various fields
 To provide access to records needed by members of the community
 To support the teaching and research taken in the parent organization through the
acquisition and organization of materials by providing effective services
 Allow students to pursue the personal independent search for knowledge
 Offer user education i.e. training the user on how to make effective use of sources in
an information center

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  Dissemination of information the catalogues, displays as well as bibliographic
services
 In some countries especially developing countries, university libraries perform some
or all functions of a natural library
 They provide services to the public to a small extent

HUMAN RESOURCE
Introduction
An information personnel is an individual involved in the acquisition processing storage
repackaging dissemination, marketing, and publicity of information. Its function qualifies to be
referred to as an information center Examples include Librarians, Archivists, Documentalists,
and Records Managers, Curators, etc. The various information personnel are covered in the
specific information centers such as Libraries, Archives, Documentation centers, Publishing
Houses, Government institutions, Consultancy firms, and many others.
Information personnel is an individual involved in the acquisition, processing, storage,
repackaging, dissemination, marketing, and publicity of information. It therefore follows that any
organization that carries some or all of the above–named functions qualifies to be an information
personnel.
Factors to be considered when selecting human resource
1) Qualifications and competence
2) Experience
3) Cost
4) Availability and reliability
5) Good communication skills
6) Appropriate personality
Role of information personnel
INTRODUCTION
Information professionals do personally play a very significant role in the information service
process. The categories of duties they perform vary from one institution to another. But
generally, they are charged with the responsibility of collecting/gathering information,
processing, storing and eventually disseminating it to the clients/information users.
The users here comprise researchers, teachers and students, professional practitioners, policy,
makers, and makers members of the grassroots community in the rural areas, etc.
1. To begin with the information personnel must have a foresight of what the user needs and
want the responsibility of determining the user's needs. User needs assessment is
therefore the role played by the information professionals. This could be determined
through formal or informal approaches. A formal approach involves conducting
interviews or administering questionnaires to potential users to obtain their information
needs. An informal approach involves an impromptu interview with actual or potential
users of the library.
2. Organization of resources. Information resources if simply acquired and piled in a library
in an information center will create chaos and disorder. The information
professionals/personnel are duty-bound to bring order to the information centers. This is
done to make location and access to such items easier and quicker. Organization of

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 resources is achieved by bringing related items together in a helpful sequence. To achieve
this given specific scheme is used. In addition, they also do the shelving.
3. Information professionals also carry out information repackaging. Because of information
overload due to information explosion language barriers and the prevention of
information in a context that is outside the user’s cultural framework, the information is
required to repackage the information to make it usable.
Repackaging implies information analysis, which involves/reviewing, consolidating, and
evaluating knowledge on specific topics. The products of repackaging information would
include; abstracts, indexes, press cuttings, posters, translations, etc.
4. Preparation of access tools: The information center, has major goals of satisfying the user
needs most efficiently and effectively. The resources within center holdings have to be
accessed. It therefore implies that the personnel in charge have to prepare guides to the
literature holdings of these centers. Access tools include indexes, catalogs, accessions,
lists, finding aids, bibliographies, etc. This leads to indexing, cataloguing, bibliographic
compilations, etc.
5. Information personnel also play the role of being the link between the mass of literature
and the clients in information users. This is exemplified in reference and referral service.
6. The reference service involves personal/face-to-face assistance to the information users in
answering their queries. Referral services is a service that entails linking users to the
information centers/that could best answer their queries.
7. Selection and acquisition of information resources. Having determined the information
needs of its potential users the next step for the personnel is to select the relevant
information sources from the universe of information. After identification, the personnel
goes ahead and acquires these resources for collection development.
8. Publicity and promotion: why promote?
a) To make users aware of the existing service/collection.
b) To inform users.
c) Disseminate information e.g. CAS
d) Educate users e.g. user education. To enable us to know how to use the center materials
e.g. catalogues.
One of the main reasons for user dissatisfaction with services provided by the libraries to the
difficulty they experience when trying to access and retrieve information sources have to be
organized to facilitate access and retrieval of the information.
Organization involves cataloguing classification and assigning subject headings to documents.
Information resources could be effectively organized as follows.
1. Books are arranged on shelves according to classification schemes chosen and adopted by
the personnel.
2. Serials particularly periodicals and image lines are often arranged alphabetically by title
and by the subject etc.
User education
Introduction
User education refers to the instructions given to readers or users to help them make maximum
use of the information centers and their resources. It is an organized and systematic programme
designed to equip users with the necessary skills for independent searching and utilization. These
are instructions given to users to help them make the best use of the library. It’s a programme of
instructions, education, and exportation provided by libraries to users to enable them to make

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 more effective and efficient independent use of the information resources and services to which
this library provides access. It’s a planned sequence of projects and activities that inform
members directly about the documentary heritage.
EMERGENCE OF USER EDUCATION
It emerged due to the information explosion, the introduction of new facilities to aid in the
retrieval or information searching in information centers e.g. computers, poor attitude of users
towards libraries or information centers, the complexity of organizational systems of the
information collection in information systems thus bringing about the need to inform and educate
the users on this, shortage of adequate information specialists in information centers thus
creating a need for self-reliance among information users, time-consuming nature of looking up
for information, the growing demand for the right to know through literacy programmes and
emphasis on a self-centered learning programme.
AIMS FOR USER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES
1. To ensure that users can exploit library resources adequately and to their satisfaction.
2. To establish a link between the subject taught and the library resources available.
3. To enable users to make maximum use of resources of local and national library systems.
4. To develop user confidence in the use of the library and the library staff.
5. To give students principal experience using literature.
6. To enable the student to be independent in his/her information seeking.
7. To instill a positive attitude among the library users.
8. To save time for the library resources.
9. To enhance better use of library resources.
10. It educates the user community about the archives and their holding and their implications
and exposes users to records at early stages and not to wait until they reach tertiary
institutions.
11. Enable students during their studies and later during their careers to undertake literature
searches at ease.
12. Users to know the capacity of libraries and other units in the provision of information and the
services available in a given center.
13. For users to understand the policy and regulations of the center and the work schedule and let
them be familiar with the center and its holdings.
8.4. LEVELS OF USER EDUCATION
There are three levels namely: - Orientation, library instruction, and bibliographic instruction.
Orientation
It’s the level concerned with introducing the user/s to the general techniques of information usage
and services available in the information center, the organization, services, and layout of a
particular center.
Library orientation is concerned with enabling the users to become aware of the existence of the
library and services available there (what is available) and enabling the users to learn about the
general use of the library; when the library is open, where specific items are to be found and how

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to borrow/obtain the materials required. It acquaints a freshman or newcomer with the basics
concerning library use.
Orientation means becoming aware/ acquainted with the physical aspect of the library and the
materials.
OBJECTIVES OF ORIENTATION
 To introduce users to the physical facilities of the building itself
 To introduce specific services e.g. computer searches, book talks, or ill.
 To introduce the department or service desks and appreciate staff and introduce staff members
and how they can assist the students.
 To introduce library policies such as overdue procedures, hours when the library is open, etc.
 To introduce the organization of the collection with specific goals of reducing use anxiety
about buying to locate documents.
 To motivate users to come back and make use of the library.
a) Techniques Or methods used in providing orientation
These include guided tours or unguided tours, lecturers or talks, demonstrations, audiovisual
presentations, guides (regulations and procedures) handouts library manuals, etc.
b) Strengths of orientation
 Orientation is not formally conducted and therefore may not suffer from scheduling problems
as opposed to bibliographic instructions that need slotting in the academic programme (this is
applicable in academic libraries).
 There is less degree of formality during orientation thus users are motivated to grasp the
concepts faster or better.
 Generally, requires less resources as opposed to library instruction and bibliographic
instruction.
 Users can ask questions that offer practical experience and people learn faster and create more
understanding.
8.4.2.2. Techniques of library instruction
a) Demonstrations
b) Lectures or handouts
c) Audio-visual presentations
d) Programmed instructions
e) Printed guides
f) Practical exercise
g) Computer-assisted instructions (CAI)
8.4.2.3. Advantages of library instructions
 More practically oriented i.e. users have the opportunity to have hands-on experience on the
use and the exploitation of information and library resources.
 Ability to evaluate and judge whether the objects of the technique have been fulfilled. It also
ensures that the factors/demonstrators can assess/ascertain whether the objectives of the
programme have been achieved.

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 It is a more systematic in-depth approach to imparting the necessary skills to users thus more
effective.
 Some of the techniques used can allow users to learn at their place e.g. programmed
instructions, practical exercises printed guides, etc.
1. Identify the major areas of computer application in SDI
2. Under what circumstances will an information center be forced to establish a manual or
computerized SDI service
3. Highlight the problems information professionals are likely to encounter in establishing and
maintaining an SDI
4. State the problems involved in the provision of user education
5. Discuss the factors to be considered in setting up an SDI service
6. Explain how computers can be used to improve manual-based SDI
2. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)
An information system can technically be defined as a set of interrelated components that
collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support an organization's
decision-making and control. In addition to supporting decision-making, coordination, and
control, information systems may also help managers and workers analyze problems,
visualize complex subjects, and create new products.
Three activities in an information system produce the information that organizations need to
make decisions, control operations, analyze problems, and create new products or services.
These activities are inputting, processing, and outputting. Input captures or collects raw data
from within the organization or from its external environment. Processing converts this raw
input into a more meaningful form. Output transfers the processed information to the people
who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. Information systems also require
feedback, which is output that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help
them evaluate or correct the input stage.
Components of Management Information Systems
Role of Information in an Organization
In addition to the general function of improving knowledge, information assists management
in several ways including:

• The reduction of uncertainty: uncertainty exists where there is less than perfect knowledge.
Rarely, if ever, is there perfect knowledge but relevant information helps to reduce the
unknown. This is particularly relevant in planning and decision-making.

• As an aid to monitoring and control: by providing information about performance

and the extent of deviations from planned levels of performance, management is better
able to control operations.
• As a means of communication: managers need to know about developments, plans,
forecasts, impending changes, and so on.

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 • As a memory supplement: by having historical information about performance,
transactions, results of past actions and decisions available for reference, personal
memories are supplemented.
• As an aid to simplification: by reducing uncertainty and enhancing understanding,
problems, and situations are simplified and become more manageable.

The components that make up an IS are:-

1. Hardware – This is a set of devices such as processors, printers, and
monitors. Also includes mainframes and minicomputers that can accept data
and process them respectively.
2. Software –A set of instructions or program that enable the hardware to process
data. These can be classified into system software and application software.
3. Databases – This is a collection of related files or tables that store data and
their association or relations among them.
4. Network – This is a connecting system that allows the sharing of resources by
different computers.
5. Procedures – This is a set of instructions about how to combine the above
components to process information and generate the desired output.
6. People – These are the individuals who work with the system or use its output

Information is processed data that has been assembled in such a way as to be meaningful to the

end users

Importance of Information Systems in Management

The main purpose of an Information System is to provide the management with the necessary
information for decision-making. To achieve this purpose MIS is to perform the following
functions.
Collection of data: The first function of MIS is to collect necessary data from both internal
and external sources of the organization. The data of the organization which have already
been gathered are kept in some physical medium such as a paper form or entered directly into
the computer system.
(i) Processing data: After storing the data, the next important function of MIS is to process the
same. In the processing, the data are converted to require management information,
calculating company, sorting, classifying and summarizing etc. are the necessary activities to
be done for processing the data.

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(ii) Storage of information: Under the MIS, necessary data and information are carefully stored,
so that it can save time for searching the same. Generally, data and information are stored by
reserving and organizing them in the form of files, records and databases for future use.
(iii) Retrieval of information: Another function of MIS is to retrieve the information to
meet the exact management information demands. So retrieval should be done as per
the requirement of the management users.
(iv) Disseminating: Disseminating is the last function or finished product of MIS. By
disseminating the data and information are divided and distributed to the users in an
organization. This can be done through reports or outline through computer terminals
periodically.
.
Characteristics of good Management Information System
• The purpose of a management information system is to help executives of an
organization make decisions that advance the organization's goals. An effective MIS
assembles data available from company operations, external inputs, and past activities
into information that shows what the company has achieved in key areas of interest, and
what is required for further progress. The most important characteristics of an MIS are
those that give decision-makers confidence that their actions will have the desired
consequences.

Relevance

• The information a manager receives from an MIS has to relate to the decisions the
manager has to make. An effective MIS takes data that originates in the areas of activity
that concern the manager at any given time and organizes it into forms that are
meaningful for making decisions. If a manager has to make pricing decisions, for
example, an MIS may take sales data from the past five years, and display sales volume
and profit projections for various pricing scenarios.

Accuracy
• A key measure of the effectiveness of an MIS is the accuracy and reliability of its
information. The accuracy of the data it uses and the calculations it applies determine

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 the effectiveness of the resulting information. The sources of the data determine
whether the information is reliable. Historical performance is often part of the input for
an MIS, and also serves as a good measure of the accuracy and reliability of its output.
Usefulness
• The information a manager receives from an MIS may be relevant and accurate, but it is
only useful if it helps him with the particular decisions he has to make. For example, if
a manager has to decide which employees to cut due to staff reductions, information on
resulting cost savings is relevant, but information on the performance of the employees
in question is more useful. The MIS has to make useful information easily accessible.
Timeliness
• MIS output must be current. Management has to make decisions about the future of the
organization based on data from the present, even when evaluating trends. The more
recent the data, the more these decisions will reflect present reality and correctly
anticipate their effects on the company. When the collection and processing of data
delays its availability, the MIS must take into consideration its potential inaccuracies
due to age and present the resulting information accordingly, with possible ranges of
error.
Completeness
• An effective MIS presents all the most relevant and useful information for a particular
decision. If some information is not available due to missing data, it highlights the gaps
and either displays possible scenarios or presents possible consequences resulting from
the missing data. Management can either add the missing data or make the appropriate
decisions aware of the missing information. An incomplete or partial presentation of
information can lead to decisions that don't have the anticipated effects.

Principles of Management
It refers to the technique that can be adopted to facilitate the management of an organization for
overall goal attainment. Henry Fayol came up with the following principles
1. Division of labour

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Tasks have to be divided. It’s necessary to divide duties and activities, especially in a large
organization. Division of labour will lead to specialization hence efficiency and minimizes
confusion.
2. Authority
Authority should be given according to a person's status or position. It can be statuary or
personal nevertheless an individual should be given authority equal to his or her responsibility.
3. Discipline
There should be obedience diligence and respect in an organization. This should be equally
applicable to both management and staff.
The best to establish and maintain discipline is to prove good leadership to the staff hence
reducing disputes with justice and enforcing penalties without prejudice.

4. Unity of command
It demands that subordinates should receive commands or orders from only one person unity of
command provides security against confusion. This can be achieved through the development of
an organizational structure that defines the flow of communication.
5. Scalar chain
This principle implies that authority and responsibility should flow in a clear line from top to
bottom
6. Subordinate of an individual to general interest
These demands that an individual’s interest must be second to that of the organization i.e. the
primary concern of an individual should be to growth of the organization
7. Order
In an organization, it refers to the best possible arrangement to achieve and confusion in an
organization e.g. order can be created in a library by having a section that is closely related side
by side. Order facilitates clear identification of functions and minimizes conflicts and confusion
in an organization e.g. order can be created in a library by having selections that are closely
related side by side.
8. Unity of direction
This demands that there should be only one head and one plan for all operations which have the
same objectives. Unity of direction in a library is achieved when the information center is
properly arranged so that there is only one head. Say the librarian and a plan to make sure that
everybody pulls resources so that the plan can be achieved

9. Centralization/ decentralization
Centralization is the cementing force in an organization that brings about a concentrated effort
toward the achievement of the organization's objective. Centralization demands certain decisions
and activities should be centralized e.g. an information center e.g. university system selection of
materials may be decentralized also processing and ordering.
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10. Equity
This refers to equal treatment of all staff in an organization preference treatment should be based
on the superiority of the individual and remuneration must be based on work done or
qualifications e.g. salary scale should be based on education ability, experience, and level of
responsibility.
11. Stability of tenure of personnel
Personnel should be motivated. This prevents high turnover
12. Initiative
The organization should provide an opportunity for subordinates to ensure their initiatives to
give them satisfaction.
13. Span of control
It refers to several persons a leader must deal with directly. The span of control should not be so
wide although this can be influenced by certain factors e.g. the number can depend on the size of
the information center and the kind of activities allocated to different supervisors.
14. Espirt de corps
An organization heads employees who should stay as one (demands that unity and harmony
should exist) this is because there is strength in unity. The above principles are flexible
information personnel can use those principles and others that seem fit for their information
centers. The overall efforts should be directed to achieve the common goal of the organization.
2.4 Components of Management Information Systems
2.5 Importance of Information
2.6 Qualities of effective management of information systems
2.7 Principles of Management
3. Rules and regulations

Revision Exercise 1
1. Give appropriate examples of management in your organization
2. Explain the function of management
3. Highlight the components of management information centers
4. Give the main roles of managers
5. Define the following terms as used in the management of information centers
6. Explain the Principles of Management
7. Describe the levels of management

TOPIC 2: RULES AND REGULATION

The rule refers to a statement highlighting what should and what should not be done in a given
environment e.g. library. It can also refer to an established or guide of an action set by an
authority or It is something set by the authority for guidance and directions.

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Regulation is to control according to the rules of a system. E.g. according to the rules of the
library and information center.
Significance /Importance of Rules
1. They are informative and hence inform the reader of the resources found in an information
center.
2. They can enable a user to get maximum services out of the limited information resources
available.
3. Rules governing the number of items to be used ensure equality in the usage of information
material among users
4. These are rules governing the provision of reservation of items that are in great demand such
rules prevent misuse of information materials
5. Rules facilities consistency in library procedures and activities opening hours and closing
hours
6. They enhance control of behavior which in turn leads to sound and cordial conduct among
users i.e No smoking
7. They provide uniformity in the treatment of all users and hence protect staff and property
8. They ensure a conducive working environment for all in the information center
9. They promote respect for the supervisors
10 They create good relationships among staff and users
Purpose of rules and regulation
1. They facilitate control of authorities and behavior of users in information centers
2. They ensure a conducive working environment for all in the information center
3. limit the abuse of other users in the information centers
4. they harmonize the relationship between the staff and users
Areas Covered By Rules and Regulation
1. Opening hours
Rules and regulations facilitate consistency in library procedures and activities for instance the
time it opens and the time it closes.
2. Administration requirements
Includes those students who are eligible for membership e.g. academic staff and students.
3. Regulation requirements
Requirements like a national identification card
4. Loan conditions
Specify the number of item to be borrowed at a time. This depends on the circulation system in
use e.g. The brown system uses one item e.g. authorized borrower may take books for a period of
one week as long as there are enough copies of the book. It also indicates reservation conditions
of the information material.
5. Loan duration
It indicates the times a user should stay with information material e.g. one week.
6. Loan privileges

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Loan privileges specify the users who are entitled to borrow the information materials, the rules
regarding the loss tickets, and the renewal procedure
7. Penalties
Penalties specify overdue charges e.g. a charge of 10/= per day, it specifies the consequences of
the loss of an item (information material) and it also specifies the consequences of damaged
materials.
8. General rules
These outline the expected conduct or behavior of users within the library e.g. no smoking,
eating, and drinking is prohibited in the library.

Factors to Consider When Formulating Rules and Regulations

1. The kind of services offered
The kind of services offered i.e. reprographic services will tend to adopt its own rules. This will
ensure that the rules cover each scope of authority provided in the library.
2. Nature of information materials
Different types of information material require different user’s privileges and individuals
3. Type/ nature of information material
Different users have different information needs e.g. in an academic library the users’ privileges
may be different from the students.
4. Type of information centre
Different information centers have different users and different types of material, and hence rules
can be formulated to be compared with the organization's goals and objectives e.g. registry
5. Circulation policy
The rules and regulations to be formulated must be compatible and support the overall
circulation policy of an information center (Library)

Examples of rules and regulations formulated for a Library.

1. The librarian shall be responsible for the safe custody of library materials.
2. No item shall be taken out of the library unless it has been officially issued.
3. All members of staff who want to use the library must register in a form.
4. Material on loan can be renewed every two weeks.
5. The reader will be held responsible for any damage/ loss of the item under their custody.
6. Silence should be observed in the library for the convenience of other readers.
7. Smoking, eating, and drinking are prohibited in the library.
8. Overcoats and bags should not be brought to the library.
9. The librarian is empowered to suspend or terminate any person breaking these rules.
3.0 Importance of library rules and regulations
3.1 Factors Considered in the formulation of library rules and regulations
3.2 Examples of rules and regulations formulated for a Library
3.3 Areas covered by rules and regulations
3.4 Examples of rules and regulations formulated for a Library

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Revision Exercise 2
1. Explain factors to consider when setting up rules and regulations in an information center
2. Discuss the significance of rules and regulations in an information center
3. Highlight 5 areas that can be covered by the rules and regulations of an academic library.
4. Give the differences between Rules and Regulations

4. FINANCING OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SERVICES

Information centers are not profit-making institutions and therefore require adequate funding
from other external sources. Funding is aimed at improving and maintaining the quality of
information services within an information center.
Reasons for funding information centers
1. Funds are required to maintain the current expenditure and expenses e.g. rent, salaries, power,
and water.
2. To enable the information center to introduce and initiate new services
3. Funds are required for the introduction of new services to the overcharging needs of the users
4. Finance is required to aid in the sustenance of existing services e.g. Current awareness service
(CAS) display and Selective dissemination of information (SDI)
5. Funds are required to support the growth of expansion of the center.
Sources of Revenue
1. Membership/ Subscription Fee
This refers to the money paid by the member of the information center who registered to join and
use the library resources and services.
2. Funds from parent organization
It’s the amount allocated for the book fund from the annual budget of the mother institution
which establishes the library e.g. a government ministry, college, and parastatal organization.
3. Government grants
It refers to the money allocated by the government to improve the library welfare.
4. Private donations
This may be kind or in cash, by an individual or organization. Usually by well-wishers or old
members at a small fee.

5. Sale of publications e.g. newspapers in-house publication

Libraries, mainly academic libraries usually produce small bulletin booklets which are sold to the
members at a small fee.
6. Clarifying for provision of certain services e.g. reprographic services like photocopying
Photocopying services works that need translation etc. and other specialized services are usually
charged to raise some funds for the library.

16
7. Organization of free-based facilities e.g. video shows, film shows
These are usually organized in the library hall and those who want to use these services pay
some small fee.
8. Foreign aid
Foreign friendly governments at times assist the library either in kind or in cash
9. Raffles and completions
10. Hiring of the library hall

BUDGETING
Budgeting refers to the plan of action in terms of cost, they are estimates of what the
management thinks it would cost to execute a function during a specific period. Therefore, they
are estimates of the economic performance of a specific period.
The budget processes
1. Starts by issuing library tasks carried out, supporting services in the different sections or
departments of the library
2. Listing of the expansion programme, and new services in the next financial year
3. Inputs of resources required in the above translated to money units with an allowance for
inflation
4. The budgets of the different units are combined to have one overall budget for the library
which may be presented to the library committee before it is sent to the highest authority of a
particular library for approval.
Factors to Consider When Budgeting
When putting forward a budget proposal for information units and services the following factors
should be considered:
a. Size of information center in terms of collecting, users, staff, and the scale of operation
b. Location and physical services
c. The rising cost of inflation
d. Period cover
e. Assigned amount
f. Purpose of the budget
g. Budgetary policy
h. Ares of crucial importance for the future plans.

Budgeting techniques/ Types of budgets

1. Line item budgeting
2. Lump sum budgeting
3. Performance
4. Formula
5. Zero based budgeting
a. Line item budgeting
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It’s the most common in libraries or information units.
In this type, the expenditure is divided into broad categories such as salaries, wages, books,
periodicals, binding, and stationery, insurance. Each item is assigned a permanent vote and
estimates are required under this vote. At the end of a financial year, money is left in a vote it is
not transferable from one vote to another without express permission.
Advantages
1. Easy to prepare, justify, and understand e.g. in case prices of items books go up by 10% the
authorities would understand the reason for a 10% increase in book allocation
2. This technique ensures that money is allocated for existing known needs
3. Provides a basis for accountability
4. This system nevertheless is concerned with input rather than the output
Disadvantages
1. There is a possibility of overestimating or underestimating
2. In this approach no relationship exists between the request made and the objectives of the
library.
3. It does not take into consideration programmers from the past and present to ensure
continuity
4. Inflexible i.e. money from one item cannot be sniffed to another more easily
5. The authority of the librarian to make decisions regarding the allocation of funds is limited
6. It leaves little room for development.
b. Lump sum budgeting method
In this approach, a certain amount of money is allocated to the library and it’s upon the library
and decides on how the money is going to be allocated to various categories of heads. The library
will therefore itemize important areas of expenditure until all the funds allocated have been
accounted for.
Advantages
1. gives the librarian considerable freedom to allocate, funds
2. Simple to develop especially on the part of allocating the funds
3. It allows for the relationship between objectives and the amount being allocated as funds to be
taken into consideration
4. It is flexible money can be transferred to other items
In addition, both past and present programmers are taken into consideration for effective
continuity.
Disadvantages
1. The amount of money allocated cannot satisfy the current needs
2. This technique may demand a lot of intellectual input or effort for the person doing the actual
budgeting
3. Possibility of personal preference during budgeting
4. If there are no guidelines on resource utilization poor budgeting may lead and resource
wastage
5. Justification may be relatively difficult compared to the line item budgetary
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 c. Formula budgeting
Funds are allocated based on established standards e.g. in an accident library a certain amount is
allocated for every student and teacher. 5% of the total cost of materials set aside for stocking for
every new subject or service introduced an amount of 10,0000 will be used
Advantages
1. The formula based beget is easy to prepare thus no skills are necessary
2. There is a possibility of adequacy of budget allocation in acceptable standards are upheld
3. Gives direction to resource utilization and minimizes resource wastage
4. Minimize personal preferences
Disadvantages
1. It is inflexible i.e. money allocated for an item cannot be easily shifted to other items
2. The person preparing the budget may have no authority to decide on the allocation of funds.
3. Standards are most often outdated
Performance budgeting
This system bases expenditure on the performance of activities and emphasizes efficiency of
operation. It gives justification and description of services to be achieved by a proposed
programmer. This method describes the resource manpower. Equipment or money required to
accomplish programmer objectives during the next financial year.

The budget is arrived at by

1. Selling a library objective
2. Deciding what tasks. activates need to be done to fulfill the objectives
3. Determine what resources are required to carry out the task/ activities /products
4. Finding out what the recourses required and costs
5. Doing the same as above for all the libraries' objective/supporting services
6. Adding together the different costs from the different objectives/programs to have a total
budget for the library
Advantages
1. This is an effective object of control because there is a yardstick, which serves as a measure of
performance
2. The relationship between the request made and objectives is quite evident
3. This type of technique requires a lot of accurate data for precision
Disadvantages
1. More complex technique of budgeting
2. Requires a lot of intellectual effort often difficult to sell ideas of task and performance
oriented functioning managers and employees
3. Disputes normally arise on the criteria and measurements of performance
4. This type of budgeting is prone to fail especially if there is no sound planning system of the
network.
d. Zero-based budgeting

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This budget is consumed from a zero base as it was the first budget ever of the organization
(starting from zero)
Constructing a zero-based budget
1. Identify the basic functions in the information center
2. The organization can be broken down into departments and functions covering the various
units of operation.
3. Set functional goals or objectives goals reference services to facilitate answering questions as
fast as possible.
4. Determine the cost of running each service and make the sub-total for each service
Advantages
1. Zero-based budgeting avoids relying on the provision budgets i.e. weaknesses in the previous
budgets cannot be transferred
2. The budget has a close connection between the budget and the goals
3. Techniques avoid relying on routine procedures because one must start a new
4. Provides a legal basis for expenditure i.e. easy to justify
Disadvantages
1. It is time-consuming and difficult to develop
2. This technique requires frequent fundamental review which is impossible

Importance of budgets
1. Budget serves as an effective management tool because it gives direction for the
implementation of policies. Therefore, is an automatic and regular consideration as well as
evaluation of terms plans
2. Budgets provide frank work for organization and accountability i.e. transparency
3. A budget provides a legal basis for the expenditure of resource
4. A budget enables an organization to minimize or avoid wasteful utilization of resources.
5. To facilitate a comparative evaluation of different functions and programs
6. It avoids duplication of efforts.
Revision question
1. Explain 4 challenges encountered in the preparation of budgets for an information centre
2. Highlight four reasons for budgeting in an information centre
3. Highlight 6 reasons why an information centre should have income generating activities
(12mk)
4. You have been employed as a librarian at NSPSI College. Explain the factors you will
consider when budgeting for your library resources.
Revision Exercise 7
1. Explain 4 challenges encountered in the preparation of budgets for an information centre
2. Highlight four reasons for budgeting in an information centre
3. Highlight 6 reasons why an information centre should have income generating activities
4. You have been employed as a librarian at NSPSI College. Explain the factors you will
consider when budgeting for your library resources.
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 4.0 Reasons for Funding Information Centers
Acquisition
It is a method of locating and acquiring the items that are selected for or identified as appropriate
for collection. Or it’s a process of obtaining informative materials and resources through any
method deemed appropriate e.g. purchase, donation, gifts, and exchanges.

The acquisition process develops a library collection that would support the objectives of the
organization within which it is established.

Acquisition policy refers to a recorded statement highlighting how the acquisition process
should be done.

Methods of Acquisition
Purchasing
These refer to the actual buying of information materials and this method involves the transfer of
ownership based on financial considerations.
Gifts and donations
It refers to a method that involves the transfer of ownership of records and has no financial
consideration. The information center may receive donations or gifts of material from other
sources. These gifts may be solicited or unsolicited the centre may accept unsolicited gifts/
donations conditions for the acceptance of gifts or donations into the collection development
policy. In particular information center should decide Whether all gifts will be accepted
regardless of conditions imposed by the donor, whether gifts/donations will be accepted only if
there are no conditions attached, some donors want their bequest to be published. This is
achieved with a bookplate and the library may like to design or purchase some for inclusion in
the donation item, however, it is important to carefully consider the gifts in the light of the
collection development policy. The inclusion of the donation into the collection must meet the
criteria set out in the policy. If the gifts are not suitable, the collection development policy should
clearly and sensitively state the methods for disposal of unwanted gifts and donations, It is
essential however to ensure that the resources are appropriate to the information needs of the
user group and as such must always be evaluated against the collection development policy.

Gifts and donations should be based on the following factors:

i. The donor must be the legitimate owner of the records
ii. The gift or donations must be very clear, meaning that the donor must state that the records
are being donated and nothing more. The gifts or donations must be received by the receiver
iii. The records must be delivered to the institution being donated to if possible, an agreement to
document the transaction to seal the deal might be necessary.

Legal Deposit
Is the statutory obligation of publishers and distributors to deposit at least one copy of every
publication, free of charge in designated legal deposit libraries.
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Exchanges
Certain materials that cannot be purchased can be acquired through exchange. In such a case it is
necessary to work out on an exchange agreement. The success of an exchange program depends
on the availability of the information materials and the willingness to participate in it.
Membership to Society
Sometimes a library can become a member of a society where it becomes possible to get some
information materials free of charge or at a lower cost e.g. Library Society of Kenya
Challenges faced by an acquisition librarian
1. Inadequate funds
2. Difficulty in locating available resources due to deficiencies in bibliographic control
3. An extensive supply of publications makes choice extremely difficult when funding is limited.
4. Varied user population – varied resources
5. The different formats in which the information is repackaged
6. The cost of resources
7. The speed of supply of information deliverance leads to the obsolescence of information
resources.
Factors affecting Collection development in an information centre
Factors affecting collection development in libraries and other related information centers are:
1. Number of employees consultant and outside and where this individual work.
2. Service level required by various groups. The library must decide how current and how
comprehensive the collection must be to satisfy the research needs of clients there needs to be
determined.
3. Acceptable turnaround times for user’s request
4. Charging back to departments/ clients for rendered
5. Emphasis on journals for current information needs
6. Supplementing the collection with online information resources.
7. Physical working space
8. Need for end users to access information when library staff is not represented.
The collection development planning process, highlighted by the invaluable collection policy
statement provides a means by which the library selects and manages its collection of
information resources. These guidelines are in effect, within which complex decisions are made
with consistent reason, while a special librarian collecting is most often governed consensus
deems collection policies useful as librarian aim to describe their collection in terms of depth and
extent of coverage, types of materials collected, exchange agreements and the many other special
consideration that the information person tends to encounter:

 The number of information users in information centers.

 The users’ level of education and reading abilities.
 Whether you need multiple copies (form lessons).
 Any title you particularly need.
An acquisition process involves Selection, Ordering, Receiving, and processing.

22
 Selection
Refers to a collection development process involving a decision on which material to add to the
stock and what quality with other materials taking into consideration the information user needs.
Selection procedure
 Identification of user needs and verification of what users require.
 Location and availing the selection tools to the users.
 Recording and indicating titles of the material required could be done if you have a
published catalogue, you can tell the various stakeholders to tick the required materials.
Selection tools

 Abstracts
 Accession register
 Book reviews
 Checklist
 Publishers’ guide literature.
Evaluation of selection tools.

Factors considered in the evaluation of selection tools are: Currency, Purpose of the selection
tool, Authoritativeness, Scope, Completeness of the tool, Availability
4.4 Methods of Acquisitions
4.5 challenges in acquisitions
Revision Exercise 5
1. Define the term collection development
2. Explain the significance of the following terms
a) Acquisition b) Weeding c) Conversation and preservation d) Collection assessment
3. Discuss the methods of acquiring the information materials
4. Explain the procedures used when acquiring information materials
5. Discuss the factors affecting the collection development of Libraries

BUILDING FOR VARIOUS INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SERVICES

Introduction
The library building is the first essential ingredient for running and developing a proper library
service. The building attracts many people who can benefit from the library. Hence the planning
of a library building is an important function.
The efficient functioning of a library depends largely upon the interior layout and design of the
building. The architect as well as the librarian must be acquainted with the general principles of
planning library building.
Factors to consider before constructing a library building

23
  A library should be planned for library work
 Every library building should be planned specially for the kind of work to be done and
the community to be served
 The interior arrangement to be planned before the exterior is considered
 The plan should be adapted to probabilities and possibilities of growth architectural effect
 Simplicity of decoration is essential in the writing and reading rooms
 Modern library plans should provide accommodation for readers near the books they
want to use whatever shelving is adopted.
Factors to consider in the design of information center
 The goals and objectives of the information center
 The services provided
 The type of users served
 The furniture and equipment used in the information center
 The storage facilities available
Features of a good library building
a) Flexible- with a layout structures and services that are easy to adopt
b) Compact- for ease of movement of readers, staff, and books
c) Accessible- from the exterior into the building and from the entrance to all parts of a building
d) Extendible- to permit future growth with minimum description
e) Comfortable- to promote efficiency of use
f) Constant in environment- for the preservation of library materials
g) Secure- to control users’ behavior and loss of books
h) Economy – to be built and maintained with minimum resources for both information centre
and staff
There are several factors to be considered when choosing an institution resource. They will range
from the objectives/policies of an institution to;
a) Design
b) Topography
Major factors will be:
1. Site
2. Location
3. Design
4. Accessibility
5. Policies of an organization
6. Types of institution/type of information
1. Site
The site is defined as a place of ground for building. It also takes into account the prevailing
condition that surrounds the ground on which the information center is to be erected or built.
(Longman dictionary)
Assessment should be made to determine its suitability and such conditions include drainage,
attitude, topography industries, and plants of factories surrounding the place. Information centers
house materials resources e.g. journals, periodicals, and nonbook materials like film strips and

24
computers, and all these resources are liable to deterioration if exposed to such environmental
hazards e.g. floods, insects e.g. ants

It is therefore important that the site on which an institutional resource is to be situated should be
free from hazards that may damage the material.

2. Location
The position of institution resources or an information center to other information centers,
publishing firms, urban centers, schools, etc. an information center should be located at a
strategic site so that communication and interaction between the sharing information centers do
acquire their materials from publishing houses these materials must have an effective distribution
system.
Transportation means should therefore be efficient. The Centre should also be located in a region
well served by such services as banks, postal services, hospitals, etc. in general the centre should
be located in a place that is accessible.
3. Accessibility
Information centers are established with the major objective of meeting the user’s needs
satisfactorily. The users should therefore exploit the information resources. It follows then that
the information center should be located within reach of the client. Accessibility, to the
information center, would be improved by establishing the center in a position that shall be
accessed by roads and also should be established in a well-habited place i.e. densely populated
i.e. to ensure that the resources are maximally exploited.

4. Design
The information center to be selected must have purposeful planning with a purpose and be
intentionally built to serve a specific purpose. In designing, and selecting a building to act as an
information center, the following factors must be considered.
i) Size
ii) About the building i.e. departmentalization
iii) Lighting conditions
iv) Ventilation

The building should be sizeable enough to accommodate the material resources and must provide
adequate reading space to the readers.
It is important to consider the size of the number of users and the volume of stock. The building
should be well-lit and well-ventilated for free circulation of air when designing a children’s
library care should be taken on how it is designed especially in pertaining if it’s an archive. The
building should be designed such that the strong room should be strong enough to prevent any
act of theft or burglary.
Archival buildings should also be built in areas free from strong winds. And strong light.
Exposure to buildings to strong light will have some effect on paper and other information
materials.
1. Policies
The policies of a given organization will clearly describe the nature and type of building to be
established or acquired for their stock holding.

25
Many institutions have documented policies e.g. KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting that specify
the type and nature of the building to act as an institutional resource.

Certain standards have been set up by such institutions e.g. IFLA, KLA, etc that given
information centers must meet to qualify as valid information centres.

2. Type of institution/information
The type and the nature of the service offered by a given institution will dictate its design.
Archives e.g. will have a different design from that of a library. This is because of the nature of
the service offered and the materials housed.

It is therefore of great significance to know the type of institution of information required to

select the right building to meet the institutions' services and goals.
5.1 Factors to consider before constructing a library building
5.2 Features of a good library building
5.3 Sitting and locating a library building
5.4 Designing of Library Building
6. Organization of information
LIBRARY (BOOK) CLASSIFICATION
It is the process of determining the main subjects of an item and characteristic and then expressing
them by the most appropriate notation from a classification scheme.
Broad (general) classification is a method of classifying items under the general (main) division
and sub-division of a classification scheme.
Closed (specific) classification is a method of classifying items as specifically as possible using a
minute breakdown into narrower concepts of the classification schemes.
Purpose of Library Classification
1. Facilitate shelving or arrangement of primary documents in a library collection.
2. Facilitate the replacement or re-shelving of documents in their proper places on the
shelves after use.
3. Help in shelving newly acquired documents in their proper places amongst the existing
documents.
4. Facilitate the filing of bibliographic records in systematic files.
5. Facilitate book displays so that users can browse through the shelves.
6. Facilitate the inclusion of bibliographic records or references in printed catalogues or other
retrieval tools.
7. Collocate items that are related by subject.
Collocate – bring together.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
Library classification is a process of arranging documents in a library based on the subject
contents and form of presentation that are assigned class numbers/notations from a classification
scheme.
Advantages of Library Classification
1. Facilitates the evaluation of a library stock as it is possible to find out its weak and strong
subject areas.
2. Facilitate orderly arrangement of documents in a library collection.
3. Enhance book displays that are essential for browsing end users.

26
 4. Facilities the process of stock-taking based on the call numbers assigned to the documents
5. Bibliographic searches by the library staff and users and their compilation is made easier.
6. Saves the time of the library staff and user information retrieval.
7. Makes it possible to rep (re-shelve) items in their proper places on the shelves after uses
8. Helps in shelving new documents in their proper amongst the existing ones on the shelve.
9. Facilitates weeding of the library stock.
10. Ensures compilation of subject bibliographical indexes catalogues and user's suggestion
and borrower stations.
11. Enhances the compilation of a shelf list.
12. It complements cataloging work as it facilitates the creation of call numbers and subject
cataloguing through a chain indexing procedure. The call number helps users of the
catalogue locate the library collection.
Disadvantages Of Library Classification
1. Only one relationship of a subject can be shown even if the work covers more than one
subject. Only one class number can be assigned to a document.
2. Re-classification of documents is necessary as new knowledge and new classes are
created. Reclassification is time-consuming.
3. Classification may generate long and confusing notations that have no meaning to the end
users.
4. Frequently consulted items will give rise to disorders of the classified stock. Such items
are likely to be mis-shelved.
5. It cannot produce all that a user requires at one point as documents may be separated
according to other criteria e.g. reference books may be separated from the general lending
stock.
6. Documents can only be arranged in one based in one order on one class number. This does
not enhance search by title, author, and subject.
7. Only a given part of the items are visible in the classified collection. Those on loan. Left
on the related tables may never be retrieved as they are not reflected on the shelves.

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SUBJECT CONTENT OF A WORK

1. Positive Method
The classifier determines what the author is describing in the document. The classifier aims to
find out the purpose of the work by examining various parts of the book e.g. blurb, preface,
foreword, introduction, and colophon. The purpose of the work forms the basis of the subject of
the item

2. Method Of Appealing to Unity (Rule Of Rejection Or Selection)

The classifier determines what has been said in the book (selected) and what has not been said
(rejected) this is done by thoroughly examining the whole book. What has been selected forms the
basis of the subject of the work?
3. Figure Ground Method
The classifier determines the central figure of the theme of the item by analyzing the whole book.
The theme or central figure becomes the subject of the work.
4. Objective Method
The classifier counts the number of bibliographic references to subjects covered in a document.
The subject with move reference becomes the dominant subject of the work

27
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFYING LIBRARY MATERIALS
Two headings on which the general principles are used to be discussed are:
 Phase relationship
 Rules for classifying library information material
Phase relationship
It’s a relationship between subjects in a multi topic work. Five phase relationships are used to
determine the subject of multi topic works.
1. Influence phase relationship
One subject does influence another. Therefore, if its work is of this phase then it should be
classified as the subject influenced and not the influencing subject. This rule is sometimes
referred to as the “rule of application” It states that an item with an interrelated subject with the
subject that is being acted upon influenced.
Example
i. Influence of French literature on English literature.
This work will be classified as English literature because French literature influences it.
ii. Computer application in book publishing
This work will be classified as book publishing as it is influenced by computer science.
2. Bias phase
The subject is presented from the point of view of those readers whose primary interest is another
field of study. A work of this phase relationship should be classed under the subject biased, not
the subject which is bias.
Example
i. Mathematics for civil engineering
This work will be classed as mathematics’ not civil engineering as mathematics is biased to
civil engineering.
ii. Russian for librarians
This work will be classified in the Russian language, not librarianship because the Russian
language is biased toward librarianship.
3. Tool base phase
One subject is used as a tool for studying, developing, or investigating another subject. Therefore,
a work of this relationship should be classed as the subject should develop or investigate not the
subject used as a tool of study investigation or development
Example
i. The use of mathematics in chemistry
Will be classed in chemistry, not mathematics.
ii. Chemical principle of photography
Will be classed in photography, not chemistry
4. Comparison Phase
If two subjects are compared then class the item at the subject that comes first in the classification
schedules e.g. Botany compared to Zoology all are equally treated the DDC scheme class number
for Zoology is 590 and Botany is 580. Hence it will be classed at 580 which is Botany.
5. Difference phase
A work of this phase will be classified as the subject that comes first in the scheduled examples is
under comparison
Rules for Classifying Library Information Materials

28
 1. Class an item first by subject and then by its form of presentation except in the literature
and general classes where forms of presentation are paramount e.g. dictionaries of
medicine will be classed as medicine not dictionaries because a dictionary is a form of
presentation. However, a book entitled “A Collection of Poems on Law will be classed as
poetry” (literature), not law because literary form is paramount to the subject in the
literature class.
2. If a class on an item of two subjects at the subjects that is dominant or over emphasized it
can be ascertained e.g. a book on geography and history can be classed as history if it is
the most dominant subject.
3. Class an item on three or more subjects that are not subdivisions of a broader class in the
generalities class e.g. a book on philosophy, psychology, religion, and geography will be
classed in the generalities class.
4. Class a document that covers two or more subjects that are all sub-division of a broader
subject under the broader subjects e.g. algebra and callus will be classed at mathematics.
5. Class an item on three subjects that are all sub-division of a boarder subject in the highest
class (board class) number that includes them all, unless one subject is dominant e.g.
algebra, calculus, and trigonometry will be classified at the number for mathematics. This
is called the “rule of three”.
6. Class an item on three or more subjects that are not sub-divisions of a broader. Class under
the generalities class e.g. a book on philosophy, psychology, religion, and geography will
be classed in the generalities class.
METHOD OF CLASSIFYING LIBRARY INFORMATION
Material
Information centers may adopt the following criteria to classifying (arrange) their collections:
 Colour
 Size
 Author
 Subject
 Title
 Nature of information contained in the book e.g. reference books, special collection
 Type of documents e.g. patterns and standard books periodicals
 Extent of use of short loan books.

THEORIES AND FIGURES OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

1. Bibliographical scheme
It is a document created bearing virtually all the universal knowledge it is intended to classify and
which assigns notation for the specific topic covered e.g. DDC (Dewer decimal classification
scheme), SCC ( special classification scheme), and LCC.
2. General (standardized classification scheme)
This is the classification scheme covering the entire subject in the universe of knowledge e.g.
DDC and LCC
3. Special (in-house) classification scheme)
It is a classification scheme that covers one area of knowledge observing a given group of users
e.g. special classification scheme (SCC)
Qualities of a Good Classification Scheme

29
 i. Classification scheme should provide the organization of subjects. This provision
makes it to differentiate between the same subject e.g. Geography of Kenya from
Geography in general.
ii. It should exhaustively cover all the subjects for which it is interrelated to classify. It
should be hospitable to allow all subjects to be included.
iii. It must be systematic and division of knowledge.
iv. Employed terminology that is clear descriptive with consistent to user and classifier.
v. It should be hospitable/up-to-date. must allow for new concepts for the classification
scheme
Features of the bibliography classification scheme
1. Schedule
Describe a list of the main classes, divisions, and sub-divisions of the classification scheme. Each
concept covered in the classification scheme has a notation covered. Volumes ii and iii of the
DCC constitute the schedule.
2. Notations
It is a short head code for the main class. Division, sub-division, and other concepts.
3. Indexes V4 (volume 4)
It is an alphabetical listing of all subjects covered in the classification scheme. An index to a
classification helps in locating and collecting the aspects catered.
4. Table (volume one)
The table could provide a notation that can be added to the class notation to allow for specific
classification of an item e.g. Vol of DDC scheme has a table of 1-7.
5. Form class
It is a class of classification scheme under which items for which form of presentation is
paramount to the subject are classed e.g. the literature class.
6. General class (generation
It is a class of classification scheme that caters for items of general knowledge
Features of a Good Classification Scheme
A good classification scheme must have
1. Schedules – describes a list of the main classes, divisions, and subclasses.
2. Notation – a shorthand code of the main and subclasses covered in the scheme.
3. Index – an alphabetical listing of all subjects covered in the scheme
4. Table – they provide a notation that can be added to the classes.
5. Form class – a class of classification scheme under which items that form a class are
classed.
6. Generation – a class in the classification scheme that caters for items of general
knowledge.
Classification problems
1. Wrong assignment of class numbers in case the classifier is given inaccurate classification
numbers.
2. Lack of guidance of the classification system – the classification system may not be
clearly understood by the users.
3. The classifier may have labeled items inaccurately
4. If the items have worn out illegible labels
NOTATION

30
It is a shorthand code for the main classes, divisions, and other concepts covered in a
classification scheme.
Functions of a notation
 It helps preserve the desired orders of the classification scheme.
 It’s used to create a call number and facilitate shelf arrangement of items.
 It shows the relationship amongst subjects especially when it is a hierarchal notation
 It is used for locating concepts covered in the classification scheme.
 They link index terms contained in the classification scheme and the schedules.
TYPES OF NOTATIONS
Three types of notations are:
1. Pure notations – a notation that uses one set of symbols e.g. Arabic numerals, DDC uses
pure notation.
2. Mixed notation – a notation that uses more than one set symbol i.e. both Arabic numerals
and Roman letters.
3. Hieratical notation – a notation that reflects the structural order of a classification scheme
e.g. DDC is a hierarchal notation.
Other types of notations
1. Expressive notations – it express relationships among coordinate subjects.
2. Faceted notations – it uses facet indicators i.e. colon classification
Qualities of a good notation
 A good notation should pass the following qualities
o It should be easy to use
o It should be hospitable and allow for the inclusion of new concepts
o It should be expressive and show the relationship between classes
o It should be unique so that it cannot be confused with other classification schemes.
i.e. bliss classification scheme
o It should permit for some buildings
o It should have flexible criteria to meet the needs of users.
6.1 Introduction and Definition
6.2 Classification of Information Materials
6.3 Importance of Classification
6.4 LC and DDC
6.5 Cataloguing

OBJECTIVES OF A LIBRARY CATALOGUE

A library catalogue has 3 objectives loaded by somebody called Cutter (1976)
1. To enable a person to find a book of which the author or the title or subject is known.
2. To show what a library has by given subjects or given subjects in a given kind of literature
and assist in the choice of a book.
3. To facilitate the process of information vertical.
4. To collocate related entities in the catalogue
5. To guide users on the items held in a collection through the call number.
6. To save time for the library staff and users.
7. To record titles of documents.
8. To provide cross-reference to users from one entry point to another
FUNCTIONS OF A LIBRARY CATALOGUE
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Locative functions To enable a user to locate an item of which the author, title, or subject is
known
Collocative function to show what items a given library has.
Informative function to enable a user to choose the items he requires and not necessarily browse
through the shelves.
Inventory functions – assist the library staff in their administrative functions like stock–taking
Physical forms of a library catalogue
 It is how the catalogue is presented for use e.g. card catalogue, printed book catalogue etc.
Card catalogue – is a catalogue presented on cards measuring 5*3 inches
Catalogue card – is a single card or bibliographic information about a single document
Heading – it’s a name word or phrase at the top of catalogue entry providing entry or
access point
FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE
They can be grouped into three main categories
Manual catalogue
There is the traditional catalogue that includes card catalogue and printed book catalogue
Semi–mechanized catalogue/ semi-computerized
These catalogues are output on special cards and require a device for recording the data
Computerized catalogue
These catalogues are recorded on computer readable media
There are 5 major physical forms of library catalogue
1. Card catalogue
2. Printed book catalogue (computer book form) catalogue
3. Micro form catalogue
4. Sheaf catalogue
5. Machine readable cataloging firm (MARC)
6. Online Public Access catalogue (OPAC)
MANUAL FORMS OF CATALOGUE
QUALITIES OF A GOOD FORM LIBRARY CATALOGUE
1. An ideal form of library catalogue should be easy to use
2. it is legible and easy to guide.
3. Flexible (easy to keep up – to- date)
4. Able to allow for access for several entries at the same time (ease of scanning)
5. Easy, cheap, and quick to produce into multi–copies
6. Portable
7. Cheap to produce and maintain
8. Compatible with the libraries and other retrieval tools and catalogues used by other
libraries
TYPES OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE
It refers to the system of arrangement of entries in the library catalogue
Catalogue entry is an access point to a bibliographic record under which the record may be
searched or identified.
Entry point/ access point is the name, term, or code under which a bibliographic record may be
searched
TYPES OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE
The main/ chief types of library catalogues are

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 1. The alphabetic catalogues
The entries in the catalogues are alphabetically arranged e.g. Author catalogue subject and
title catalogue.
2. Classed catalogue
The entries are logically arranged according to the notation derived from a classification scheme
used for the shelve arrangement of documents in a library e.g. classified catalogue
3. Alphabetical class catalogue
This is a subject catalogue with major subject divisions arranged alphabetically and subject
subdivisions arranged in classified sequence
The specific types of library catalogue are
1. Author catalogue
A catalogue consisting of bibliographical records names of personnel authors as an access point.
This catalogue consists of author entries arranged alphabetically.
2. Title catalogue
It’s a catalogue consisting of bibliographical records with the title of items as access points. The
catalogue has title entries arranged alphabetically.
3. Author/ title catalogue
It is an author catalogue with added entries for important titles included. The author and title
entries are interrelated into one sequence.
4. Subject catalogues
 Refers to a catalogue consisting of subject entries arranged into a systematic order.
 Refers to a catalogue consisting of bibliographic records with subjects as their access point
5. Dictionary Catalogue
 A catalogue in which entries under authors, titles and subjects are arranged into one
alphabetical sequence.
 Refers to a type of a catalogue that contains entries i.e. Title, author and subject interfiled
together alphabetically.
6. Union catalogue
This a catalogue using the information of more than one literary or a catalogue listing the
collection of more than one library.

7. Divided catalogue
It’s a catalogue in which it is separated into two sequences i.e. author/ title separated from subject
or subject title separated from author depending on the preference of the information centre
3.2.9 The Card Catalogue
This is the most commonly used form of catalogue today and is known to have been in use since
the 1790s in France.
A card catalogue consists of entries on cards usually 5x3 inches in size. Each card holds details
for a single title only. The cards themselves are filed in shallow drawers called catalogue trays
which are in turn housed in catalogue cabinets. Each standard catalogue drawer holds
approximately 1,000 cards. The cards are held securely in their trays by a rod that goes right
through holes at the bottom of the cards. This is principally to prevent the cards from being

33
disarranged in case the drawer is accidentally upset or dropped. It is also meant to prevent or at
least to delay any unauthorized removal of any cards from the drawer.
Advantages of a Card Catalogue
The card catalogue is extremely flexible and both additions and withdrawals can be carried out
easily.
It is very easy to use and can be consulted by several persons at the same time, unlike the book
catalogue.
It can also be easily guided through the use of colour codes to distinguish between different
kinds of information. Other guiding can be easily carried out through the use of cards with raised
tabs.
The card catalogue is easy to produce through the use of mechanical means such as the
monograph duplicator. The computer can also be used to produce the card catalogue.
Disadvantages/weaknesses
The card catalogue is very bulky and has the disadvantage of taking up too much floor space.
Going through single cards for single entries is a much slower process than running the eye
through a page of a book or computer that contains general entries.
It is wasteful to use cards for very brief entries. Note also that it is only one side of the card that
is used.
Several persons wanting to use the same part of the catalogue may experience some
inconvenience. This is especially so when the catalogue is made to grow vertically rather than
horizontally.
A reader cannot consult any part of the catalogue away from the catalogue cabinet whereas the
book catalogue can even be consulted at home. In short, the card catalogue lacks portability.
It can also be laborious to produce cards by individual typing if the number per book is
insufficient to justify mechanical or electrical means of reproduction.
The card catalogue is never produced in multiple copies. This is a weakness in that readers can
only consult it in the designated catalogue area.
The microform catalogue is in two formats namely: Microfilm and Microfiche. A microfilm
catalogue is one on a roll film bearing several micro-images. A microfiche catalogue is one on a
sheet of film bearing a number of micro-images.
Microform catalogues have become popular with the development of what is known as
Computer Output Microform (COM). The more common of the two is the top of each sheet of
fiche eye-readable labels that indicate the sequence of entries covered.
To read the rest of the information on the fiche catalogue, one requires a microfiche reader.
A sheet of fiche will hold entries equivalent to those that can be held by a printed book catalogue
of 96 pages.
Advantages of Fiche Catalogue
The fiche catalogue is quite compact and does not take up a lot of space, unlike the card
catalogue.
It can also be moved about for consultation and does not need to be only in a fixed place. But of
course a fiche reader will be required wherever the catalogue is moved to. The fiche catalogue is
34
cheaper to produce in comparison to the book catalogue. It is also easy to keep up-to-date though
this is only possible through regular issuing of commutations or new editions or even
supplements.
The fiche catalogue is easy to produce in multiple copies.
Disadvantages
It calls for the use of a computer for its production.
It is impossible to use without the microfiche reader. This aspect therefore makes it rather costly.
It is not capable of being used by several persons at the same time.
The fiche catalogue is inflexible in that once it has been printed; it cannot admit additions or
affect withdrawals except through supplements or new editions of the catalogue.
Online (Computer) Catalogue
We have discussed the computer book catalogue. The computer can also be used for the
production of other forms of catalogue such as the card. But in addition to all these, the computer
can be made to hold catalogue details which can be accessed directly by library users. When
library users retrieve catalogue records directly from a computer database, the library is said to
have an online catalogue.
The usual mode of display in an online catalogue is through a computer terminal. In this mode,
individual cataloguing records are retrieved by means of access points or search keys and are
displayed instantly on a monitor or screen. Many of the terminals are accompanied by printers,
which may be used to print out desired items. The records that are the base for an online
catalogue can be stored in a mainframe or minicomputer to which public access terminals are
connected. In either case, it can be said that library users are literally “on line” to the database.
Machine-readable cataloguing (MARC) records from the basic units of an on-line catalogue. For
a catalogue record to be machine readable, it must be input to any computer. Also, in various
elements such as author, title, subject, publisher etc. must be flagged or labeled in such a manner
that, they can be stored, manipulated, and eventually retrieved in all the ways that are appropriate
for technical and reference services in libraries.

Strengths/Advantages of the On-line Catalogue.

Among the many advantages of an on-line catalogue are:
It is easy to construct once the cataloguers have acquired the necessary skills.
The catalogue is more easily up-dated than manual formats. This is because data can be inserted
or withdrawn as appropriate without affecting other data.
An on-line catalogue transforms the whole concept of location as its physical location is less
obvious than that of other formats. Within the library itself, terminals may be dispersed
throughout the various floors, and the “location” of the catalogue depends on the connectivity of
the telecommunications system rather than on the availability of physical space.
The traditional classified and dictionary arrangements are redundant in the context of an on-line
catalogue. The filing rules problems for both libraries and users are greatly lessened in this form
of catalogue.
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Library users have the advantages of instant feedback during retrieval. There is also the
advantage of faster searching in that terms or key words can be combined to define the search
more precisely.
In this form of catalogue, users have more access points than any manual catalogue can offer.
The catalogue offers users remote access in that the users do not have to be physically present in
the library to search in the catalogue.
It is easy and quick to access after a library user has acquired basis instructions on its use.
Many users are able to access the catalogue simultaneously through different computer
terminals.
There is a greater user satisfaction with the on-line catalogue than with other formats.
A library using an on-line catalogue can also access other external online catalogues with the
necessary communication facilities.
An on-line catalogue is not subject to physical wear and tear as are other formats like the card,
book and sheaf catalogues.
An online catalogue can be integrated with other library operations including acquisitions and
circulation. With an integrated system, the user is able to ascertain whether a particular item is
currently available for browsing or borrowing. It is also possible in some integrated systems to
find out whether a certain item is on order.
Disadvantages of the On-line Catalogue
Some of the disadvantages/weaknesses of the on-line catalogue are:
It is expensive to install as a powerful host computer and terminals for users are required. There
is also a great deal of peripheral hardware.
Cataloguers, and to a limited degree, catalogue users need training in computer skills.
The computer is prone to breakdowns just like any other machine.
There is also the problem of power supply such as outages surges.
Also, computers have to be switched off while maintenance and regular tasks like backups are
undertaken. This particular time, library users are inconvenienced unless there is a manual
backup.
If the catalogue serves many multi-site libraries, and as the library’s stock increases, this also
increases the number of entries included. This has the negative effect of lowering the speed of
searching.
The catalogue faces such computer risks as virus attacks which can destroy records.
The catalogue is prone to human errors resulting from mistakes in data entry.
The use of the computer has side effects on the health of the users.
Telecommunication systems used by computers tend to be unreliable.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A TYPE OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE
i. Type of library users
e.g. a school library may only adopt a subject catalogue only whereas a university library may
adopt a title, author, and union catalogue
ii. Type of library catalogue adopted by other operating negotiating libraries
For infirmity and resource sharing it is advised able that for infirmity and resources sharing.

36
 iii. Level of training staff
A library with many unqualified stalls will adopt most of the types of catalogues.
iv. Library cataloging policy
The policy will stipulate/ dictate the type of catalogue to adopt.
v. Availability of funds
Some types of library catalogues are expensive e.g. divided catalogues thus if the library has
inadequate funds it should choose the least expensive.

CATALOGUING CODES
It refers to a set of rules for the guidance of catalogue in preparing entries for the library catalogue
to enter/achieve uniformity in cataloguing work.
FUNCTIONS OF CATALOGUING CODES
1. To assist information centre developed a uniform approach to the cataloging of
information material.
2. To encourage the use of the same cataloging rules so as to facilitate preparation of union
catalogues
3. To facilitate and promote interlibrary lending and cooperative cataloguing.
4. To provide rules to be adopted by any library without the library staff thinking of how to
prepare catalogue entries.
Major cataloging codes
They are:
1. British museum cataloging codes (BM)
2. Jewets rules of 1815
3. Cutter rule of 1876
4. American cataloging rule 1908
5. ALA draft 1981 (American library association)
6. AARR (Anglo- American cataloguing rules
7. AARR 1988
Cataloguing codes should cover rules portraying to the following:
1. Choices and form of main entry heading.
2. Instances when title entries should be made
3. Filing Rules
4. The elements to be included in the bibliographic description e.g. Title, Author and ISBN
5. Rules for limited cataloging
Qualities of good cataloguing codes
It should possess the following features:
1. It must be easy to use
This is to facilitate through provisions of examples for illustrating the rules and clarity of
language.
2. The content must not be offensive
It should not be sexiest or racist.
3. It must be applicable to all types of catalogues in order to achieve consistency and
uniformity.
4. The organization of the rules must be logical moving from general to specific.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUING

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It refers to the aspects of cataloging concerned the bibliographical description of a bibliographic
item and the determination of headings to be represented in the catalogue.
Area of description is a major section of the bibliography description of a catalogue entry
comprising of a set of data elements e.g. Title and statement of representing area, area edition
Chief source of information
The source of bibliographic data to be given performance source from which the bibliographic
data is to be e.g. title page
Half title is a title of publication appearing on a leaf of the title page
International standard book numbers (ISBN) is an internally number that uniquely identifies a
given book.
Parallel title is the title proper in another language recorded in the title and statement of
responsibility area.
Imprint area is an area of description covering search details like place and date of publication
and name of publisher.
Statement of responsibility is a statement extracted from the catalogue relating to the author (s)
of the work.
Areas and Elements of Descriptive Cataloguing
AAR21988 recognize each area and several elements
1.0 Is title of statements of responsibility area
2.0 Edition are
3.0 Type of publication/material
4.0 Publication distribution or imprint area
5.0 Physical description area.
6.0 Series area
7.0 Note area
8.0 Standard number
6.6 Importance of Cataloguing
6.6 Types of Catalogues
Electronic Resources
An e-resource is a material that requires computer mediation to access its content and make it
useful. Both online and offline resources such as CD ROMs fall within the scope of e-resources.
The term e-resource refers to all the products that a library provides through a computer network.
The electronic resources are also known as online information resources covering bibliographic
databases, electronic reference books, search engines for full-text books, and digital collections
of data. They include both “born digital” material which has been produced directly online. For
example journals, databases, and print resources which have been scanned and digitized. The
electronic resources, e-journals, and online databases are not “owned” by the libraries as they
own the print material. Ownership of electronic resources lies with the providers of these
resources. Access to the electronic resources may be free via the Internet or may be available
against a fee. Some of examples of e-resources are magazines, encyclopedias, newspapers,
journals or articles published in them. These may be accessed on Internet-connected devices such
as computers, tablets, smartphones, etc.

Advantages of e-resources
E-Resources have many advantages; some of these are:

38
 1. E-resources may be accessed over the Internet. The users need not physically visit the
library. This is very useful for users who reside in remote and far-flung areas. The users
may download the articles and save them in their PCs.
2. The same resource, i.e., article or journal may be accessed by many users at the same
time.
3. E-resources may be accessed from anywhere, anytime as per the convenience
4. of the users.
5. The users may search a large number of resources in one go through a single search
interface.
6. E-Resources also provide usage statistics which help the library staff in finding out the
usage of the product.
7. Articles/issues of journals appear online before their print version is available.
8. Hypertext format and links of e-resources lead users to related content and articles.
9. Electronic resources have audio, video, and animation content that is not present in print
format.
10. The subscription of e-resources helps libraries in saving space.
8.3.2 Disadvantages of e- resources
1. The readers need to have access to Internet in order to read electronic resources.
2. If a library cancels or stops subscription to an e-journal, it is not certain that the library
will get access to back issues of that journal. Whereas, library having printed material
certainly has back issues of that journal in its possession. In case of e-books too, if a
library stops subscription to e books, it is denied access to the e- book. Whereas the
physical copy once bought always remains in the possession of the library.
3. Use of e- resources entails reading on screen which is tedious and harmful too.
8.3.3 Managing e-resources
The management of e- resources involves the following:
Selection
E-resources may be selected by any of the following methods:
1. Serendipity (finding by chance something which is useful and beneficial) while surfing the
Internet
2. Faculty recommendations
3. Reviewing the electronic journals provided by other libraries
4. Publisher advertisements
Acquisition OF E RESOURCES
A Library acquires print resources for ownership. But for electronic resources, the libraries
simply get license for access rights. Some important activities involved in acquisition of e-
resources are as under:
1. Determining the price
2. Negotiating with the vendor
3. Completing the licensing agreement
4. Allocation of funds
5. Placing the order
6. Verifying if the title is accessible
7. Communicating with the vendor if it is not accessible
8. Processing the invoice for payment
7.5 Digital Repositories

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8. Library Automation

What is library automation?

As computer-based systems have become more pervasive in all aspects of library and
information work, the term library automation has become an umbrella term for many kinds of
applications that are used within the library. More library software is being developed for
automation. When we talk about library software, we mean the software needed for library
housekeeping routines and information retrieval services. It is also termed the “integrated library
system” or “integrated library automation system”. Automated systems are used in a wide variety
of tasks and contexts from circulation control, acquisitions, cataloging to the provision of web
services and electronic databases. Automation is actually a combination of hardware and
software. Both are necessary for the automating system.

Library automation can be defined simply as the use of computer and networking technologies in
the library. Therefore, an automated library is one where a computer system is used to manage
one or several of the library's key functions such as:
 Acquisitions
 accessioning
 Serials control
 Cataloguing
 Ordering and acquisition
 Registration of users
 Circulation and the public access catalog
 In addition to the use of computers in library key functions, an automated library also
supports:
 Use of electronic resources within the library (e.g. CD-ROMs
 Access to remote electronic resources (e.g. the Internet, e-journals, e-books)
 Office automation (e.g. word processing, spreadsheets, databases, etc
 Patron services (e.g. computer laboratory, multimedia center)
Importance of library automation
Library automation is beneficial to students, librarians, faculty members, administrators and for
various reasons.
For students, the library is part of their experience in an institution. It should be automated to
permit the students to be excited about finding and using materials that enhance their studies.
Libraries that have automated their services report that students actually check out more items
after automation than they did before automation because searches are easy and quick for
students. Another reason is that links to other materials via subject headings and authors enable
the students to go to other items of interest with one or two clicks of the mouse. An automated
system ensures that searches are sorted instantly by author’s names, title, copyright year and
other ways with a single mouse click also.

40
More important, though, is that electronic access to the catalog data describing library items
gives many more points of access for finding materials because summaries, notes and keywords
are indexed searches. Many sophisticated systems index keywords automatically from words
within titles, subject headings, notes and summary fields. Excluded from the list are articles,
prepositions and conjunctions; but all other terms are automatically indexed and accessible
through searches. Search strategies range from basic to complex, allowing experienced users to
move to more specific searches. To summarize in a few words how automation in the library
affects students, an automated library is seen as vibrant and alive. Automation can make the
library an awesome place.

Librarians appreciate automation because of its ease of use and also to obtain increased
operational efficiencies. E.g. Items can be cataloged using Vendor-supplied catalog records. The
Internet provides a vehicle for using electronic search of massive databases and adding
professional cataloging into the library database with the scan of a barcode and/or with very few
keystrokes. Librarians can circulate items with ease and have an accurate account for each
student’s activities. Hosting the library to the Web, for access wherever users have access to a
Web browser, is a wonderful benefit occurs for little cost and with practically no additional work
for the librarian. Networked library software provides for access in each classroom if so desired,
as well as via the Web for access to the contents of the library beyond the institution’s walls. The
cost of automating the library is less expensive than maintaining a traditional card catalog. The
cost of the expensive cabinet in which the processed catalog cards are stored, the cost of cards,
and the time of filing such cards, automation is cost-effective in the long term. Additionally,
library automation is easier than the maintenance of a card catalog and provides many more
access points to the information than the traditional cards arrangement can provide. An online
catalog makes the printing, filing and expense of cards obsolete. Also, librarians can involve
themselves with users in more meaningful ways because time spent in maintaining a catalog is
saved when automation is implemented. Interaction with students is enhanced when the library is
automated in that automation relieves professional staff from clerical chores so that they are
available for user-oriented services- Book renewals, reservations, patrons can do it on their own.

Other reasons for automating libraries are:

Improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of services,-No retrieval of filed cards and the
system displays at one point all borrower details, No incidences of misfiling
Improve access to remote users and other stakeholders, e.g., the general public,- Remote access
to library catalogue & resources
Improve access to resources on other networks and systems, including the Web
Provide new services not hitherto possible- Automatic overdue reminders, email alerts, RSS
feeds, Online referencing, Online renewals, reservations
Improve the management of their physical and financial resources,-Utilization of paper, manila is
minimized as all data is supported by the computer-patron cards, book pockets,
Facilitate wider access to information for their clients- E-resources, Internet, OPAC,

41
Facilitate wider dissemination of their information products and services,
Enable their participation in resource-sharing, library networks; -OCLC-shared cataloguing
services
Enable rapid communication with other libraries (including outreach libraries) and professional
peers
Administrators with a well-organized automated library have an added advantage when
competing for students. Reports can be generated on time. Specific information is readily
available for planning and budget purposes. Benefactors are able to respond to specific requests
when needs are identified with respect to library holdings. Accreditation requirements are more
easily met when the library is automated. Reports can be generated to support accreditation goals
and outcomes.

REQUIREMENTS FOR LIBRARY AUTOMATION

In order to automate a library or record center, the following are key requirements:
Hardware: The physical equipment’s: computers, networking, cables, back ups, communication
devices e.g modems, routers,
Software: These are the applications or systems required including the operating software,
library / record center software, office application
Human resource: administrators, system engineers, archivists, database managers, technical
personnel
Networking technologies: Local area networks, wide area networks,
Standards: MARC, Z39.50
Basic Hardware / Software Aspects
Library automation requires the use of both software and hardware. Software is the term used to
describe the types of programs or sets of instructions which enable the computer system to carry
out the necessary processing whereas hardware refers to the physical components of a computer
system. In addition to hardware and software, the human aspect is crucial as they operate the
systems.
Basic software Aspects
The list of instructions given to a computer telling it how to perform a particular task is known as
a program. An instruction consists of a code to indicate which operation is to be performed. e.g.
binary digits- 0 or 1 may be used to indicate which operation is to be performed. Computers can
easily understand these binary or machine code instructions but not easy for humans. These are
known as assembly language instructions. Examples of such languages are C++, COBOL,
FORTRAN, Basic, and Pascal among others. Programming languages are written to enable
people to communicate instructions to a computer.
Operating system (OS)

An OS is a set of master programs that supervises the running of all other programs through the
computer system. The operating system also controls the input from and output to the
peripherals, compilation of programs, allocation of disk storage, security aspects and error

42
handling among others. The capabilities of an OS determine how a computer is used for example
if an OS is very simple, it may allow only one program to be run, read or compiled at a time.
Other operating systems allow multitasking.
Barcodes
Usually common and incorporated in many circulations control systems. The label consists of a
series of thick and thin lines so that when a light sensitive device or pen is passed over the label
the pattern of lines is detected electronically. Information materials have a bar-coded number
printed on them. There are over 40 different systems of barcodes each one using different bar
pattern for the symbols.
Touch sensitive screens
These allow users to point directly at for instance a menu on a screen in order to choose a
particular option.
Scanners
The general technique of generating the appropriate code by a device which can read a character
is known as OCR or optical character recognition. Some OCR readers can read a whole printed
page in a variety of fonts. Others known as microfilm OCR or CIM (Computer Input Microfilm)
can read microfilmed images. Some libraries use OCR page readers or CIM for the retrospective
conversion of their catalogues.
Output Devices
The output unit provides the means by which the computer can communicate with the outside
world mainly achieved by displaying information on the screen although there are instances
when printed output is necessary.
Screen
The screen monitor VDU-Visual Display Unit is a television like device which is used to display
characters and possibly graphics and other images. The number of dots, picture elements on a
screen is a measure known as resolution which is used do describe the screen.
Printers
Most of the microcomputers used an impact printer such as dot matrix, daisy wheel. Laser
printers have become more popular as printing devices attached to microcomputers.
Human Aspect in Automation
Any phase of automation involves interaction between the agencies and individuals who play a
role in the automation project. The human element is the difference between implementing an
automated system and simply installing one. Agencies and individuals that the library interacts
with during implementation of an automated system include:
Library staff
Vendors
Library users
ICT personnel
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Functions automated in the library
8.2 Importance of automation

43
 8.3 Requirement for automation
8.4 Factors Considered Before Automation
The course assessment shall comprise of the continuous assessment tests (CATs) and the end of
semester examination as follows:
1. The continuous assessment tests shall include a variety of evaluation modes such as; class
presentations, written assignments and sit-in tests among others. The CATs will account for 30%
of the total score for the course.
2. A two-hour end of semester examination will account

MODEL PAPER1
ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS. QUESTION ONE IS COMPULSORY
1.During stock taking exercise in the library the rate at which books were borrowed was used as
the criterion for collection development .the following figures indicate the rate at which books
were borrowed within a given period.
Conned books 102 times.
Chemistry books 20 times
Biological books time. 25
Physic books 15 times
Psychology books 15 times
English books 150 times
Environment books 70 times
A) Draw a bar graph depicting the information given above.(9marks)
B) Suggests three reason for the reduced borrowing a science books in the library
(6marks)
2 highlight three main characteristics of the materials resources
Give an appropriate example for each source
i. Annuals
ii. Realia
iii. Serials
3 a) highlight any six type role played by Abstracts in an information center. (9marks)
C) Highlight any three qualities of good abstract(6marks)
4 highlight six type of information found in a directory (3marks)
b) State four problems which may occur when untrained staff is allowed to acquire and provide
services to the users in a library. (12marks)
5 lists five type of information found in the Kenya gazette.
b)Explain there reasons on why official publication are not easy available to information users
(6marks)
C) Discuss four roles played by statically sources in a given environment. (4marks)
MODEL PAPER 2
ANSWER ANY THREE IS QUESTION
QUESTION IS COMPULSORY
1 a) state THREE characteristics feature of the following materials resource.

44
 i. Bibliographies sources
ii. Geographical sources
iii. Statistical (12makrs)
iv. b)Highlight four circumstances under which library may acquire Non- Print materials
(8marks)
2 a) explain five limitations to be encountered in the user of computer in circulating print
sources in public library.(10marks)
B ) Describe five criteria used to distinguish an archive and a library.(10makrs)
3 a) Highlight five element that distinguish an archive and library. (10marks)
B) Highlight five factor to be considered when identifying where to locate an archives
building. (10marks)
4 highlight six problem users will face in the absence tools in an archival institution.
(12marks)
b) Highlight four users of abstracts in the dissemination of information. (12marks)
5 explain five reasons why an information center should have an acquisition policy
(10marks)
B) Explain five weaknesses of a general bibliography as a selection tool.(10marks)
MODEL PAPER 3
1 a) Highlight four type of retrieval tools found an archive (8marks)
b) Highlight six duties performed by each of the information personnel in archives
i) Archivists
ii) Records Manager
2 Describe the procure you would adopt when using an encyclopedia to retrieve given
information. ((12marks)
b) Highlight four characteristics / feature of bibliographic sources.(8marks)
3 Highlight six problems users will face in absence of access tools the library collection
(12marks)
b) Explain four uses of access tools in an information center.(8marks)
4 Describe the procedure you would adopt when preparing a given access tool (12marks)
b) Highlight four uses of abstracts in the dissemination of information (8marks)
5 you have been appointed to compile a publisher Directory
a .Explain four sources of information that would use in compiling the directory.(8marks)
b. Highlight six element you would include in this directory.(12marks)
c. Describe the procedure for compiling this directory.(12marks)
6 Explain six problems that face the information personnel’s when acquiring materials
published in Kenya.(12marks)
MODEL PAPER 4
1 highlight five factors that should be considered when identifying where to locate an archive
building (10marks)
b) Highlight five sources of materials information resource for library.(10marks)
2) a Highlight five criteria used in acquiring archives materials (10marks)
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b) Explain five factors that should be considered when determining the authoritativeness
(10maks)
3) Highlight FOUR reason of information that will help you when indentifying materials
information resources. (8marks)
b) Highlight six criteria used in selecting the location of institutional resources (12marks)
4) Highlight four type of archives personnel and give one duty of each. (8marks)
b) Highlight six roles of the information personnel. (12marks)
5) Explain four ways adopted in dissemination in an information center (8marks)
b) Explain six problems that are likely to face an information center without qualified
information personnel. (6marks)
Revision Questions
1. Highlight four purposes of catalogue in an information centre
 Informative functions
 Collective functions
 Inventory functions
 Locative functions
2. Explain six problems users will experience in the absence of a library catalogue
 A user will consume a lot of time browsing through the shelves in order to retrieve an
information material.
 A user will not know the items a library contains
 A user will not know the author, title or subject of an information materiel he/she is
searching for
 A user must browse through the shelves to make the choices of items he/ she wants in
library
3. Explain four ways in which a library catalogue facilitates the process of
information retrieval
 If collocates information materials to show what items are given in library.
 It locates information materials to enable a user to locate an item of which the author, title
or subject is known.
 It provides information functions to enable a user make a choice of items he requires and
necessary browse through the shelves.
 It provides inventory function to assist the library staff in their administrative function
like stock –taking
4. Explain three qualities of a library catalogue
 Should be easy to use
 Should be legible and easy to guide
 Should be flexible
 Should be compact ( to occupy less floor space)
 Easy and quick to produce into Mult – copies
 Compatible to be used alongside other libraries for resource sharing.
5. With respect to information retrieval material explain five disadvantages of card
catalogue
 Multi access is not achieve if the same access point is used
 Scanning of several entities is not possible because each entry is on a separate card

46
 They are bulky
 It creates a lot of work when interfiling inter catalogue entries
 It`s wasteful to use cards for items with loss bibliography details
 Drawer cabinets occupy a lot of floor space.
 One user can monopolize the catalogue especially where there is one entry
6. Explain six qualities of a good form of library catalogue
 An ideal form of library catalogue should be easy to use
 Its legible and easy to guide.
 Flexible (easy to keep up – to- date)
 Able to allow for access for several entries at the same time (ease of scanning)
 Easy, cheap and quick to produce into multi – copies Portable
 Cheap to produce and maintain
 Compatible with the libraries other retrieval tools and catalogues used by other libraries.
7. Highlight ten factors to consider when choosing form of library catalogue
 Ease of use
 Ability to keep up – to – date
 Ability to scan entities
 Reproduction into multicopies
 Portability
 Space economy
 Environmental appropriateness
 Economy of production and maintenance
8. Explain 6 advantages of online public access catalogue (OPAC)
 It is easy to access after the users has acquired basic skill
 Many users are able to access the catalogue simultaneously
 It is easy to construct once the cataloguers have acquired basic skill
 Facilitates management of library management system especially if libraries are using the
same catalogue
 It can be used along with computerized system to facilitate acquisition selection and
ordering

9. Explain 6 disadvantages of OPAC

 Expensive to install and maintain
 Catalogue prove to human errors resulting to data entry
 It is very sensitive to spelling mistakes
 It needs a manual back – up if the computer is switched off for maintenance purpose. This
posse a lot of work
 The computer is power dependent
 Being a machine it is also prone to mechanical boredom
 The computer is also prone to security risks e.g. virus attacks
10. Highlight 4 uses of a subject catalogue
 Used to locate an information material of which the subject is known
 It is used to show the subjects in which a given information centre has
 It enables the user to chose the subject item he requires and not necessarily browse
through the selves
11. Explain six advantages of classified catalogue over a dictionary catalogue

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  Classified catalogue is easy to use as it consist of entries derived from a classification
unlike the dictionary catalogue which consist of all entries like subject, title an author
which is complicated to the users
12. Highlight 6 disadvantages of alphabetical catalogue over classified catalogues
13. Explain 6 features of a classified catalogue
 It`s entries are derived from a classification scheme
 Classified catalogue uses a notation
14. Explain 5 factors to consider when choosing a type of library catalogue
I. Type of library users
e.g. a school library may only adopt a subject catalogue only whereas a university library may
adopt title, author and union catalogue
II. Type of library catalogue adopted by other operating negotiating libraries
For the purpose of infirmity and resource sharing it is advice able that for the purpose of infirmity
and resources sharing.
III. Level of training staff
A library with many unqualified stall will adopt most of the type of catalogue.
IV. Library cataloging policy
The policy will stipulate/ dictate the type of catalogue to adopt.
V. Availability of funds
Some types of library catalogues are expensive e.g. divided catalogue thus if the library has
inadequate funds it should choose the least expensive.
15. Differentiate between a type of a library catalogue and the physical forms of a
library catalogue
 Type of library catalogue refers to the system of arrangement of the entries in the library
catalogue while physical forms of a library catalogue refers to the manner in which
catalogue is presented for use.

16. Explain 6 problem libraries would face if they do not adopt to standard
cataloging codes
 Libraries will not achieve uniformity and consistency in cataloguing work
 Preparation of union catalogue will not be facilitated.
 Resource sharing among networked libraries will not be facilitated
 Libraries without standard cataloging consumes a lot of time in preparing catalogues
17. Highlight 4 factors that led to the development of cataloguing codes
18. Highlight qualities of a good cataloging codes
 It must be easy to use
 The content must not be offensive
 It should not be sexiest or racist.
 It must be applicable to all types of catalogues in order to achieve consistency and
uniformity.
 The organization of the rules must be logical moving from general to specific.
19. Explain 8 factors to considered before deciding which level of description to
adopt
20. Highlight 6 chief sources of information for printed book
21. Explain 4 types of catalogue entries
22. Discuss 5 importance of description cataloguing

48
23. Explain the importance of the following bibliographic details in a book
a. Title
b. Edition
c. Place of publication
d. Date of publication
e. Statement of responsibility
f. Illustration statement
g. Dimensions
24. Define the term technical reading

25. A certain book by title Business Accounting was authored by Frank wood and
Alan spencer, published in Brimighan England by person education limited it
appears in 9th edition which was published in 1989 and It contains index and
bibliography and its illustrated with some pages having colored illustrations. It
contains preliminary page xii 967 pages ISBN 027369341075 ( prepare a title
catalogue)
Title: B/AC Author: FW/ AS place of publication: Brimagham England publishers:
person education LTD edition 9th ed: 1989 other features – index and bibliography –
illustration: same caoloured preliminary page i-x page 1-967 ISBNO 273669341075

26. State the importance of descriptive cataloguing

 Facilitates identification of item in a library collection since bibliographic details are
entered.
 Provide access to library collection by title.
 Act as a back-up to the accesses register.
 Enable a user to survey work by the same author.
 Facilitate the identification and location of items written by given author.
27. Highlight 6 reasons why most information centers do not provide indexing
services
28. List three areas where a call number appears in a book
 Spine
 Pocket of a book
 Verse page
 Author
29. State four use of a call number
 It is used for classifying an information material
 It enhances shelf arrangement of documents
 It is used to collect items that are related by subject
 It shows the location of an information material in a library collection
30. Highlight four functions of cataloging codes
 To assist information centre developed a uniform approach to the cataloging of
information material.
 To encourage the use of the same cataloging rules so as to facilitate preparation of union
catalogues
 To facilitate and promote interlibrary lending and cooperative cataloguing.

49
 To provide rules to be adopted by any library without the library staff thinking of how to
prepare catalogue entries.
31. Highlight 6 major cataloging codes
 British museum cataloging codes (BM)
 Jewets rules of 1815
 Cutter rule of 1876
 American cataloging rule 1908
 ALA draft 1981 (American library association)
 AARR ( Anglo- American cataloguing rules
 AARR 1988
32. Steps of accessioning
 Preliminary sorting
 Pre- coding
 Competition of the accession register
 Counter checking the accession register
 Inspection repots
33. State reasons for filing catalogue cards in a library
34. Highlight 6 features that are common in all classification schemes
 They all have schedule
 They are using notations
 They all have index
 They all have form class
 They are all arranged systematically
35. State 3 types of information which form an imprint of a book
 Name of publisher
 Date of publication
 Place of publication
36. List 3 forms in which a computer catalogue may be produced
 Manuals- card catalogues
 Computerized – online catalogue
 Semi computerized
37. State three technique of producing catalogue cards in an information centre
 Hand written method
 Typewritten
 Spirit duplication
 Stencil
 Off – set litho
38. List four technical elements of a library catalogue
39. State three filling system that may be used in filling catalogue cards in an
information centre
40. List four elements that should be include in the accessions register of an
information centre
 Provenance of the record
 Date records were revised
 Contents of information material
 Formats of information material

50
 Remars – to indicate any special feature of the record whether are the normal, ;loan or
donation
41. Explain four kinds of catalogue entries
 Main entries
 Added entries
 Cross reference
 Anacalythic entries
42. Explain 6 advantages of free text searching
43. Under what 5 circumstances is natural indexing language suitable
44. Highlight 6 qualities of a good indexing language
 It must be able to keep up – to – date.
 It must be able to represent the document with the user’s interest
 It must provide degree of details, accuracy and competitiveness needed
 It must be clearly and adequately described and ensure consistency in its operation

45. Highlight 6 differences between natural and artificial indexing language

 In natural indexing language assignment of terms is done by the computer while artificial
indexing is done by the indexer.
 In natural indexing language level of false drop is high while in artificial indexing
language level of false drop is low.
 In natural indexing language syndetic device is not used while artificial indexing
language syndetic devise is used
 Natural indexing is up – to- date - while artificial is not up to date
 Natural indexing language level of consistence if low while in artificial indexing is low
 In natural indexing level of retrieval is low while in artificial its high
46. Explain 4 uses of vocabulary control in an indexing system
 Control synonyms by exercising use of reference or use of instructions and different
descriptive to shoe the accepted terms to be used by the indexer.
 Homophones are used to find the meaning of words with the same spelling
 For related term scattered in the index see also ( BT) NT and RT) are used to give the
accurate and exact word to be used by the indexer.
 For all rejected terms used for see reference is used to show the accepted term to be used
by indexer
47. Comparison between natural and artificial indexing language
48. Purpose of an index
 To identify and locate relevant information within documents being indexed.
 To analyze concepts produced in a work so as to produce series of heading based on its
terminologies.
 To indicate, relationships between the concept or items.
 To group together information on subjects this is scattered by the arrangements of
documents or library collection.
 To arrange entire into a systematic and helpful order.
49. Factors to consider in the choice of an indexing language
 The users of the information unit in terms of their information need and inquires
 The information units retrieval tools and information service offered
 The staff available in terms of their number, level of training and experience

51
  Financial resource available
 The kind and quality of information or documents to be processed
 The language used by other information units of the same kind
50. Qualities of a good indexing language
 It must be able to represent the document within the user’s interest.
 It must be able to keep up to date
 It must be clearly and adequately described to ensure consistency in its application
 It must provide the degree of detail, accuracy and comprehensiveness needed
51. Advantages of artificial indexing language
 It promotes consistency in indexing and searching a terms are chosen from a controlled
vocabulary.
 It eases the burden of searching under different terms as index terms are controlled
 Though use of syndetic device it displays related terms therefore promoting records
 It overcomes false drops by covering homographs
 It enables retrieval of documents whose topics are not represented by terms.
52. Disadvantages of artificial indexing language
 It lacks specificity for the control terms
 Its intellectually involving the indexer who has to translate the authors words into the
controlled vocabulary
 Wrong assignment of index terms due to misinterpretation may arise
 The control vocabulary tools are usually up to date
 The searcher must learn different terms that not be familiar to him/ her
 It lacks exhaustively as some terms may not be omitted by the controlled vocabulary
 If different vocabulary control list are used it happens exchange of information amongst
information centre due to their incomparability.
 Homographs- are words with same spelling by different meaning e.g. mouse- rodent and
mouse – computer device
NB
Vocabulary control in artificial indexing language
 It is exercised or using syndetic device as described here
i) Control of synonyms or variant ward form.
 Its exercised through SEE reference or USE instructions e.g. Footpaths See: trails
Labor See: labour
 In the above example the underlined words are Descriptors
 Those in bold e g use and see are sydetic or cross reference
 While those not underlined are non – descriptors this means the underline words are the
one accepted for use as index terms or search terms.
ii) Homographs are controlled by use of enclosed in parenthesis e.g.
Pitch ( foot-ball) mouse – rodent
Pitch (music)
Pitch valley, slope)
The purposes of qualifying homographs is to show the context in which they are appred
iii) For related terms scattered in the index
SEE ALSO references or broader term (BT) or Narrow term (NT) and related terms (RT) are
used.
Examples

52
  Disaster SEE ALSO Accident, earthquakes, fire
 Disabled (NT) (Blind)
 Blind (BT) Disabled
 Cattle (RT) hides
The BT, NT and RT are syndetic device that are used to enhance searching in indexing terms
53. With respect to retrieval of information highlight the step involved in the
indexing process
 Deciding on the indexable matter.
 Familiarize (technical reading) of the documents to be indexed
 Identify the indexiable concepts/ analysis of the document
 Translating the idexable term into an accepting indexing language
 Recording the index able term as a searcher medium
 Arranging index entries into logical manner
 Editing the index entries by correcting error
54. Explain 4 indexing matters and indexer is likely to make during the indexing
proces
55. Under what circumstance will a library prefer using a general classification
scheme to a special classification scheme
56. Highlight 6 factors that should be taken into consideration by indexer when
deciding an essential index able matter for a printed book (12mks)
 Depth to which indexing should be done
 The level of generity and specificity in which the concepts is to be represented.
 Indexer should ensure that the indexing is done to meet the users inquires
 Indexer should plan on how to control the index vocabulary
 Design the structure of the index entries
 Ensure that consistency will be achieved in indexing
57. What items may be considered for inclusion in a newspaper index (3mrks)
 Title
 Type of newspaper
 Page
 Date
58. Under what circumstance is a classification scheme considered special
 When a given form of presentation (fiction) is organized
 In case the special information services is organized
 When the item used relate while organizing
 When organizing a certain form of library material
 In case one conventional subject area is organized
59. Explain 6 reasons why a special classification scheme (scc) may be used instead
of a general classification scheme
 General is not detailed while special is more detailed because it covers only one are of
knowledge
 SCC does not take a longer time to be revised, unlike general CS
 Notation derive is likely to be shot unlike in general which have longer notation
 Filing schedule helpful to users is given in SCS
 Flexible citation order can be built in the scheme unlike in general C-scheme
60. Highlight 5 short comings of special classification schemes

53
  Construction of the scheme is a complex job that required a professional classifier
 The scheme can be outdated if not revised
 They don’t derive the benefit of centralized cataloging because centralized cataloging
uses DCC/LCC
 It is expensive as professional classifier has to be employed
 SCC may pose problems to the users
61. Explain 6 reason for the use of LCC scheme by all the university library in
Kenya
 The notation is short and hospitable
 The notation is good for sheet arrangement
 Its up to date as it is continuously revised
 It’s based on a literary warrant
 It saves time of a classifier because it has limited notation synthesis
 It’s good for standardization and resource sharing
62. Highlight merits and demerits of LCC scheme
Merits / advantages
 It’s up to date as it is continuously revised
 The notation is brief and university accepted
 It has a sound financial maintenance and revision program
 Each schedule represent a given subject hence LCC can be used in a special library.
 It is based on a literary warrant. Most of the collection in LCC is similar to those ones on
an academic library.
 It is good for standardization and resource sharing in MARC,CIP
 It is suitable for shelf arrangement of documents
 It has limited notational synthesis, this saves the time of the classifiers
 Re – classification is minimized due to the few structural changes made to the schemes
Demerits / disadvantages
 It has an American brasnes in coverage and terminology
 Alphabetical arrangements are always used instead of logical hierachie
 It’s difficult to use because of many volumes since it lacks a common index it lacks a
common index, auxiliary table like in DDC
 It has no a bridged edition of the scheme and small library wishing to use LCC must buy
all the 45 volumes
 The mixed notations makes it difficult to remember a combination of the numerals and
letters
63. Explain 5 advantage of special classification schemes
 A flexible citation order can be build in the scheme
 Notation derived is likely to be short
 A filing schedule lawful and users is given
 Separate view point of particular subject is catered for
 It provides a detailed specification of complex subjects hence closed classification is
achieved
64. With respect to information retrieval explain 4 advantages of the LCC scheme
notation
 It’s up to date as it is continuously revised
 The notation is brief and university accepted

54
  It has a sound financial maintenance and revision program
 Each schedule represent a given subject hence LCC can be used in a special library.
 It is based on a literary warrant. Most of the collection in LCC is similar to those ones on
an academic library.
 It is good for standardization and resource sharing in MARC,CIP
 It is suitable for shelf arrangement of documents
 It has limited notational synthesis, this saves the time of the classifiers
 Re – classification is minimized due to the few structural changes made to the schemes
65. Outline the first main 8 classes of the LCC scheme
A- General work
B- Philosophy. Psychology, religion
C- Auxiliary sciences of history
D- History general and old world
E- F - history America
G- Geography
H- Social science
I- Political science
66. Highlight 6 features of LCC scheme
 It is based on literary warrant
 Its highly enumerative
 It covers mainly social sciences
 Good for shelf arrangement and retrieval of information material
 It covers subjects in the universe of Knowledge

CORE READING MATERIALS

Aina, R.F. (2011). Foundation of Information Studies. Lagos: Emaphine

Reprographics Ltd.

Kawatra, P. S. (2011). Textbook of Information Science. New Delhi: A.

P. H. Publishing .

Ode, E. O. & Omokaro, D. A. (2007). Basic Principles and Practice of

Librarianship. PSG-Franc Publications.

Further Reading References

Baikady MR, & Mudhol MV. (2013). Computer literacy and use of web resources: A
survey on medical faculty and students. International Journal of Information
Dissemination and Technology. 2013;3(1): 27-32.

Ode, E. O. & Omokaro, D. A. (2007). Basic Principles and Practice of

Librarianship. PSG-Franc Publications.

Stefan Collini (2006). Absent Minds. Intellectuals in Britain, Oxford

55
Dupre, Louis (2004) The Enlightenment & the Intellectual Foundations
of Modern Culture.

Kawatra, P. S. (2011). Textbook of Information Science. New Delhi: A.

P. H. Publishing .

Dale, W. Jorgenson & Kevin J. Stiroh, (1999). Information Technology

and Growth.

George, J. Stigler. (1961). The Economics of Information.

Aina, R. F. & Omeluzor, S. U. (2008). User Education Library Services

in Selected Private Universities in Nigeria in International
Review of Politics and Development, Vol 6. Special Issue.

Ode, E. O. & Omokaro, D. A. (2007). Basic Principles and Practice of

Librarianship. PSG-Franc Publications.

Aina, R.F. (2011). Foundation of Information Studies. Lagos: Emaphine

Reprographics Ltd.

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