10th English Notes

Unit No 1 Simplicity and Humality of Hazrat Muhammad SAW

Word Meaning Synonyms Urdu

A habit, attitude, etc., that has existed for a long time Embedded, deep-seated, ‫خر‬،‫خ جڑخ ہ‬،‫خسار گہ‬،
Ingrained
and is difficult to change. entrenched ‫تخپہ‬

Wealthy, prosperous,
Affluent Having a lot of money and a good standard of living. ‫نمتلور خیما‬، ‫لاحشور‬
rich

Destitute, needy,
Impoverished Very poor; without money. ‫ا رر یسلفر للگشو‬،
penniless

‫دیموہر یمہیب خللور‬

Creed A set of principles or religious beliefs. Doctrine, faith, ideology
‫رانہ‬

Glorification, idolization,
Deification Treatment or worship of somebody as a god. ‫وخابر خنلہ پ لشر تاسمپ‬
divinization

Flawless, perfect, ‫ے دمرر نشالخ ر‬

Impeccable Without mistakes or faults.
unblemished ‫ے طش‬

Satisfy, fulfill, be ‫خ‬،‫ شر تل‬،‫ شر یف ہ‬،‫لشاب ہ‬

Suffice To be enough for somebody/something.
adequate ‫لا ش‬

To try to do something as well as somebody else ،‫ین لا شر یاش ہ خ ممش‬

Emulated Imitate, copy, mimic
because you admire them. ‫ن لا ش‬،‫لا شر تما‬

A person who is a member of the same Companion, associate,

Comrades ‫امفر ہیاخہن‬، ‫سش ھنر‬
political/religious party as the person speaking. ally

Babyhood, childhood, ‫ربر خیموخاب‬،‫ینپچر اما لخ‬

Infancy The time when a child is a baby or very young.
early years ‫دتا‬

Showiness,
An exaggerated display of wealth, knowledge, or skill ‫ اللپر‬، ‫خر اش‬،‫دھخ‬
Ostentation extravagance,
to impress people. ‫ٹ‬،‫یلش‬
pretension

An unfriendly attitude towards other people because

Haughtiness Arrogance, pride, conceit ‫ر ربار خل‬،،‫ا‬،
you think you are better than them.

Waste, misuse, throw ‫شاض لا شر اولو ا ب‬

Squander To waste money, time, etc.
away ‫لا ش‬

A woman who breastfeeds and cares for another’s Caregiver, nanny, foster ‫ شر‬، ‫خنب‬، ‫ ھ تلش ے‬،
Wet nurse
child; a foster mother. mother ‫ شدب یشں‬،

Humility

Synonyms Modesty ‫( یزجاع‬Aajizi)

Meekness ‫( یراسزنع‬Inkisari)

Gentleness ‫( رمرع‬Narmi)

Respectfulness ‫( حارتحا‬Ehtiram)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 1

Antonyms Arrogance ‫( راکم‬Takabbur)
Pride ‫( رترغ‬Gharoor)
Egoism ‫( حنا‬Ana)
Haughtiness ‫( ڈنمھگ‬Ghamand)
Conceit ‫( دوخ یسھسع‬Kh

Choose the correct option for the following statements

1. The mattress on which Hazrat Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬slept was made of leather, stuffed with the fiber of the date
tree. This shows that he (:)‫ﷺ‬

o ✅ led a simple life

2. The word that is opposite in meaning to "affluent" is:

o ✅ poor

3. According to the text, Hazrat Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬and Hazrat Fatima (‫ ب خننہ دچہخ‬،) greeted each other in a
simple way.

o ✅ Correct: "in the same"

4. The word closest in meaning to "impoverished" is:

o ✅ without money

5. According to the text of the lesson, Hazrat Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬used to milk his goat. This shows that:

o ✅ Humility was an essential part of the Rasool’s (‫ )ﷺ‬character

Here are the meanings, synonyms, and Urdu translations for the given vocabulary words:

Word Meaning Synonyms Urdu

Prominent Important, well-known, or easily noticeable. Famous, notable, distinguished ‫م‬،‫ر یوا‬،،‫تش شںر یپہ‬

The killing of animals for food or a violent

Slaughter Butchery, massacre, execution ‫یذ لا شر لمن دشع‬
killing of people.

A modest or low view of one s importance; Modesty, meekness, down-to-

Humility ‫ لب‬،‫نر اا‬،‫دشاجنر خ راش‬
humbleness. earth

Modesty, simplicity,
Humbleness The quality of being humble; lack of pride. ‫ن‬،‫دشاجنر خ راش‬
unpretentiousness

‫یوج اخیمپر دشنب‬

Dignitary A person who holds a high rank or position. VIP, official, noble
‫یا رہ اا‬

To encourage or care for something or ‫لا شر تشنلشر‬ ،،‫تا‬

Foster Nurture, support, promote
someone. ‫ڑھخ ش‬

A Choose the correct option for each sentence

1. "Success" is an example of

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 2

 o ✅ abstract noun

2. "Sugar" is an example of

o ✅ uncountable noun

3. "Honey" is an example of

o ✅ uncountable noun

4. "Bravery" is an example of

o ✅ abstract noun

5. "Tables" is an example of

o ✅ countable noun

B Write the correct plural of the nouns in parentheses

1. These persons → people are protesting against the president.

2. The woman → women over there want to meet the manager.

3. My child → children hate eating pasta.

4. The student → students are doing the exercise right now.

5. The fish → fish I bought is in the fridge. (Fish remains the same in plural form.)

6. Where did you put the knife → knives which were on the shelf → shelves?

7. Piano → pianos are expensive.

8. These phenomenon → phenomena are not fully understood.

C Some nouns change meaning in the plural form Use both the singular and plural nouns in sentences to show the
difference in meaning

Sentence
Singular Plural Sentence (Singular)
(Plural)

The shop sells

Good Goods He is known for his good behavior. imported
goods.

He got lost in
Wood Woods The table is made of wood.
the woods.

He forgot his
Spectacle Spectacles The fireworks were a grand spectacle. spectacles at
home.

The movie had

many
Character Characters His character is very strong.
interesting
characters.

Good manners
Manner Manners He spoke in a polite manner. are important
for success.

Force Forces The police used minimal force to control the The armed

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 3

 Sentence
Singular Plural Sentence (Singular)
(Plural)

crowd. forces protect

the country.

Urdu
Urdu Meaning
Meaning
(Plural)
(Singular)
‫ناماس‬
Good Goods ‫( یئنزچع‬Achhai)
(Samaan)
‫جھنج‬
Wood Woods ‫( یاکع‬Lakdi)
(Jungle)
‫یعھع‬
Spectacle Spectacles ‫( ررزنہ‬Nazara)
(Ainak)
‫رمدین‬
Character Characters ‫( رمدین‬Kirdar)
(Kirdar)
‫ہمعرط‬ ‫حدلاا‬
Manner Manners
(Tareeqa) (Akhlaq)
‫یججع‬
Force Forces ‫( تااط‬Taaqat) ‫( دتسد‬Fauji
Dastay)

D Identify the noun phrases in the following sentences

(Underlined noun phrases)

1. He wished to talk to his manager.

2. The wicked man loves getting poor people into trouble.

3. The poor man wanted to pay back every penny he owed.

4. All the kids were sleeping.

5. Horses prefer living in dark stables.

E Complete each sentence with a properly formed noun clause

1. Jamal asked me

o ✅ where his wallet was

2. I couldn’t tell him

o ✅ where I was

3. I don’t know

o ✅ how many children he has

4. ________ is not important

o ✅ How close we are

5. ________ was sad

o ✅ What she said

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 4

 Unit No 2 The Champions
Here is a table with the Urdu meanings and synonyms for the given words:

Words Meaning (English) Meaning (Urdu) Synonyms

‫ لوع‬،،‫ خ‬، ‫نتبش تملش اخش اف دے یش‬

lanky Tall, skinny person with long arms and stride lean, thin, slender
‫ں‬،‫نترے ہ‬

An ethnic group in Karachi, descended from ‫ہ ال خاا یب‬،‫یش خ ا الب را‬، ‫لاخ ب یبں‬
Sheedi - (No direct synonym)
Bantu people of Africa ‫دھ ش ےد‬، ‫ ان ے ولف‬،‫یچٹ‬

husky (Of a person) big and strong ‫خنش‬، ‫ ڑخ ااج‬،،‫یوبل خ‬ burly, muscular, robust

Excessively proud and boastful talk about boasting, gloating,

bragging ‫ شر ڑخاب امش ش‬،‫امخب یش‬
achievements or possessions showing off

A large, flat, circular thick metal that makes ،، ‫ھخ ب گھ ہط ال‬ ‫چٹخر‬ ‫ڑخر‬
gong bell, chime, cymbal
a loud bell sound ‫ے یتمش ےد‬

roar, thunder,
rumbled To make or cause a deep resonant sound ‫راالشر رل تلش‬
reverberate

hammering, beating,
pounding Strike or hit heavily and repeatedly ‫ ش ش تبٹ ش‬،‫ے یش‬ ،،
thumping

Use force to move, open, or separate forced, levered,

pried ‫نلشر جھخ رلش‬،‫یا سمب دھ‬
something extracted

Lower the head or body quickly to avoid a ‫جھد اش شر ینشب دے نبے سا منے‬
ducked dodged, bent, crouched
blow ‫لا ش‬

groaning, snorting,
grunting Short, deep, hoarse sounds in exhalation ‫خ رشنلش‬،، ‫ن‬، ،‫ دھ‬،،‫ن خ‬،‫گہ‬
growling

A large number of blows delivered bombardment,

barrage ‫ن‬،‫او و تنہر یالان یتبش‬
simultaneously or in rapid succession onslaught, volley

Here is a table with the Urdu meanings and synonyms for the given boxing-related words:

Word Meaning (English) Meaning (Urdu) Synonyms

knockout punch, power

haymaker A powerful swinging punch in boxing ‫ فہ‬،‫ گھ‬،‫ خ‬،،
punch

bobbed and Defensive boxing movements to dodge dodged, ducked,

‫رجہ چے لب رلما‬
weaved punches sidestepped

jab A quick, straight punch ‫ فہ‬،‫سموھخ مج گھ‬ punch, hit, strike

pulling punches Intentionally not hitting with full force ‫ لا ش‬،‫خ‬، ،،‫لتج‬ holding back, soft punch

‫ییشینہر لامب ش یشلالب لش‬

bout A wrestling or boxing match match, contest, fight
‫خب ڈ‬،

slugger A boxer known for strong punches ‫خنش یشلاا‬، ‫ یرلں‬،‫رشلمل‬ puncher, hitter, striker

This table includes English meanings, Urdu meanings, and synonyms for clarity. Let me know if you need any
modifications! 😊

It looks like the worksheet is about articles (a, an, the) in English grammar. Here’s a corrected version of the exercise
with explanations:

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 5

A Complete the sentences using appropriate articles

1. My mother is a doctor, and my father is an author.

✅ (a before consonant sounds, an before vowel sounds)
2. My friend recommended a good dentist, but the dentist doesn’t have any openings for two months.
✅ (a for general reference, the for specific reference)
3. Do you have a broom? I dropped a piece of cake, and I need to clean it up.
✅ (a for singular countable nouns when mentioned for the first time)
4. Do you have a dictionary? I don’t have one, and I need to look up a word.
✅ (a before singular countable noun, dictionary)
5. Do you have a passport? You need a passport to travel outside of the country.
✅ (a for singular countable nouns, the for specific country reference)

B Complete the paragraph using a/an/the or put "x" where no article is needed

✅ Corrected version:

Boxing was originated in x Ancient Greece and has been a popular sport ever since, especially for x men.

Lately, however, it has been a major health fitness trend for x women. Boxing was included during the first Olympic
games.

In x Ancient Greece, boxing was not a safe sport; they never used gloves.

Professional boxing is an excellent career. A boxer’s aim is to land as many punches on an opponent as possible.

For most of the 20th century, boxing attracted huge fan and media attention.

A Choose the correct pronoun to correctly finish the sentence

1. My name is Sonia. I love my family.

✅ ("I" is the subject pronoun used for oneself)
2. I met Sonia yesterday. She made me laugh.
✅ ("She" is a subject pronoun used for a female person)
3. At the left, you can see Saad. He is my brother.
✅ ("He" is a subject pronoun used for a male person)
4. Birds flap their wings.
✅ ("Their" is a possessive pronoun for plural nouns)
5. My grandparents live in Karachi. They visit us.
✅ ("They" is the subject pronoun for plural people)
6. Lubna, Laila, and Tahira were cross because they had waited ages for the bus.
✅ ("They" refers to more than one person, so it fits here)
7. Palwasha watched the children carefully as they crossed the road.
✅ ("They" is used to refer to "the children")
8. Hold the bag, please, while I put the shopping in it.
✅ ("It" refers to "the bag")

B Choose one of the following relative pronouns: who, which, or whose to complete each sentence

1. I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of the shop.
✅ ("Whose" shows possession, meaning the girl owns the car)
2. Mr. Razzaq, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
✅ ("Who" is used for people)
3. I live in a house in Naran which is in Northern Pakistan.
✅ ("Which" is used for things or places)
4. This is the girl who comes from Swat.
✅ ("Who" is used for a person)
5. That’s Naeem, the boy who has just arrived at the airport.
✅ ("Who" is used for people)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 6

 6. Students who haven’t paid their fee should do so at once.
✅ ("Who" is used for people)
7. This is a detective novel which you might like.
✅ ("Which" is used for objects, in this case, "a novel")
8. Here are the keys which you were searching for.
✅ ("Which" is used for things, in this case, "keys")

C Underline the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences

1. Everybody enjoys a good movie.

2. Does anybody have the time?
3. Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen.
4. The secret was known by few.
5. The secret was known by many.
6. Calculus is too hard for some.
7. Surely you recognize somebody.
8. Ali is not a liar. I’m sure everything he said was true.

✅ Indefinite pronouns refer to nonspecific people or things

D Identifying pronouns and their antecedents

Underline once the personal pronoun and underline twice its antecedent

1. As a child, Asma often played with her dollhouse.

2. Neither Danish nor Waseem will have trouble finding information for their report.
3. Each of the boys refused help saying that they would proofread the report on their own.
4. Nobody likes to discover that they have just read a dull report about an interesting subject.
5. Tania needs a result card of her grades.
6. Asif said that they made their own clothes.
7. One of the girls left her sweater in the bus.
8. Several other classmates also chose their topic.

✅ The antecedent is the noun the pronoun refers to

E Underline the pronoun and circle its antecedent in parentheses

1. Someone has removed the grammar book, and I want (him, them) to return it.
✅ Pronoun: them | Antecedent: Someone
2. Although I knew somebody called me, I did not answer (her, them)
✅ Pronoun: them | Antecedent: somebody
3. Each man must do what (he, they) feel(s) is right.
✅ Pronoun: he | Antecedent: Each man
4. Everybody in the lab was ready to complete (her, their) assignment.
✅ Pronoun: their | Antecedent: Everybody
5. No one wants to admit (his, their) weaknesses.
✅ Pronoun: their | Antecedent: No one

✅ Singular indefinite pronouns (e.g., "each," "everybody") are often used with singular pronouns, but in
modern English, plural pronouns like "they" are increasingly accepted for gender neutrality.

Unit No 3 (Poem) Dreams Author : Longston Hughes

Here is the glossary with Urdu meanings and synonyms:

Urdu
Words Meaning Synonyms (Eng - Urdu)
Meaning
hold ‫رطکجہع تد‬grip (‫)یاکرز‬, clutch (‫)جاکرز‬, grasp
hold something tightly and firmly
fast ‫رنزرھز‬ ()‫یاکرز‬
barren (of land) too poor to produce much or any vegetation ‫رعم‬ ‫رجتب‬،infertile (‫)رعم زنخعا‬, unproductive

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 7

 Urdu
Words Meaning Synonyms (Eng - Urdu)
Meaning
‫زنخعا‬ (‫)ےد رسعتط‬, arid ()‫خشع‬

‫تیھک رعسیم‬،
an area of open land, especially one planted with crops farmland (‫)زنیع زرعز‬, pasture
field
or pasture, typically bounded by hedges or fences (‫)ئمیڈزہ‬, meadow ()‫ڈنزگ رز رعسیم‬
‫اوک‬، ‫اما‬icy (‫)ےمیعرط‬, chilled (‫)ہنھگی‬, solidified
frozen having turned into ice as a result of extreme cold
‫مرجمم‬ ()‫نخط‬

B Write the correct option in the following statement:

1 The phrase "hold fast to dreams" means:

✅ (d) stick fast to your ambition in life
2 In the line "life is a broken-winged bird," the poet uses the technique of:
✅ (b) personification
3 "Life is a barren field," in this line the phrase "a barren field" is:
✅ (b) metaphor
4 According to the poet, life without dreams is:
✅ (a) hollow and bleak
5. According to "Dreams," what will happen if our dreams die?
✅ (d) Life will be hopeless

Persuasive Essay
A persuasive essay is a type of writing that focuses on a specific topic and aims to convince the audience that your
perspective is the most informed, logical, and valid. This genre is also referred to as the argumentative essay.

Elements of a Persuasive Essay

A persuasive essay includes several key components that are common across most essay types:

 A clear thesis or controlling idea that establishes and maintains your focus.
 An engaging opening paragraph that introduces the thesis.
 Body paragraphs that use specific research evidence to support your informative or argumentative points.
 Smooth transitions that connect the ideas of adjoining paragraphs in specific and interesting ways.
 Use of counterarguments to summarize and refute opposing positions.
 A compelling conclusion that emphasizes your central idea without being repetitive.

A Keeping in view the main points of a persuasive essay, write an essay with the thesis sentence: “A dream doesn’t
become reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination, and hard work ”

B Research the life of a famous person who faced obstacles during their life Describe the obstacles and how the
person overcame them

Choose the sentence that does not have an intransitive verb

 a) The child gurgles (Intransitive, no object)

 b) She sobs (Intransitive, no object)
 Answer: Both sentences have intransitive verbs. If one must be chosen, b) She sobs might be less clearly
intransitive, but the question is unclear.

2 Choose the sentence that does not have a transitive verb

 a) He waved his arm (Transitive, "his arm" is the object)

 b) She laughed heartily (Intransitive, no object)
 Answer: b) She laughed heartily does not have a transitive verb.

3 Choose the sentence that does not have a transitive verb

 All options are repeated:

o a) She should be caught.
o b) She could be caught.
o c) She should be caught.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 8

 o d) She should be caught.
 Answer: All sentences imply a transitive verb ("caught"). The question is unclear or incorrectly structured.

4 Choose the sentence that does not have an intransitive verb

 a) The customer is buying this afternoon (Intransitive, no object)

 b) The customer is buying pancakes (Transitive, "pancakes" is the object)
 c) They were crying all day long (Intransitive, no object)
 d) She helped me (Transitive, "me" is the object)
 Answer: d) She helped me does not have an intransitive verb.

5 Choose the sentence that does not have a transitive verb

 a) They climbed the hill (Transitive, "the hill" is the object)

 b) Asma shouted in the class (Intransitive, no object)
 c) Arman telephoned Tariq (Transitive, "Tariq" is the object)
 d) The student is answering questions (Transitive, "questions" is the object)
 e) Akbar is jogging at this moment (Intransitive, no object)
 f) She sleeps too much (Intransitive, no object)
 g) He complains frequently (Intransitive, no object)
 Answer: b) Asma shouted in the class, e) Akbar is jogging at this moment, f) She sleeps too much, and g) He
complains frequently do not have transitive verbs.

Present Participle and Past Participle

 Present Participle: This is the "-ing" form of a verb (e.g., preparing, studying, lying). It is used to indicate an
ongoing action or to describe something happening at the same time as another action.
 Past Participle: This is often the "-ed" form of a verb (e.g., prepared, shocked), but irregular verbs have unique
forms (e.g., written, eaten). It is used to indicate a completed action or to describe a state resulting from an
action.

A Write the verb in parenthesis in the correct form (present participle or past participle)

1. Prepared (prepare) by the best cook in town, the meal was sheer poetry.
o Past Participle: "Prepared" describes the meal, which was already cooked.
2. After studying (study) all day, her head was aching in the evening.
o Present Participle: "Studying" indicates an ongoing action that happened before the headache.
3. Lying (lie) on the sofa, they were watching TV.
o Present Participle: "Lying" describes what they were doing while watching TV.
4. Everybody was shocked (shock) to hear the news.
o Past Participle: "Shocked" describes the state of the people after hearing the news.
5. Before leaving (leave) the house, I always check if all lights are switched off.
o Present Participle: "Leaving" indicates an action that happens before checking the lights.

B Combine the following pairs of sentences by using participles (present / past)

1. We met a boy He was carrying a heavy bag

o Combined: We met a boy carrying a heavy bag.
 Present Participle: "Carrying" describes the boy s action.
2. The house was decorated with lights It looked beautiful
o Combined: Decorated with lights, the house looked beautiful.
 Past Participle: "Decorated" describes the state of the house.
3. The robbers saw the policeman They ran away
o Combined: Seeing the policeman, the robbers ran away.
 Present Participle: "Seeing" describes the action that caused the robbers to run.
4. I found the door open I went inside
o Combined: Finding the door open, I went inside.
 Present Participle: "Finding" describes the action that led to going inside.
5. The police saw the body It was floating down the river

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 9

 o Combined: The police saw the body floating down the river.
 Present Participle: "Floating" describes the state of the body.

Summary:

 Present Participles are used for ongoing actions or simultaneous actions.

 Past Participles are used for completed actions or resulting states.

The Clause

Clauses are the building blocks of sentences and come in three main types:

1. Main Clause (or Independent Clause)

2. Subordinate Clause (or Dependent Clause)
3. Relative Clause (or Adjective Clause) and Noun Clause

Every clause must contain at least a subject and a verb.

Main Clauses

A main clause can stand alone as a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought. It follows this
pattern:

Subject+Verb=Complete ThoughtSubject+Verb=Complete Thought

Examples:

1. Lazy students always complain

o Students = subject; complain = verb.
2. Water spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter
o Water = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.
3. My cat loves milk
o Cat = subject; loves = verb.

Key Point: Every sentence must have at least one main clause to be complete.

Subordinate Clauses

A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it expresses an incomplete thought. It
depends on a main clause to make sense. It follows this pattern:

Subordinate Conjunction+Subject+Verb=Incomplete ThoughtSubordinate Conjunction+Subject+Verb=Incomplete Tho

ught

Examples:

1. Whenever lazy students complain

o Whenever = subordinate conjunction; students = subject; complain = verb.
2. As water spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter
o As = subordinate conjunction; water = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.
3. Because my cat loves milk
o Because = subordinate conjunction; cat = subject; loves = verb.

Key Point: Subordinate clauses add additional information to the main clause but cannot function independently.

Relative Clauses

A relative clause (also called an adjective clause) provides additional information about a noun in the main clause. It
usually begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that).

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 10

Examples of Relative Clauses:

1. Whom Mrs Rameez hit in the head with a chalk eraser

o Whom = relative pronoun (object); Mrs. Rameez = subject; hit = verb.
o This clause modifies a person (e.g., "The student whom Mrs Rameez hit in the head with a chalk
eraser was upset.").
2. That had spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter
o That = relative pronoun; had spilled, splashed = verbs.
o This clause modifies a thing (e.g., "The water that had spilled over the glass and splashed onto the
counter made a mess.").
3. Who loves milk
o Who = relative pronoun (subject); loves = verb.
o This clause modifies a person or animal (e.g., "The cat who loves milk is waiting by the fridge.").

1. The book that I borrowed from the library is fascinating

o That = relative pronoun; I = subject; borrowed = verb.
2. The student who always complains is absent today
o Who = relative pronoun; student = subject; complains = verb.

Key Point: Relative clauses act like adjectives, modifying nouns in the main clause.

Noun Clauses

A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence. It can act as the subject, object, or complement of a sentence. It
often begins with words like that, what, who, why, how, whether.

Examples:

1. What she said surprised everyone

o What she said = noun clause acting as the subject.
2. I believe that he is telling the truth
o That he is telling the truth = noun clause acting as the object.

Key Point: Noun clauses replace nouns in a sentence and can perform any function that a noun can.

Summary of Clause Types:

1. Main Clause: Stands alone as a complete sentence.

2. Subordinate Clause: Depends on a main clause; cannot stand alone.
3. Relative Clause: Acts as an adjective to modify a noun.
4. Noun Clause: Acts as a noun in the sentence.

Additional Notes:

 Punctuation: When a subordinate clause comes before a main clause, it is usually followed by a comma.
o Example: Whenever it rains, the roads get slippery
 Relative Pronouns: Use who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things.
 Noun Clauses: These can be tricky because they often look like subordinate clauses but function as nouns.

Teacher Guidlines

A subordinate conjunction is used to connect a main clause (independent clause) and a subordinate
clause (dependent clause). The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it depends on
the main clause to form a complete thought.

Key Points:

1. Function of Subordinate Conjunctions:

o They introduce subordinate clauses and show the relationship between the subordinate clause and the
main clause (e.g., cause, effect, time, condition, contrast).
10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 11
 o Common subordinate conjunctions include:
 Cause/Reason: because, since, as
 Time: when, while, after, before, until, since
 Condition: if, unless, even if
 Contrast: although, though, even though
 Purpose: so that, in order that
2. Structure:
o Main Clause + Subordinate Conjunction + Subordinate Clause
 Example: I am staying inside (main clause) because (subordinate conjunction) it is
raining (subordinate clause).
3. Punctuation Rule:
o If the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, use a comma to separate them.
 Example: Because it is raining, I am staying inside.
o If the subordinate clause comes after the main clause, no comma is needed.
 Example: I am staying inside because it is raining.

Examples of Subordinate Conjunctions in Sentences:

1. Cause/Reason:
o I went to bed early because I was tired.
o Since it’s your birthday, we’ll celebrate tonight.
2. Time:
o When the bell rings, the students will leave the classroom.
o She stayed home until the rain stopped.
3. Condition:
o If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
o I won’t go to the party unless you come with me.
4. Contrast:
o Although it was cold, we went for a walk.
o He didn’t get the job, even though he was qualified.
5. Purpose:
o I woke up early so that I could catch the bus.
o She saved money in order that she could buy a new car.

Practice Activity:

Combine the following pairs of sentences using a subordinate conjunction:

1. I went to the store. I needed milk.

o Answer: I went to the store because I needed milk.
2. She finished her homework. She went to bed.
o Answer: After she finished her homework, she went to bed.
3. He didn’t call me. I was worried.
o Answer: Since he didn’t call me, I was worried.

Analyze each sentence closely to determine whether the bold words form a dependent clause, independent clause,
or relative clause.

1 Talha did his homework before he went to bed

 Clause: before he went to bed

 Type: Dependent Clause
o Reason: It cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and begins with the subordinate
conjunction before.

2 Isn’t that the woman who lives across the road from you?

 Clause: who lives across the road from you

 Type: Relative Clause

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 12

 o Reason: It modifies the noun woman and begins with the relative pronoun who.

3 Because the test was so difficult, none of the students got a very good grade

 Clause: Because the test was so difficult

 Type: Dependent Clause
o Reason: It cannot stand alone and begins with the subordinate conjunction because.

4 She is very fit because she goes running every day

 Clause: because she goes running every day

 Type: Dependent Clause
o Reason: It cannot stand alone and begins with the subordinate conjunction because.

5 The police said the accident that happened last night was unavoidable

 Clause: that happened last night

 Type: Relative Clause
o Reason: It modifies the noun accident and begins with the relative pronoun that.

6 I didn’t like Mondays

 Clause: I didn’t like Mondays

 Type: Independent Clause
o Reason: It can stand alone as a complete sentence.

7 Have you seen those people who we met on holiday?

 Clause: who we met on holiday

 Type: Relative Clause
o Reason: It modifies the noun people and begins with the relative pronoun who.

8 Can you tell me why you said that?

 Clause: why you said that

 Type: Dependent Clause
o Reason: It cannot stand alone and begins with the subordinate conjunction why.

9 You shouldn’t believe everything that you read in the newspaper

 Clause: that you read in the newspaper

 Type: Relative Clause
o Reason: It modifies the noun everything and begins with the relative pronoun that.

10 If you help me, I will help you!

 Clause: If you help me

 Type: Dependent Clause
o Reason: It cannot stand alone and begins with the subordinate conjunction if.

Unit 4 Population Growth and its Impact on Enviroment

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 13

Here are the Urdu meanings and synonyms for the words in the glossary:

Words Meaning (English) Urdu Meaning Synonyms (English - Urdu)

A large farm where cows, horses, ‫رنعک عز ماغا جازں رجعشع‬
ranches farm, estate - ‫تیھک زرعز‬،
sheep, etc. are bred. ‫یزید جزرد ےعہ‬
A sudden disaster causing great disaster, calamity - ‫بک‬،‫یہ‬،
catastrophe ‫ےکع رکزےع عز تمط‬
damage or suffering. ‫ربعکک‬
Anthropocene The current geological age, where ‫ہہ خرغ اج یرسزرع تمڈمرعزں‬modern age, human era -
epoch human activity affects climate. ‫جسعس خرغب یرسزرع یاس مااوم یم حثت حنمحا ےجرع ےعہ‬
A large pile of waste, food, paper, etc. trash heap, landfill - ‫ررمے‬
‫ریھک یطرط مااا‬، ‫رز‬
garbage-mound ‫رجڑے رمرک رز ڈیعم‬
thrown away.

‫ھوگہرک ڈنزگ ہییع زرعز‬،

Land covered with grass for feeding meadow, grazing land -
‫یاویک ئمیرد رع جنط‬،
pasture
animals.

‫نکسک نےزچر رع جنط‬، ‫یسنرع‬

The place where a type of animal or environment, dwelling -
habitat
plant is normally found. ‫مااومب نےھد رع جنط‬
The variety of different kinds of ‫مخرلم‬ ‫رونب‬، ‫یعزرعزرع‬ecosystem, variety -
biodiversity
animals and plants in an environment. ‫جزرسینہں رع رجججدڈع‬ ‫رزیجیعزرع نمااب ڈجرزڈجرع‬
greenhouse Gases that trap heat in the Earth s ‫ہہ ڈعسعہ او زرعز رد دنجط‬CO₂, methane - ‫رزنےز ڈیچع‬
gases atmosphere, causing climate change. ‫اتحغح رج ےکیزرع ےعہ‬ ‫نہایکک رعسنعز‬،،
To block something or to become block, obstruct - ‫رم‬، ‫کہک‬،‫ا‬،
clog ‫رم ےج اانا‬، ‫نہرھز عز‬
blocked. ‫رمرز‬
The act of cutting down or burning ‫یہابک دنخسجں رع‬، ‫جھنگنج رع‬logging, clearing - ‫جھنج رز‬
‫اہاہک رئزچع‬،
deforestation
trees in an area. ‫رکزےع‬
fertile, cultivable - ‫ا‬،‫اا‬ ‫ییرک‬،،
‫یسک رنعسع رد قاال‬،، ‫ا اغحرط‬،‫اا‬
Land suitable for growing crops like ‫ق‬
arable ‫ق‬
wheat. ‫رزاک‬

Here is the full text along with the correct answers:

B Choose the correct option

1. Experts in the field of population and environment worry that this unchecked population growth may result
in environmental catastrophe
In this sentence, the word "unchecked" means ________
o a) enormous
o b) unnatural
o c) free ✅
o d) limited
2. Presently seven billion and six million people live in the world
The idea expressed in this sentence is based on ________
o a) fact ✅
o b) opinion
o c) inference
o d) comparison and contrast
3. A huge quantity of pollutants are being let out in the air
In this sentence, the phrase "let out" means ________
o a) released ✅
o b) produced
o c) absorbed
o d) bold
4. According to the text, the term "the carrying capacity of earth" means
o a) the huge quantities of pollutants that are being let out on earth
o b) the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain ✅
o c) the dominant influence of humans and their activities on the environment
o d) the difference between the birth rate and the death rate
5. The issue of population growth and environment is the issue of
o a) poor and developing nations only
o b) wealthy and advanced nations only
o c) poor, developing and advanced nations ✅
o d) neither poor nor advanced nations

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 14

Here is the meaning, part of speech, and a sentence for each word:

Here is the information in a table format:

Part of Meaning
Word Meaning (English) Sentence
Speech (Urdu)
Producing clear, powerful, and ‫ رحضاب اانمحغب‬She described her childhood memories
Vivid Adjective
detailed images in the mind ‫غرور‬ in vivid detail.

‫کہک ےسعمی رمرز‬،،

Many animals dwell in the dense
Dwell Verb To live or reside in a place
forests of the Amazon.
‫ ےنک ااناب دتحخ‬The old building has deteriorated due
Deteriorated Verb To become worse over time
‫ےجرز‬ to lack of maintenance.
Land covered with grass where ‫ہگک‬، ‫ ئمرد رع‬The cows were grazing in the green
Pasture Noun
animals graze ‫ئمیڈزہ‬ pasture.
The cutting down of trees for ‫ یاکع رزہھد رز‬Excessive logging is a major cause of
Logging Noun
timber ‫رما‬ deforestation.
The movement of people or ‫تھجک ناا‬، The annual migration of birds is a
Migration Noun
animals from one place to another ‫رازرع‬ fascinating natural phenomenon.

A Rewrite the following sentences using the tense indicated in the brackets

1. He will do his work with diligence (Simple present)

→ He does his work with diligence
2. I followed his instructions (Simple future)
→ I will follow his instructions
3. That will be interesting (Present continuous)
→ That is being interesting
4. I will not allow this to happen (Simple past)
→ I did not allow this to happen
5. He worked very hard (Future continuous)
→ He will be working very hard
6. I will never raise any demand (Present perfect)
→ I have never raised any demand
7. He is crying at the top of his voice (Past perfect)
→ He had been crying at the top of his voice
8. We buy vegetables from the market (Present perfect)
→ We have bought vegetables from the market

B Fill in the correct form of the verb

My friend, Hashim, has always been fat, but things got (get) so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began
(begin) his diet a week ago.

First of all, he wrote (write) out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the food he
loved (love): butter, potatoes, rice, cold drinks, chocolate, sweets, and so on.

Yesterday, I paid (pay) him a visit. I rang (ring) the bell and was not surprised to see Hashim as fat as ever. He led
(lead) me to his room and hurriedly hid (hide) a large parcel under his desk.

He was very embarrassed when I asked (ask) him what he did (do). He smiled (smile) guiltily and then put (put) the
parcel on the desk. He showed (show) me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and
three bags of sweets!

Here is the full text extracted from the image:

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 15

Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous
A Choose the correct answer

1. I love this writer’s books. I have been reading / had been reading them for years.

2. His clothes were dirty because he had been working / has been working in the garden.

3. Where have you been? We had been waiting / have been waiting for you for ages.

4. He hasn’t decided on a career yet, but he has been thinking / had been thinking about it lately.

5. After she had been playing / has been playing tennis for ten years, she joined a squash team.

B Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets Use the Present Perfect Continuous or
the Past Perfect Continuous

1. Nabeel has never had an accident and he had been driving (drive) for years.

2. She had no idea it was so late because she had not been watching (not/watch) the time.

3. Have you been taking (you/take) your medicine regularly, Mrs. Sami? "Yes, doctor."

4. They eventually found the dog after they had been looking (look) for it all night.

5. How long have been working (work) your father for the company when he retired?

Present Perfect Continuous & Past Perfect Continuous (With Exceptional Cases)
1 Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been + verb + ing)

Usage:

 Used for actions that started in the past and are still continuing.

 Used for actions that recently stopped but still have an effect in the present.

Examples:

 He has been working here since 2015. (Started in the past, still happening)

 She has been crying; her eyes are red. (Action stopped, but effect is visible)

 They have been living in this city for ten years.

Exceptional Cases:

1. Stative Verbs (Non-Continuous Verbs)

o Some verbs (e.g., know, believe, own, love, understand) do not normally take the continuous form.

o ❌ I have been knowing him for years. (Incorrect)

o ✅ I have known him for years. (Correct - Use Present Perfect Simple instead)

2. Short-Term Actions vs Long-Term Actions

o If an action is short-term, Present Perfect Simple is used.

o ✅ He has been playing football for two hours. (Long-term)

o ✅ He has scored two goals. (Short-term)

2 Past Perfect Continuous (had been + verb + ing)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 16

Usage:

 Used for actions that continued up to a certain point in the past.

 Used when emphasizing duration before another past event.

Examples:

 She had been working at the company for five years before she resigned.

 He was tired because he had been running for an hour.

 They had been arguing all night before they finally reached an agreement.

Exceptional Cases:

1. With Time Expressions (For vs Since)

o ✅ He had been waiting for three hours before she arrived.

o ✅ She had been feeling sick since Monday.

o "Since" is used with specific points in time, "for" is used with durations.

2. When Not to Use Past Perfect Continuous

o If the action was short-lived or instantaneous, Past Perfect Simple is used instead.

o ❌ She had been finding her keys before she left. (Incorrect)

o ✅ She had found her keys before she left. (Correct - Use Past Perfect Simple)

Comparison Table:

Tense Structure Usage Example

Action started in the past and is still

Present Perfect have/has been + verb He has been studying for three
continuing OR recently stopped with an
Continuous + ing hours.
effect

Past Perfect Action was happening for a duration She had been waiting for an
had been + verb + ing
Continuous before another past event hour before the bus arrived.

❌ I have been knowing him for

Stative Verbs don t
Exceptional Cases Use Present/Past Perfect Simple instead years. ✅ I have known him for
use continuous form
years.

Key Differences Between Present Perfect Continuous & Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Connects the past to the present. Connects two past events.

Often used with "for" and "since." Often used with "before" and "until."

"I have been learning English for five years." "I had been learning English for five years before I moved to Canada."

Would you like some practice exercises? 😊

Here is the full text from the image:

C Complete the sentences with a suitable word or expression

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 17

(Choices: for, by tomorrow, so far, the week before, since)

1. Our TV hasn’t been working since last week.

2. The Khans invited us to dinner although we had only met the week before.
3. They will have finished painting the house by tomorrow.
4. We had been writing for nearly an hour when the bell rang.
5. They have interviewed three suspects so far.

D Correct the errors in the following sentences

1. Incorrect: Jameela has lost weight. She had been dieting for months now.
Corrected: Jameela has lost weight. She has been dieting for months now.
2. Incorrect: Everything was white when we woke up because it has been snowing all night.
Corrected: Everything was white when we woke up because it had been snowing all night.
3. Incorrect: I was so happy when I received the gold medal. I has been working hard for years.
Corrected: I was so happy when I received the gold medal. I had been working hard for years.
4. Incorrect: The upcoming test is making me nervous. I had been preparing all evening.
Corrected: The upcoming test is making me nervous. I have been preparing all evening.
5. Incorrect: We have been writing since nearly an hour when the bell rang.
Corrected: We had been writing for nearly an hour when the bell rang.

Unit No 5 The Great Masjid of Cardoba and Iqbal

Here is a table with the English words, their meanings, Urdu translations, and synonyms:

Words Meaning (English) Meaning (Urdu) Synonyms (English) Synonyms (Urdu)

Make (something) appear larger than it ‫ ش پ‬، ‫لا شر‬ ‫ڑخ‬

Magnified Enlarged, amplified ‫سوپ لش‬، ‫ڑخر‬
is, especially with a lens or microscope ‫ے دھخ ش‬

‫خ ش اش ے‬،‫ ہ‬،‫ یش‬،‫یش‬ ‫خنش‬، ‫ ے‬، ،‫ یش‬،‫یش‬

Repeated A pattern/geometrical shape recurring Recurring pattern,
‫ن لش‬،‫خنش املیبٹ‬، ‫ہ ب‬، ‫تل ہر ہع‬
Geometry uniformly over a surface symmetrical design
‫تل ہ‬ ‫ڈ جخاچ‬

Iberian The southwestern tip of Europe, includes ‫دے الل‬ ،‫ل‬

- -
Peninsula Andorra, Portugal, Spain, and Gibraltar ‫ے لش دلش ہ‬،‫یبایب للش‬

Having a series of rows or levels placed

Tiered ‫الں یبں یامج‬، Layered, stacked ‫ر ا مر اوہ‬،‫ےط خ‬
one above the other

Diminish or reduce in thickness towards

Tapered ‫ ش‬،‫ شر لج ہ‬،‫تملش ہ‬ Narrowed, reduced ‫ساڑ شر گیک ش‬
one end

A representative arch of Islamic

Horseshoe ‫خسلشیب را وتما لش‬Keyhole arch, ‫للمون یحاخ ر خسلشیب‬
architecture, also called the Moorish or
Arched ‫یخیل یحاخ‬ Moorish arch ‫یحاخ‬
Keyhole arch

A small space created by building part of

Niche ‫خ رشلنہ‬،‫ یبں یلش ہ‬،‫لخ‬ Alcove, recess ‫رش ر رل ہ‬
a wall further back from the rest

A small cube-shaped tile made of two

‫پے‬،‫سل ے دے تش‬Mosaic tile, gilded ‫ٹخانر‬ ‫ٹن‬،‫ستش‬
Gold Tesserae glass pieces with gold inside, used in
‫ تا یامتن یل ا ٹخان‬tile ‫ن ٹخان‬،‫سچہ‬
mosaics

Extremely impressive, beautiful, or

Dazzling ،‫ر اش وخ‬،‫تروخ‬ Stunning, radiant ،‫ر تروخ‬،‫یروخ‬
skillful

Calligraphic Decorative handwriting or lettering with ‫اب‬،‫ہ‬ ‫لب‬ ‫ طشرب‬Ornamental script, ‫حا ار‬ ،‫لییل‬

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 18

Words Meaning (English) Meaning (Urdu) Synonyms (English) Synonyms (Urdu)

Bands pen or brush in stripes ‫نرمانں‬ artistic writing ‫خااب خ‬،،

Vegetal ‫ے یمولف‬ ‫ں‬، ‫تل‬Floral design, ‫نلں لش تل ہر‬،‫ھ‬

A decorative pattern or design of plants
Motifs ‫خااب ڈ جخاچ‬،، botanical motif ‫بش ش ب ڈ جخاچ‬

A curved constituent piece supporting a ‫للسب دلیا ال رلبو لل‬Arch support, vault ‫للسب سش پر رلبون‬
Ribs
vault or defining its form ‫خ مش ےد‬،‫ہخ‬ rib ‫ے‬،‫ہخ‬

A design consisting of small pieces of ‫ش‬ ‫ٹخاللں‬ ‫ گمچ‬،

Mosaic colored glass, pottery, or stone set in ‫خ‬،‫ں ے یلش ہ‬،،‫تپھ‬Tiling, inlay ‫ر جڑخب‬،‫ گش‬، ‫یپ‬
concrete or plaster ‫خااب تل ہ‬،،

‫تل ہر‬ ،‫خ‬ ‫خااہ‬

A pattern formed when straight lines are ‫ں ا‬،،‫یالج ے للش‬Circular design,
Radial Pattern ‫ج لب لا لں اماش‬،‫سل‬
drawn from a center to the edge ‫خنش تل ہ‬، ‫ھ لچے‬ sunburst pattern
‫ڈ جخاچ‬

‫ں دے‬،،‫للسب لخ‬
A vault supported or decorated with Arched vaulting, ‫یحاخیب رلبور یج چ‬
Rib Vaulting ‫خ ش رمش‬،‫ ضے ہخ‬،
diagonal ribs structured arch ‫یحاخ‬
‫رلبو‬

A style of architecture characterized by ‫رل ھد را‬ ‫یخیل‬Medieval, pointed- ‫سطبٰ لب‬، ،‫لا‬
Gothic
pointed arches and ribbed vaults ‫وتما‬ arch style ‫وتمار للملب یحاخ‬

A building or object in a state of ruin or Decaying,

Dilapidating ‫ ش‬،‫ شر اراپہ ہ‬،‫یلسموہ ہ‬ ‫یلسموہر اپہ شو‬
neglect deteriorating

Tidings News or information ‫بانںر خرلشا‬ Reports, updates ‫ٹنںر یوللیش‬،‫تل‬،

Exalted A person or rank at a high level ‫خدلبٰر یللو یا رہ‬ Elevated, dignified ‫یوج ر یا ا‬

‫لشاج‬ ‫ہیمپہ‬ ‫خاتبر‬

Perpetual Never-ending or changing Eternal, continuous ‫خاتبر خیون‬
‫خنش‬، ‫ہ ے‬،

‫للنہ‬ ‫یکلش شر‬

Enkindle Arouse or inspire ‫ ش‬،‫یکلش شر خ ھخ‬ Ignite, stimulate
‫خاجخاب لا ش‬

The central part of a church building ‫ لش یالجن‬،‫رااش گھ‬

Nave Main hall, sanctuary ‫رشہ‬ ‫یالجن ہخور دبش‬
intended for congregation ‫شہ‬

B Choose the correct option

1. After the fall of Muslims in Spain, the Masjid was converted into a cathedral It shows that Muslims were
overthrown by __________.
a) Hindus
b) Jews
✔ c) Christians
d) Sikhs
2. We can achieve __________ again if we enkindle in ourselves the master passion (Ishq)
a) the great Masjid of Cordoba
b) finest work of art
✔ c) exalted state of moral and spiritual character
d) Spain
3. It was an era when the Iberian Peninsula was glittering with progress and advancement of the Muslim
civilization In this sentence, the word "glittering" is used as __________.
a) simile
✔ b) metaphor
c) personification
d) alliteration
4. The most consummate and accomplished structure of the Masjid is its prayer hall By using contextual clues,
the word that is closest in meaning to consummate is __________.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 19

 a) faultless
✔ b) complete
c) imperfect
d) skillful
5. After careful reading of the text "The Great Masjid of Cordoba and Iqbal," it can be concluded that the
theme of the lesson is __________.
a) the artistic beauty of the Masjid
b) the glory of Muslims rule in Spain
c) contributions of Muslims to art and architecture
✔ d) Islam, present, past, and future

Here is the information in a table format:

Word Meaning (Urdu) Synonyms (English) Synonyms (Urdu)

Eternal ‫ قاارحم‬/ ‫دیچمع‬ Everlasting, Perpetual, Immortal, Timeless ‫ےمعشط نےھد رحقاب ویابک ینیزرع‬

Excellence, Flawlessness, Completeness,

Perfection ‫ ےد یعکع‬/ ‫رمزک‬ ‫کمکک نسانط‬، ‫ییک‬، ‫ھبک ےد‬،‫یھ‬
Impeccability

Columns ‫ رنمکد‬/ ‫نروس‬ Pillars, Supports, Posts, Beams ‫تمیھک ےعب‬، ‫ہک‬،‫ےہ‬، ‫نروسب‬

Profusion ‫ رحمت مامحغ‬/ ‫ررمج‬ Abundance, Plenty, Excess, Multitude ‫یےاہجک حمتحفب رحمتب ےکع مامحغ‬

‫ خجےبجنرع‬/ ‫نسانط تد‬ ‫ھک‬، ‫نسانط‬ ‫ھک‬، ‫خجےبجنرع‬

Exquisitely Beautifully, Elegantly, Finely, Delicately
‫تد‬ ‫رایرک تد‬

Let me know if you need any modifications! 😊

Here is the information in table format:

Section A: Types of Adjectives

Sentence Bold Word Type of Adjective

"Can you see that plane?" that Demonstrative Adjective

"Do you see any person come on this road?" "No, I saw no one come here." any, no Indefinite Adjective

"Dog collars will be given to those dogs that are trained." those Demonstrative Adjective

"He was asked to spot the car that crashed and he identified the red one." red Demonstrative Adjective

"The brave few fought the war." brave Indefinite Adjective

Section B: Degrees of Adjectives

Base Form Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Big Bigger Biggest

Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful

Interesting More interesting Most interesting

Long Longer Longest

Dangerous More dangerous Most dangerous

Good Better Best

Expensive More expensive Most expensive

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 20

Base Form Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Rich Richer Richest

Bad Worse Worst

Clever Cleverer Cleverest

Topic Explanation: Order of Adjectives in English

When multiple adjectives are used together in a sentence, they usually follow a specific order. The typical sequence
is:

Determiner → Quantity → Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Color → Origin → Material → Purpose → Noun.

1. Determiner (a, an, the, my, his, etc.)

2. Quantity (one, two, many, few, several, etc.)

3. Opinion (beautiful, ugly, amazing, horrible, etc.)

4. Size (huge, tiny, small, large, etc.)

5. Age (old, young, new, ancient, etc.)

6. Shape (round, square, long, short, etc.)

7. Color (red, blue, white, black, etc.)

8. Origin (American, Italian, French, Indian, etc.)

9. Material (wooden, metallic, plastic, silk, etc.)

10. Purpose (sleeping (as in sleeping bag), running (as in running shoes), etc.)

For example:

 A beautiful small old house.

 A new round Italian table.

Exercise: Choosing the Correct Order of Adjectives

Sentence Correct Answer Explanation

1. My grandmother lives in the _______ house on the huge, beautiful, modern, and Size → Opinion → Age →
corner. white Color

interesting, new, old, and Opinion → Age → Age →

2. The store carries an assortment of _______ objects.
antique Age

3. We went for a two-week cruise on an _______ incredible, brand-new, huge, Opinion → Age → Size →
ocean liner. Italian Origin

4. I bought a pair of _______ rain boots. nice, new, red Opinion → Age → Color

5. Please put the marbles into that _______ box. huge, old, round Size → Age → Shape

By following the standard order of adjectives, sentences sound more natural and grammatically correct.

Here are the complete sentences with the correct adjectives formed from the given nouns in parentheses:

1. Wish I had (magic) → magical powers

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 21

 2. My sister is (allergy) → allergic to cats

3. That bird has a (love) → lovely voice

4. Akram has a (friend) → friendly relationship with his customers

5. The project has been brought to a (success) → successful conclusion

Here is the formatted text with the underlined words in bold:

A Choose the correct kind of noun for the underlined words in each sentence

1. The cat drank the milk from the saucer.

o Answer: c) Common, uncountable, common

2. Lubna loves to climb a mountain every Sunday.

o Answer: b) Collective, common, proper

3. The history of the city is recorded in a book.

o Answer: d) Abstract, common, common

4. His wealth is the envy of his friends.

o Answer: b) Abstract, abstract, plural

5. My family is going to Lahore by train next month

o Answer: c) Common, collective, abstract

B Circle the noun phrase in each sentence given below

1. Has anyone seen the little green parrot?

2. The football coach got very upset with his team

3. She is my favorite English teacher.

4. The kids were surprised by the summer rain.

5. I live in a good, family home.

C Complete the following exercise with the articles (a / an / the) Put "x" where no article is needed

1. My mother is an English teacher. I am a student.

2. When I get home from school, I watch x TV programs on TV. That’s the best part of my day.

3. The programs I watch are for x children.

4. I am a child, so I think they are funny. I’m a little excited because...

1. It’s a Friday.

2. There are a lot of good shows on TV today.

3. At home, I usually watch x animals.

4. I’m excited today because my mother is making the dinner.

5. After eating the dinner and doing my homework, I go to my room and read a book for 30 minutes.

6. Then I turn off the light and go to x bed.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 22

Here is the completed letter with the appropriate relative pronouns filled in:

Dec: Sameena,

In your last letter, you asked me to tell you about all the things I did during my summer vacation. We went to
Narran where I have some old friends who haven’t seen for about three years. My friend Tina, whose mother I wrote
about in my last letter to you, came with me and we had a great time. We drove to Narran on Monday
24th, which was also my birthday.

The first thing we did was to visit the wonderful Lake Saif-ul-Malook which, on the jeep that we hired. We arrived in
the late afternoon 0. The following day, which was cloudy and rainy unfortunately, we went to Babusar top where.

The next time that you write to me, you must tell me about your last vacation.

Bye for now Sameena,

Beenish

E Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Pronouns must agree in number (singular or plural) with their antecedents (the nouns they refer to). Here’s how it
works:

 Singular antecedents require singular pronouns (e.g., he, she, it, his, her).

 Plural antecedents require plural pronouns (e.g., they, their).

Examples:

1. "English was his favorite." (Asif is singular, so the pronoun is singular.)

2. "I can’t wait to open it." (The storybook is singular, so the pronoun is singular.)

3. "They are marsupials." (Kangaroos, koalas, and possums are plural, so the pronoun is plural.)

F Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific people or things. They are formed using some-, any-, no-, every-. Here’s
how they are used:

 Some- is used in positive statements or offers (e.g., something, someone).

 Any- is used in questions or negative statements (e.g., anything, anyone).

 No- is used to indicate absence (e.g., nothing, no one).

 Every- is used to refer to all members of a group (e.g., everything, everyone).

Examples:

1. "Would you like something to eat?" (Offer, so "something" is used.)

2. "I couldn’t see anything." (Negative statement, so "anything" is used.)

3. "Does anyone live in that house?" (Question, so "anyone" is used.)

G Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

 Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning (e.g., "He raised his hands.").

 Intransitive verbs do not require an object (e.g., "The sun rises.").

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 23

  Verbs of incomplete predication require a complement (not an object) to complete their meaning (e.g., "The
information proved false.").

Examples:

1. "The sun rises." → Intransitive (no object needed).

2. "He raised his hands." → Transitive (object: his hands).

3. "The information proved false." → Verb of incomplete predication (complement: false).

H Present and Past Participles

Participles are verb forms used as adjectives. They can describe how someone feels (past participle) or how
something makes someone feel (present participle).

 Present participles end in -ing and describe the cause of a feeling (e.g., "The movie is frightening.").

 Past participles often end in -ed and describe the feeling itself (e.g., "I am frightened.").

Examples:

1. "I am so relaxed." (Describes how I feel.)

2. "Horror films are frightening." (Describes how the films make me feel.)

3. "The programme was interesting." (Describes how the programme is.)

E Insert the pronoun that agrees in number with its antecedents

1. Of all the subjects Asif liked, English was his favorite.

2. Honeef bought me a story book for my birthday. I can’t wait to open it and start reading!

3. Kangaroos, koalas, and possums all have something in common, they are marsupials.

4. The flight attendant instructed all passengers to keep the seatbelts fastened across their laps while seated.

5. Both Ryan and Sabrina love watching a good car race; they find it thrilling.

F Insert indefinite pronouns: some-, any-, no-, every- in the sentences below

1. Would you like something to eat?

2. It was really dark and I couldn’t see anything.

3. Does anyone live in that house?

4. It doesn’t matter where we go. We can go anywhere we want to.

5. This is boring. There’s nothing to do.

G State whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive or intransitive Name the object of each
transitive verb, and the complement of each verb of incomplete predication

1. The sun rises in the east. → Intransitive

2. The dog barks. → Intransitive

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 24

 3. He raised his hands. → Transitive (Object: his hands)

4. The information proved false. → Verb of incomplete predication (Complement: false)

5. The child has fallen asleep. → Intransitive

H Choose the correct participle (present / past) from the parenthesis

1. I am so relaxed that I don’t want to move.

2. I find horror films really frightening and not at all fun to watch.

3. Sometimes I get really frustrated when I can’t express myself well in English.

4. We were stopped by a man with a knife who took our money. It was terrifying.

5. The programme was really interesting.

I Main Clause and Subordinate Clause

A main clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, while a subordinate clause depends on the main clause to
make sense.

1. a I am pleased to see you have a born orator

o Main clause: I am pleased

o Subordinate clause: to see you have a born orator

2. When at last he returned to the village, the people told him that his mother had died

o Main clause: the people told him

o Subordinate clauses: When at last he returned to the village, that his mother had died

3. The newspaper will tell us tomorrow what the world does today

o Main clause: The newspaper will tell us tomorrow

o Subordinate clause: what the world does today

4. The few books that were produced in the Middle Ages were written by hand

o Main clause: The few books were written by hand

o Subordinate clause: that were produced in the Middle Ages

5. When the world was young, artists drew their pictures on stone

o Main clause: artists drew their pictures on stone

o Subordinate clause: When the world was young

J Choose the Correct Tense

1. After Javeria will finish her degree, she intends to work in an office

o Correct answer: will have finished (Future Perfect Tense is used for actions completed before a specific
time in the future.)

2. Zalla looked down to discover a snake When she saw it she ______

o Correct answer: screamed (Simple Past Tense is used for actions completed in the past.)

3. I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I ______ to the library

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 25

 o Correct answer: went (Simple Past Tense is used for actions completed in the past.)

4. By the time I go to bed tonight! ______ my work for the day

o Correct answer: will have finished (Future Perfect Tense is used for actions completed before a specific
time in the future.)

5. If you don’t learn how to take a break, you ______ your ability to speak English

o Correct answer: won’t improve (Simple Future Tense is used for actions that will happen in the future.)

K Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that started in the past, continued for some time,
and was still in progress before another action or time in the past. It is formed using had been + present participle (-
ing).

1. I had been working all day, so I didn’t want to go out

2. She had been sleeping for ten hours when I woke her

3. He had been living in Beijing for three years when he lost his job

4. When we met, you had been working at that company for six months

5. We had been eating all day, so we felt a bit ill

Unit No 6(Poem) In The Spite of war Author : Angela Morgan

Synonyms Synonyms
Word English Meaning Urdu Meaning
(English) (Urdu)

A Eurasian shrub or small tree of the olive ‫ٹخ‬،‫ امشاب جھخڑن ش پھ‬،‫خ ا ل‬Shrub,
‫جھخڑنر‬
Lilacs family, which has fragrant violet, pink, or ‫ اشیلبر رلشیب‬،‫ پ اف یبں لابل خ‬، Flowering
‫ تل خ‬،‫نوخ‬،‫ھ‬
white blossoms. ‫و نگپے ہنںں‬،‫ش سسمو ھ‬ plant

A tall, rounded vase with a stem and ‫ یلمش‬،،‫خ ا نتبشر رلو رلوخ اف لش لش خ‬
Urn Vase, Jar ‫رلوخ ر یا بش‬
base. ‫ ب ےدں‬،‫ہ‬

Catching one s foot on something and ‫ھ ف لا وڑدیکخ ش‬ ‫لاب مج تا تشبں‬Stumbling,

Tripping ‫وڑدیکخ شر را ش‬
stumbling or falling. ‫ش را ںش‬ Falling

A softly spoken or almost inaudible ‫ما یاتلا خ وخ یبں‬، ‫ہسپہ ش یا بشت‬،Whispering, ‫سارلاب لا شر‬
Murmureth
utterance. ‫یلنل ںش‬ Muttering ‫ڑ ڑخ ش‬

A plant possessing a distinctive purple ‫ ب‬، ‫خ ا تل خ اف یبں یتمش اشیلب‬

Pansies Viola, Flower ‫و‬،‫یلسابہر ھ‬
tint. ‫ ش ےدں‬،‫ہ‬

A table or flat-topped block used as the ‫خنش یلشد ال‬، ‫خ ا یمج ش چٹن سطذ‬Shrine, ‫لایش رشہر یمہیب‬
Altar
focus for a religious ritual. ‫ ش ےںد‬،‫سلع دے نبے خسموتشو ہ‬، ‫ یمہیب‬Sanctuary ‫یمج‬

Wrath Extreme anger. ‫شہں‬، ‫او و‬ Anger, Fury ‫شہر رمپ‬،

An overwhelming feeling of great

Ecstasy ‫لش خ اش ں‬ ‫خ پہخاب لاب ش ال‬ Joy, Bliss ،،‫لابر سا‬
happiness or joyful excitement.

(Especially of a child or animal) Playing ( )‫ لش‬،‫ تا ینے ش اش ل‬،‫رل‬ ‫ ش‬Frolicking,

Romping ‫لل شر دھ للش‬
roughly and energetically. ‫ لخ شاب ے دھ للشں‬،،‫ خ‬،‫ خ‬،، Playing

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 26

B Choose the correct option

1. According to Angela Morgan, despite death and destruction of war, life springs in the form of ______

o a) natural beauty ✓

o b) social beauty

o c) cultural beauty

o d) artistic beauty

2. “I’m the painless left their eyes to mine” in this line the poet has used the poetic device of ______

o a) simile

o b) metaphor ✓

o c) personification

o d) alliteration

3. The words boom, roar, murmurth, and whispering breath are examples of ______

o a) simile

o b) metaphor

o c) rhymes

o d) onomatopoeia ✓

4 According to the poet Angela Morgan, life is the name of ______

 a) sufferings and despair

 b) hate and wrath

 c) nightmare and shame

 d) ecstasy and elation ✓

5 The tone of the poem is ______

 a) optimistic ✓

 b) pessimistic

 c) ecstatic

 d) gloomy

Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a group of words that describes or modifies a noun. The head (main) word in an adjective
phrase is an adjective, but the phrase can also include modifiers (e.g., adverbs) and complements. Adjective phrases
can appear before or after the noun they modify.

Examples of Adjective Phrases

1. She had an extremely catching smile

o Adjective phrase: extremely catching

o Head adjective: catching

o Modifies: smile

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 27

 o Explanation: The phrase "extremely catching" describes the noun "smile." The adverb "extremely"
modifies the adjective "catching."

2. The dog covered in mud is mine

o Adjective phrase: covered in mud

o Head adjective: covered

o Modifies: dog

o Explanation: The phrase "covered in mud" describes the noun "dog." The prepositional phrase "in
mud" complements the adjective "covered."

3. The extremely tired lioness is losing patience with her overly enthusiastic cub

o Adjective phrase 1: extremely tired

 Head adjective: tired

 Modifies: lioness

o Adjective phrase 2: overly enthusiastic

 Head adjective: enthusiastic

 Modifies: cub

o Explanation: Both phrases describe the nouns "lioness" and "cub," respectively. The adverbs
"extremely" and "overly" modify the adjectives "tired" and "enthusiastic."

4. My father was fairly unhappy with the service

o Adjective phrase: fairly unhappy with the service

o Head adjective: unhappy

o Modifies: father

o Explanation: The phrase "fairly unhappy with the service" describes the noun "father." The adverb
"fairly" modifies the adjective "unhappy," and the prepositional phrase "with the service"
complements it.

5. The consequences of agreeing were far too serious

o Adjective phrase: far too serious

o Head adjective: serious

o Modifies: consequences

o Explanation: The phrase "far too serious" describes the noun "consequences." The adverbs "far" and
"too" modify the adjective "serious."

6. The dog covered in mud looked pleased with himself

o Adjective phrase 1: covered in mud

 Head adjective: covered

 Modifies: dog

o Adjective phrase 2: pleased with himself

 Head adjective: pleased

 Modifies: dog

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 28

 o Explanation: Both phrases describe the noun "dog." The first phrase uses a prepositional phrase ("in
mud") to complement the adjective "covered," while the second phrase uses a reflexive pronoun
("with himself") to complement the adjective "pleased."

Key Points to Remember

 An adjective phrase always has an adjective as its head word.

 It can include adverbs (e.g., extremely, overly) or prepositional phrases (e.g., in mud, with the service) to add
more detail.

 Adjective phrases can appear before the noun (e.g., "the extremely tired lioness") or after the noun (e.g., "the
dog covered in mud").

Additional Examples

1. The cake, delicious and moist, was a hit at the party

o Adjective phrase: delicious and moist

o Head adjective: delicious, moist

o Modifies: cake

2. The man with the blue hat is my uncle

o Adjective phrase: with the blue hat

o Head adjective: blue

o Modifies: man

3. She is quite confident about her decision

o Adjective phrase: quite confident about her decision

o Head adjective: confident

o Modifies: she

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause (also called a relative clause) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. It provides
additional information about the noun or pronoun it modifies. Adjective clauses typically begin with a relative
pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, which) or a relative adverb (when, where, why).

Key Features of Adjective Clauses

1. Contains a subject and a verb: Every adjective clause has its own subject and verb.

2. Begins with a relative pronoun or adverb: The clause starts with words like who, whom, whose, that, which,
when, where, or why.

3. Functions as an adjective: It answers questions like What kind? How many? or Which one? about the noun it
modifies.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 29

Examples of Adjective Clauses

1. The rat that Tahir saw yesterday was in the kitchen earlier

o Adjective clause: that Tahir saw yesterday

o Relative pronoun: that

o Subject: Tahir

o Verb: saw

o Modifies: rat

o Explanation: The clause "that Tahir saw yesterday" provides additional information about the noun
"rat."

2. We are reading the book that I like the best

o Adjective clause: that I like the best

o Relative pronoun: that

o Subject: I

o Verb: like

o Modifies: book

o Explanation: The clause "that I like the best" describes which book is being referred to.

3. Mr Javed is the teacher who helped me with my math problems

o Adjective clause: who helped me with my math problems

o Relative pronoun: who

o Subject: who

o Verb: helped

o Modifies: teacher

o Explanation: The clause "who helped me with my math problems" provides more information about
Mr. Javed.

4. The bad weather is the reason why I decided to drive instead of walk

o Adjective clause: why I decided to drive instead of walk

o Relative adverb: why

o Subject: I

o Verb: decided

o Modifies: reason

o Explanation: The clause "why I decided to drive instead of walk" explains the reason for the decision.

5. Maria is the person whose family owns a cattle farm

o Adjective clause: whose family owns a cattle farm

o Relative pronoun: whose

o Subject: family

o Verb: owns

o Modifies: person

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 30

 o Explanation: The clause "whose family owns a cattle farm" provides additional information about
Maria.

More Examples of Adjective Clauses

1. The house where I grew up is now a museum

o Adjective clause: where I grew up

o Relative adverb: where

o Subject: I

o Verb: grew up

o Modifies: house

2. The movie, which was released last week, is already a hit

o Adjective clause: which was released last week

o Relative pronoun: which

o Subject: which

o Verb: was released

o Modifies: movie

3. The boy who won the competition is my cousin

o Adjective clause: who won the competition

o Relative pronoun: who

o Subject: who

o Verb: won

o Modifies: boy

4. The day when we met was unforgettable

o Adjective clause: when we met

o Relative adverb: when

o Subject: we

o Verb: met

o Modifies: day

5. The laptop that I bought last month is not working

o Adjective clause: that I bought last month

o Relative pronoun: that

o Subject: I

o Verb: bought

o Modifies: laptop

Key Points to Remember

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 31

  Adjective clauses always modify a noun or pronoun in the main clause.

 They are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, which) or relative adverbs (when,
where, why).

 They cannot stand alone as complete sentences because they are dependent clauses.

A Underline the Adjective Phrases

1. Have you ever seen an elephant with a white skin?

2. He was wearing a crown made of gold.
3. There I met a girl with blue eyes.
4. Wild beasts in small cages are a sorry sight.
5. A man with a long beard came to see me.

B Replace the Adjective in Bold with an Adjective Phrase

1. The King wore a golden crown.

→ The King wore a crown made of gold.
2. It is a white elephant.
→ It is an elephant with white skin.
3. He lived in a stone house.
→ He lived in a house made of stones.
4. There was an earthen pot on the table.
→ There was a pot made of earth on the table.
5. He wore a diamond necklace.
→ He wore a necklace made of diamonds.
6. That was a brave act.
→ That was an act full of bravery.

C Underline the Adjective Clause and Circle the Word It Modifies

1. I like a leader who listens to his people. (leader)

2. The dog which I loved dearly was hit by a truck last night. (dog)
3. Rashid is a person who takes responsibility well. (person)
4. Shazia is the one for whom you are looking. (one)
5. The shirt that you bought me doesn’t fit well. (shirt)

D Combine Simple Sentences into Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses

1. The theft was committed last night. The police have caught the man.
→ The police have caught the man who committed the theft last night.
2. You are looking upset. Can you tell me the reason?
→ Can you tell me the reason why you are looking upset?
3. We had several plans for making money quickly. All of them have failed.
→ All of the plans that we had for making money quickly have failed.
4. This is the village. I was born here.
→ This is the village where I was born.
5. You put the keys somewhere. Show me the place.
→ Show me the place where you put the keys.

Unit No 7 The Aged Mother (A Japanese Folktale)

By Matsou Basou
A folktale is a traditional story passed down through generations, typically by oral storytelling. These stories often
reflect the culture, beliefs, and values of the community from which they originate. Folktales usually feature simple

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 32

characters, moral lessons, and elements of fantasy or magic. They can include various types of stories, such as fairy
tales, fables, myths, and legends.

Words and Meanings

Word Urdu Meaning Synonyms (English) Synonyms (Urdu)

Tyrannical,
despotic ‫ے یمولف‬ ‫مشنج ش اشیا رتاخ‬ ‫مشنجر اشیا‬
Authoritarian

Evocative, ‫خر سل چے تا‬،‫نش ش ہ‬ ‫ش‬

suggestive ‫خنش‬، ‫ لا ے‬،‫خ ش سل چے تا یتبل‬،‫لاب مج لب ش نش ش ہ‬
Reminiscent ‫خنش‬، ‫ لا ے‬،‫یتبل‬

Announcement,
proclamation ‫ے یبں دلخیب خدلش ش یمش‬،‫خہع مج دے یش‬ ‫خدلش ر یمش‬
Declaration

barbarous ‫ ہاپ شد‬،،‫خ پہخاب مشنتش ہ خ‬ Brutal, Savage ‫ امش ہ‬، ‫مشنتش ہر‬

abandon ،‫ تا ہ‬، ‫ن‬،‫ تا اف لب عہ خ‬،‫رل‬ ‫ڑ لشر ش‬،‫لاب لل پھ‬ Desert, Leave ‫ڑ لشر اد لا ش‬،‫پھ‬

isolation ‫لاب لل ش لاب مج لل خنب لا ے لش دتن ش شنپ‬ Separation, Seclusion ‫دلمحوربر چہخاب‬

tender ‫خنش‬، ‫ لا ے‬،‫ تمش‬،،‫یش ر اع و خ‬،‫عہ‬ Gentle, Loving ‫اع ور اسمف‬

reverence ‫ش ہ خ ماخع ش وا ت لش خ اش‬ ‫لاب دے نبے ہ‬ Respect, Admiration ‫خ ماخعر وا ت‬

‫ ضے‬، ‫ٹ دے‬،، ‫ے‬ ‫رلیپ ش لرمج لل نلرلں لب رام‬

mandate Authority, Command ‫ر رج‬،‫خ ممش‬
،‫ن رئب خ ممش‬

‫خ دے سش ھ لڑ ش ش خ راط‬،، ‫مج لل خ ش ا مج‬ ‫لاب‬

snap Break, Crack ‫ٹ ش‬،‫لڑ شر ٹ‬
‫ٹ ش‬،‫ٹ‬

twig ‫ پ لب تملب اشش‬، Branch, Stick ‫اششر ہط ب‬

frequent ‫خنش‬، ‫ ے ش لا ے‬،‫خلکا ہ‬ Often, Regular ،‫ یش‬،‫خلکار یش‬

summit ‫ تا ہخڑ لب لٹن‬،‫رل‬ ‫ نش یخہر ش‬،‫ے خ‬ ‫ لاب مج لش سر‬Peak, Top ‫لٹنر یللو ا چ یخہ‬

‫خ لچڑے لش ھ لشر یکشو دے‬،‫خ ہ‬،‫ے ھ‬ ‫ں‬،‫اع یلخ ش تا‬

cushion Pillow, Pad ‫ربہر روخ‬
‫ ش ےد‬،‫ تا یبہٹ ے دے نبے خسموتشو ہ‬،‫رل‬

stooping ‫ منے لب رام یلڑ ش‬،،‫گے خ‬، ‫جھللش ش ااج لل‬ Bending, Leaning ‫ ش‬،‫جھللشر تموہ ہ‬

‫ن رج اف یبں لنھ لا ے‬،‫ے ش رمش سالش‬ ‫دوخنپ لب رام‬

injunction Order, Directive ‫رجر ہ خ پ‬
،‫ش ہ لا ے لش یطشنرہ ہ‬

hasten ‫یبما ش ما دے لنھ دہ ش ش لا ش‬ Hurry, Rush ‫ے لا ش‬ ‫الون لا شر مجن‬

shriveled ‫ اش ش‬،‫خنش ہ‬، ‫ لں‬،‫ جھ‬،،‫ے اا خ‬ ‫جہ‬، ‫ رایبر سا ن ش دتا لب‬Wrinkled, Shrunken ‫خنش‬، ‫ لں‬،‫خر جھ‬،‫ساڑخ ہ‬

‫ابہ اف یبں مجنں‬ ‫ یبں یحسل‬،‫لخ‬ ‫ٹخ لتاہ ش‬،‫پھ‬

closet Cupboard, Wardrobe ‫ن‬،‫نر للہٹ‬،‫خنتش‬
‫دھن اش ب ہنں‬،

senseless ‫ے یولب ش ے یییو‬ Meaningless, Pointless ‫ے یولبر ے یییو‬

‫ے یبں دہخ ب‬،‫خلوش دے یش‬، ،،‫لو ج یش ے دے نلرلں خ‬

legend Myth, Fable ‫خسمش ر خااش ہ‬
‫ اخش‬،،‫ ہ یپہ‬/ ،‫ ش ہ ہ‬،‫ال سنب ہ‬

Let me know if you need further assistance!

B Choose the Correct Option

1. Shinano, the town where they lived, was governed by a despotic leader In this sentence, the word “despot”
means that ______

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 33

 o a) the governor was a kind person

o b) the governor was an intelligent man

o c) the governor was a cruel man

o d) the governor was a wise fellow

Correct Answer: c) the governor was a cruel man

2. He lifted his helpless old mother to his back and set out on his painful journey up the mountain The journey
was painful because ______

o a) the farmer had the burden of his mother

o b) the mountain was steep

o c) the mountain was steep and he was to abandon his mother

o d) he could face the soldiers of the king on his way

Correct Answer: c) the mountain was steep and he was to abandon his mother

3. The son decided to take his mother back to his hut because ______

o a) the mountain was not a proper place for living

o b) she did not want to stay there

o c) the governor abolished the law

o d) he was greatly moved by the pains she took to guide him back home

Correct Answer: d) he was greatly moved by the pains she took to guide him back home

4. The saying “with the crown of snow, there cometh wisdom” means that ______

o a) whoever wears a silver crown is wise

o b) wisdom comes with the passage of time

o c) the snow always falls on the wise

o d) the king is always wise

Correct Answer: b) wisdom comes with the passage of time

5. His demand was that his subjects should present him with a rope of ashes Using the contextual clue, the
word subjects in this sentence means ______

o a) man

o b) citizens

o c) they

o d) issues

Correct Answer: b) citizens

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 34

 Part of Guide Entry Synonyms Synonyms
Word Meaning
Speech Words (Example) Word (English) (Urdu)

The quality or state of being

Strength physically strong; the capacity to Noun (n.) stream, stretch Strength Power, Might ‫رشلپر لل‬
withstand force or pressure.

A feeling of deep respect or

reverberate, Respect,
Reverence admiration for someone or Noun (n.) Reverence ‫خ ماخعر وا ت‬
reversal Admiration
something.

A state of physical ease and

Noun (n.) / comfortable,
Comfort freedom from pain or constraint; Comfort Ease, Solace ‫خعر الب‬،،
Verb (v.) command
consolation for grief or anxiety.

Adjective
Occurring or done many times at Often,
Frequent (adj.) / Verb frequency, fret Frequent ،‫ یش‬،‫خلکار یش‬
short intervals. Regular
(v.)

Adjective
Having or showing a modest or Modest,
Humble (adj.) / Verb human, humid Humble ،‫دشاجر شلاش‬
low estimate of one s importance. Meek
(v.)

Extremely cruel or brutal; Adjective barbarian, Brutal, ‫مشنتش ہر‬

Barbarous Barbarous
uncivilized. (adj.) barbecue Savage ‫ امش ہ‬،

Predator, ،‫نر ارش‬،‫ارش‬

Hunter A person or animal that hunts. Noun (n.) hunt, hurdle Hunter
Tracker ‫خنش‬، ‫لا ے‬

A small, thin branch of a tree or

Twig Noun (n.) twist, twin Twig Branch, Stick ‫ہط بر اشش‬
shrub.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs used to express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, requests, suggestions, and
predictions. They are always followed by the base form of the main verb. Common modal verbs include can, could,
may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, and need.

Solutions and Explanations

1. May I use your mobile phone?

o Correct Answer: c) make a semi-formal request

o Explanation: "May" is used to make polite or semi-formal requests.

2. You mustn’t walk on grass

o Correct Answer: b) for prohibition

o Explanation: "Mustn’t" is used to express prohibition (something that is not allowed).

3. He should come to the meetings on time

o Correct Answer: b) make a suggestion or advice

o Explanation: "Should" is used to give advice or make suggestions.

4. Can you help me with this exercise?

o Correct Answer: b) to express or inquire about willingness

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 35

 o Explanation: "Can" is used to ask for help or inquire about someone s willingness to assist.

5. You needn’t take your umbrella It isn’t raining

o Correct Answer: c) expressing lack of necessity

o Explanation: "Needn’t" is used to express that something is not necessary.

6. Could you say it again more slowly?

o Correct Answer: a) to make a request

o Explanation: "Could" is used to make polite requests.

7. The weather will be hot enough to go to the beach this weekend

o Correct Answer: b) to make a prediction

o Explanation: "Will" is used to make predictions about the future.

8. The dog would bark every time the doorbell rang

o Correct Answer: d) to show habitual activity

o Explanation: "Would" is used to describe past habitual actions.

9. Shall I help you with your luggage?

o Correct Answer: b) for offering someone help

o Explanation: "Shall" is used to offer help or make suggestions.

10. Can you help me with this exercise?

o Correct Answer: b) requesting someone for help

o Explanation: "Can" is used to request assistance.

Functions of Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are used to express various meanings such as ability, possibility, permission, requests, offers,
suggestions, advice, obligation, necessity, and prohibition. Below is a breakdown of their functions:

1. Ability
 Can: Used to express general ability in the present.
Example: I can swim.
 Could: Used to express past ability.
Example: I could run fast when I was young.
 Was/Were able to: Used to express specific past ability.
Example: She was able to finish the project on time.
 Couldn’t/Wasn’t able to: Used to express inability in the past.
Example: I couldn’t solve the problem.

2. Possibility/Probability
 Might: Used to express uncertain possibility.
Example: It might rain tomorrow.
 May: Used to express possible actions or events.
Example: She may come to the party.
 Could: Used to express hypothetical possibility.
Example: We could go to the beach if the weather is nice.
 Can’t be: Used to express impossibility.
Example: He can’t be at home; I just saw him at the office.

3. Permission (Ask/Refuse)
 Can: Used to ask for or give permission informally.
Example: Can I borrow your pen?

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 36

  Could: Used to ask for permission politely.
Example: Could I use your phone?
 May: Used to ask for or give permission formally.
Example: May I leave early today?
 Mustn’t: Used to refuse permission or prohibit something.
Example: You mustn’t smoke here.

4. Request
 Can: Used to make informal requests.
Example: Can you help me with this?
 Could: Used to make polite requests.
Example: Could you pass the salt, please?
 Will: Used to make requests (often informal).
Example: Will you open the door for me?

5. Offer
 Would you like?: Used to offer something politely.
Example: Would you like some tea?
 Shall I/we?: Used to offer help or make suggestions.
Example: Shall I carry your bag?
 Will: Used to offer help informally.
Example: I’ll help you with your homework.

6. Suggestion
 Should: Used to give advice or make suggestions.
Example: You should see a doctor.
 Shall I/we?: Used to suggest an action.
Example: Shall we go for a walk?
 Ought to: Used to give strong advice.
Example: You ought to apologize.

7. Advice/Strong Obligation
 Should: Used to give advice.
Example: You should study harder.
 Ought to: Used to express strong advice or moral obligation.
Example: You ought to tell the truth.
 Had better: Used to give strong advice (often with consequences).
Example: You had better finish your homework before going out.

8. Obligation/Necessity
 Must: Used to express strong obligation or necessity.
Example: You must wear a seatbelt.
 Have to: Used to express external obligation.
Example: I have to finish this report by tomorrow.
 Have got to: Used to express necessity (informal).
Example: I’ve got to call my mom.

9. Absence of Necessity
 Needn’t: Used to express that something is not necessary.
Example: You needn’t bring food; we have plenty.
 Don’t need to/Don’t have to: Used to express lack of necessity.
Example: You don’t have to come if you’re busy.

10. Prohibition
 Mustn’t: Used to express prohibition.
Example: You mustn’t touch that button.
 Can’t: Used to express something is not allowed.
Example: You can’t park here.

Summary Table of Modal Verbs and Their Functions

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 37

Function Modal Verbs

Ability Can, Could, Was/Were able to, Couldn’t/Wasn’t able to

Possibility/Probability Might, May, Could, Can’t be

Permission Can, Could, May, Mustn’t

Request Can, Could, Will

Offer Would you like?, Shall I/we?, Will

Suggestion Should, Shall I/we?, Ought to

Advice/Strong Obligation Should, Ought to, Had better

Obligation/Necessity Must, Have to, Have got to

Absence of Necessity Needn’t, Don’t need to/Don’t have to

Prohibition Mustn’t, Can’t

Here is the corrected text with the verbs in the simple past tense. Regular verbs are marked with (R), and irregular
verbs are marked with (I):

Yesterday Tahir got (I) up at 7 o clock. He had (I) a shower and put (I) on some clean clothes. Then he had
(I) breakfast. At half past seven, he went (I) into the bathroom, brushed (R) his teeth, and combed (R) his hair. After
that, he put (I) on his shoes and left (I) his home to go to school. He took (I) the bus, which had (I) a stop in front of
his home. He got (I) on this bus at a quarter to eight. He got (I) off the bus in front of the school and entered (R) his
classroom just in time. He listened (R) to various teachers from 8 a.m. to 1:35 p.m. Then he hurried (R) home because
he was (I) very hungry. He ate (I) lunch and did (I) his homework. Later on, he watched (R) TV. In the evening, he had
(I) dinner with his parents. After that, he met (I) some friends in the city. When he came (I) home, he washed (R) his
face and brushed (R) his teeth before he put (I) on his pyjamas. Finally, he recited (R) a few Ayah of the Holy Quran in
bed late at night until he fell (I) asleep.

1 Regular Verbs

 Definition: Regular verbs follow a consistent pattern when forming their past tense and past participle. They
typically add -ed to the base form of the verb.
 Examples:
o Base form: walk → Past tense: walked
o Base form: play → Past tense: played
o Base form: clean → Past tense: cleaned
 Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs:
1. Add -ed: For most verbs, simply add -ed to the base form.
Example: talk → talked
2. Add -d: If the verb ends in -e, just add -d.
Example: love → loved
3. Double the consonant and add -ed: If the verb ends in a single vowel + consonant (e.g., stop), double
the consonant and add -ed.
Example: stop → stopped
4. Change -y to -i and add -ed: If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the -y to -i and add -ed.
Example: cry → cried

2 Irregular Verbs

 Definition: Irregular verbs do not follow a consistent pattern when forming their past tense and past
participle. Their forms must be memorized because they do not follow the -ed rule.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 38

  Examples:
o Base form: go → Past tense: went
o Base form: eat → Past tense: ate
o Base form: see → Past tense: saw
 Types of Irregular Verbs:
1. No Change: Some verbs remain the same in the base form, past tense, and past participle.
Example: cut → cut → cut
2. Vowel Change: Some verbs change their vowel in the past tense.
Example: sing → sang → sung
3. Complete Change: Some verbs change completely in the past tense.
Example: go → went → gone
4. Mixed Patterns: Some verbs have unique forms that do not fit into any specific category.
Example: be → was/were → been

Key Differences Between Regular and Irregular Verbs

Aspect Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs

Past Tense Form Add -ed (e.g., walked, played) No fixed rule (e.g., went, ate, saw)
Memorization Easy to learn (follows a pattern) Must be memorized (no pattern)
Examples Talk → talked, Clean → cleaned Go → went, Eat → ate, See → saw

How to Identify Regular and Irregular Verbs

1. Regular Verbs: If the past tense form ends in -ed, it is a regular verb.
Example: jump → jumped
2. Irregular Verbs: If the past tense form does not end in -ed, it is an irregular verb.
Example: run → ran

Unit No 8 Women’s Role in Pakistan Movement

Here is the table with Urdu meanings and synonyms for each word:

Urdu
Words Meaning (English) Synonyms (English - Urdu)
Meaning

Process of being set free from legal, social, or political Liberation (‫ہخاب‬،), Freedom
Emancipation ‫ خ نر تش‬،
restrictions ()‫ خ ن‬،

Social Commitment to traditional values and ideas with ‫لوخیپ‬ ‫ستشاب‬Traditionalism ( ,) ‫خ مب مشنش‬،،
Conservatism opposition to change or innovation ‫تالون‬ Orthodoxy ()‫لوخیپ تالون‬

Away from people and busy activities, and often hard to ‫خنب‬ ‫ چہخر‬Isolated (‫)دلمحوہ‬, Remote ( ،،
Secluded
reach ‫ھنب‬ )‫خامش ہ‬

An event, idea, or procedure that effects a significant

‫اا چر‬، ‫خ یلش‬Innovator ( ,)‫تالو‬ ‫او‬
Game Changer shift in the current way of doing or thinking about
ٔ،‫ڑخ یونش‬ Revolutionary ()‫خ یلشیب‬
something

‫ع لا شر‬ ‫ ش ہ‬Refreshing ( ,)‫یخپ‬ ‫ش رب‬

Revitalizing Make something stronger, more active, or more healthy
‫یحشو لا ش‬ Rejuvenating ()‫لخ شاب یحشو لا ش‬

The action of organizing and encouraging a group of

‫یمحاد لا شر‬Deployment ( ,)‫وملش ب‬
Mobilization people to take collective action in pursuit of a particular
‫خامتشدمپ‬ Activation ()‫ساراع لا ش‬
objective

Dispel Make (a doubt, feeling, or belief) disappear ‫مج‬ ‫ لا شر‬،، Eliminate (‫) مج لا ش‬, Banish

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 39

 Urdu
Words Meaning (English) Synonyms (English - Urdu)
Meaning

‫لا ش‬ ()‫رشو لش‬

A person who is very passionate about a particular ‫الاملش اخشر‬Agitator (‫)خاموشو خ گمج‬, Rebel
Firebrand
cause ‫ب‬،‫یش‬ ()‫ب‬،‫یش‬

‫سخپ سجخ لشر‬Punish (‫لش‬ ‫)سجخ‬, Scold

Chastise Rebuke or reprimand severely
‫لیمو لا ش‬ ()‫ڈخ ٹ ش‬

Valiant Possessing or showing courage or determination ‫ر نما‬، ‫ہخ‬ Brave (، ‫) ہخ‬, Heroic ()‫اان‬

Hoist Raise (something) by means of ropes and pulleys ‫خ ش‬،‫تا خہٹخ شر وہ‬،‫ خ‬Lift (‫)خہٹخ ش‬, Elevate ()‫یللو لا ش‬

Let me know if you need any modifications! 😊

Here are the correct answers with the correct options ticked (✔)

B Choose the correct option

1. “Most of the Muslim women led secluded lives within their homes ”
By using contextual clues, the word closest in meaning to ‘secluded’ is:
o a. ✔ involved little in outside social activities ✅
o b. involved too much in activities outside their homes
o c. banned to take part in social activities
o d. prohibited by law to take part in social activities
2. “By the mid-40s, a galaxy of women had emerged in the leadership role of Muslim League ”
In this sentence, the word "galaxy" means:
o a. ✔ a group of impressive persons ✅
o b. a system of numerous stars
o c. a cluster of bright heavenly bodies
o d. community of people
3. “It was Quaid-e-Azam who brought about social revolution in the emancipation and empowerment of
women ”
In this sentence, the word "social revolution" means:
o a. communal revolt
o b. ✔ societal change ✅
o c. social disorders
o d. economical change
4. After reading the lesson, Women’s Role in the Pakistan Movement’, it is inferred that the role of women
expanded because of:
o a. Bi-Amma’s speeches to Khilafat gatherings
o b. ✔ Fatima Jinnah’s participation in all the activities of Quaid-e-Azam ✅
o c. Quaid-e-Azam who stressed the importance of Women as equal partners
o d. Begum Fatima who invited Quaid-e-Azam to address the girl students
5. After reading the lesson, Women’s Role in the Pakistan Movement,’ it can be concluded that the
paragraphs are arranged in:
o a. General to specific
o b. ✔Chronological order ✅
o c. Specific to general
o d. Spatial order

Here is the table with the meanings of the given words based on the root words and their examples:

Word Root Word Meaning Examples from the Image

Automatic Auto (self) Self-operating Automatic, Autobiography
Anti-war Anti (against) Against war Antibiotics, Antidote
Dispel Pel/Pul (push/drive) Push away or drive away Expel, Impulsive, Repel
Aqueous Aqua (water) Related to water Aquarium, Aquatic

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 40

Word Root Word Meaning Examples from the Image
Astrology Ast(er) (star) Study of stars Asteroid, Astronomy, Astronaut

Organize paragraphs in an essay

The image provides four ways to organize paragraphs in an essay. Here is a summary of each method:

1. Chronological Order
o Arranges events in the order they happened in time.
o Uses transitional words like first, next, then, finally, subsequently.
2. Order of Importance
o Information is arranged from most important to least important (or vice versa).
o Uses key transitional words like most importantly, almost as importantly, just as importantly, finally.
3. Spatial Order
o Describes items based on their physical location (e.g., top to bottom, left to right).
o Useful for describing places or objects.
4. Specific to General and Vice Versa
o Moves from broad observations to specific details (or the other way around).
o Helps in developing logical essays.:

Key Tricks to Identify Adjectives and Adverbs in Detail

It can sometimes be tricky to distinguish between adjectives and adverbs because they both modify other words.
However, there are simple ways to recognize them. Follow these key tricks and rules:

1. Check What the Word Modifies

 If it modifies a noun or pronoun, it is an adjective.

 If it modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, it is an adverb.

Example:

 The beautiful girl smiled. (Adjective – modifies the noun ‘girl’)

 She smiled beautifully. (Adverb – modifies the verb ‘smiled’)

2. Look for "-ly" Ending (But Be Careful of Exceptions!)

 Many adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to an adjective.

o Adjective → Adverb
 Quick → Quickly
 Happy → Happily
 Careful → Carefully
 BUT: Some words can be both adjectives and adverbs without adding "-ly."
o Fast (He is a fast runner. → Adjective)
o Fast (He runs fast. → Adverb)
o Hard (It was a hard test. → Adjective)
o Hard (She worked hard. → Adverb)

3. Answer the Right Questions

Adjectives answer:
✔ What kind?
✔ Which one?
✔ How many?

Adverbs answer:
✔ How?
✔ When?

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 41

✔ Where?
✔ To what extent?

Example:

🔹 Adjective:

 He is a careful driver. (What kind of driver? → Careful)

 She has three cats. (How many cats? → Three)

🔹 Adverb:

 He drives carefully. (How does he drive? → Carefully)

 She visits her grandma often. (When does she visit? → Often)

4. If It Comes Before a Noun, It's Likely an Adjective

Most adjectives come before a noun and describe it.

Example:

 The blue sky is clear. (Blue describes the noun ‘sky’ → Adjective)
 He bought a large house. (Large describes the noun ‘house’ → Adjective)

BUT adverbs do not modify nouns, so if a word is modifying a noun, it is NOT an adverb.

5. If It Comes After a Linking Verb, It’s an Adjective

A linking verb (e.g., is, are, was, were, seem, feel, become) connects the subject to an adjective that describes it.

Example:

 She is happy. (‘Happy’ describes the subject ‘she’ → Adjective)

 He looks tired. (‘Tired’ describes the subject ‘he’ → Adjective)

❌ WRONG: "She is happily." (Incorrect, because ‘happily’ is an adverb but should be an adjective here.)

6. If It Modifies a Verb, It’s an Adverb

If the word is telling how an action is done, it is an adverb.

Example:

 He sings loudly. (‘Loudly’ describes ‘sings’ → Adverb)

 She ran quickly. (‘Quickly’ describes ‘ran’ → Adverb)

7. If It Modifies an Adjective or Another Adverb, It’s Always an Adverb

An adverb can modify an adjective or another adverb, but an adjective cannot.

Example:

 She is very happy. (‘Very’ modifies ‘happy’ → Adverb)

 He ran extremely fast. (‘Extremely’ modifies ‘fast’ → Adverb)

❌ WRONG: "She is very happiness." (Incorrect, because ‘happiness’ is a noun and ‘very’ is an adverb that cannot
modify a noun.)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 42

8. Common Adjective-Adverb Confusion

Some adjectives and adverbs are commonly confused because they look similar but serve different roles.

Adjective Adverb Example

Good Well She is a good dancer. (Adjective) / She dances well. (Adverb)

Late Late He is a late student. (Adjective) / He arrived late. (Adverb)

Hard Hard This is a hard task. (Adjective) / He works hard. (Adverb)

Fast Fast He is a fast runner. (Adjective) / He runs fast. (Adverb)

Key tip:

 "Good" is always an adjective → She is a good singer.

 "Well" is usually an adverb → She sings well.

9. Test By Removing the Noun or Verb

Another simple trick:

 If you remove the noun and the sentence still makes sense, the word is an adverb.
 If you remove the verb and the sentence loses meaning, the word is an adjective.

Example:

🔹 Adjective Test:

 He is a careful driver. (Remove ‘driver’ → ‘He is careful.’ Still makes sense! → Adjective)

🔹 Adverb Test:

 He drives carefully. (Remove ‘drives’ → ‘He carefully.’ This does not make sense! → Adverb)

10. Use Context to Determine Meaning

Some words can be both adjectives and adverbs, depending on how they are used.

Example:

 The test was hard. (Adjective – describes ‘test’)

 She studied hard. (Adverb – describes ‘studied’)
 He arrived late. (Adverb – describes ‘arrived’)
 He is a late student. (Adjective – describes ‘student’)

Summary of Key Tricks

Trick How It Helps

If it modifies a noun/pronoun → Adjective. If it modifies a

Check what it modifies
verb/adjective/adverb → Adverb.

Many adverbs end in "-ly," but some words (fast, hard, late) remain the
Look for "-ly" ending
same.

Adjective: What kind? Which one? How many? Adverb: How? When?
Answer the right question
Where? To what extent?

Before a noun = Adjective If the word comes before a noun, it s usually an adjective.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 43

 Trick How It Helps

After a linking verb = Adjective If a word follows a linking verb (is, seems, looks), it s an adjective.

Modifying a verb = Adverb If a word modifies a verb, it s an adverb.

Modifying an adjective/adverb = Adverb Only adverbs can modify adjectives or other adverbs.

Common confusions (good vs well, late vs late,

Remember that ‘good’ is an adjective, but ‘well’ is an adverb.
hard vs hard)

If the sentence makes sense after removing the noun, it’s an adverb. If not,
Try removing the noun/verb
it s an adjective.

Some words function as both adjectives and adverbs depending on their

Use context
use.

A Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its usual position

1. I must also see a dentist.

2. I was joking. (only) → I was joking only.
3. Did you enjoy the film? (both) → Did you both enjoy the film?
4. Javeria watches TV. (hardly) → Javeria hardly watches TV.
5. She drives her car. (carefully) → She drives her car carefully.

B Form adverbs from these adjectives

Adjective Adverb
perfect perfectly
late lately
quick quickly
regular regularly
nice nicely
terrible terribly
good well
hard hardly
fantastic fantastically
quiet quietly
recent recently

C Complete the sentence using an adjective or adverb

1. He’s always in a rush. I don’t understand why he walks so hurriedly.

2. I prefer studying in the library. It’s always quietly.
3. Masood happily took the assistant job.
4. He can speak Pashto very well.
5. Please be careful in the hallway. The walls have just been painted.

D Fill in the blank with the correct comparative/superlative form of the adverb

1. He walked more slowly than the rest of the people. (slowly)

2. The man drove farther than last time. (far)
3. They called us later in the afternoon. (late)
4. The work went better today because all the workers showed effort. (good)
5. My friend and my sister talked more loudly than the other guests. (loudly)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 44

Adverb Phrase
A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb is called an adverb phrase. It answers
questions such as:

 When?
 Where?
 Why?
 How?
 To what extent?

An adverb phrase may come before or after the modified word.

Examples:

1. Baseball has become very popular in our town

o Adverb phrase: in our town (Where?)
2. The flowers bloom in spring
o Adverb phrase: in spring (When?)
3. Hamza did not go to school on account of the bad weather
o Adverb phrase: on account of the bad weather (Why?)
4. My brother spoke in a polite manner
o Adverb phrase: in a polite manner (How?)
5. For many years, she has been waiting for this opportunity
o Adverb phrase: For many years (To what extent?)

E Underline the adverb phrases in the following sentences:

1. We hurried down the street to catch the bus

o Adverb phrase: down the street
2. She was born on the very same day as her friend
o Adverb phrase: on the very same day
3. Asad fell asleep holding his book
o No adverb phrase present
4. Every now and then, they meet and chat
o Adverb phrase: Every now and then
5. For now, I would like to ask you to leave
o Adverb phrase: For now

Understanding Adverb Phrases in Detail

An adverb phrase functions as an adverb in a sentence and modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb by adding more
detail about the action.

Key Characteristics of Adverb Phrases:

✅ It consists of two or more words

✅ It answers one of the five key adverbial questions (When? Where? Why? How? To what extent?)
✅ It does not contain a subject-verb combination (otherwise, it would be an adverb clause)

More Examples:

 They lived in a small town for many years (Where? → in a small town; How long? → for many years)
 She walked with great confidence (How? → with great confidence)
 Due to heavy rain, the match was postponed (Why? → Due to heavy rain)

Adverb Clauses

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 45

An adverb clause is a group of words that functions as an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
and provides additional information about time, place, reason, condition, manner, or purpose.

Characteristics of Adverb Clauses:

1. Contains a subject and a verb – Unlike phrases, an adverb clause has both a subject and a predicate.
2. Uses subordinate conjunctions – These include words like because, although, when, while, unless, as soon as,
if, wherever, etc.
3. Answers adverb questions – Adverb clauses typically answer questions like:
o When? (after the sun goes down)
o Where? (wherever she went)
o Why? (because I was tired)
o How? (as if he knew the answer)
o Under what condition? (if you study hard)

Solution for Exercise F: Underlining Adverb Clauses

Below are the sentences with their adverb clauses underlined:

1. Whether you like it or not, you have to go to bed now.

2. Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus.
3. Since they saw the car coming, the birds flew away from the street.
4. Although she has a business degree, she is working as a clerk.
5. You must keep practicing the math question until you get it right.
6. Give us a call when you get back from your trip.
7. Since I’ll be working late, I’ll eat dinner in the office.
8. The fireworks show will start after the sun goes down.
9. Whenever you promise to do something, you need to keep it.

Would you like further explanations on any of these? 😊

Unit No 9 (Poem) Equipment Authore : Edgar Guest

Here is a list of words, their meanings, and their synonyms in both English and Urdu:

Words Meaning Synonyms (English) Synonyms (Urdu)

Lad A boy or young man (often as a form of address) Boy, youngster, youth ‫ہک نواوحس‬،‫ا‬،
Equipment The necessary items/tools for a particular purpose Tools, apparatus, gear ‫حراحغب ناماس‬
Figure out Solve or discover the cause of a problem Solve, understand, determine ‫ھنہک تمتنھز‬، ‫اا‬

‫یہیبک مرا‬،‫ہ‬،
Victory, success,
Triumph A great victory or achievement
accomplishment

‫بک نرزہٹ‬،‫یرا‬،
Disability, impairment,
Handicap A condition that restricts a person’s ability to function
limitation
Give (something) to someone/supply someone with ‫ھنہک یمیےب‬، ‫راعز‬
Furnish Provide, supply, equip
(something) ‫رمرز‬

Here are the correct answers based on the poem "Equipment" by Edgar Guest:

1. The word equipment is used by the poet as

o Answer: (b) metaphor ✅
2. The poem "Equipment" by Edgar Guest is in the form of ________, from father to son
o Answer: (c) advice ✅
3. The words forks, shoes, laces are used as a ________
o Answer: (c) metaphor ✅
4. The mood of the poem "Equipment" is ________
o Answer: (d) optimistic ✅
5. What, according to the poem "Equipment," is essential for someone to become a great person?
o Answer: (d) Will, courage, and self-control ✅

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 46

These answers align with the themes and message of the poem, which emphasizes self-reliance, determination, and
personal responsibility.

C Connotative and Denotative Meanings

1. Equipment
o Denotative: The necessary items or tools for a particular purpose.
o Connotative: In the poem, "equipment" refers to the innate abilities and qualities (e.g., arms, legs,
brain) that everyone possesses to achieve success.
2. Brain
o Denotative: The organ in the head that controls thought, memory, and emotion.
o Connotative: Represents intelligence, wisdom, and the ability to think and make decisions.
3. Common Plate
o Denotative: A shared dish or container for food.
o Connotative: Symbolizes equality and the idea that everyone starts from the same basic conditions.
4. Handicap
o Denotative: A disadvantage or obstacle.
o Connotative: In the poem, it refers to the self-imposed limitations or fears that hold a person back.

B. Imagery in the Poem

The poet uses visual imagery to paint a picture of the tools and qualities that every person
possesses. Here are some examples:

1. "Two arms, two hands, two legs, two eyes"

o This creates a vivid image of the physical attributes that everyone shares,
emphasizing that we all start with the same basic "equipment."
2. "A brain to use if you would be wise"
o This appeals to the reader's imagination by highlighting the mental capacity we all
have to achieve greatness.
3. "They take their food from a common plate"
o This imagery emphasizes the equality of all people, regardless of their status or
achievements.
4. "You have legs and arms and a brain to use"
o This reinforces the idea that everyone has the same physical and mental tools to
succeed.

Here are the solutions to the preposition exercises:

A Prepositions of Movement or Direction

1. He goes ______ library every evening

o Correct Answer: a. to
o Explanation: "To" is used to indicate direction toward a place.
2. You must walk ______ the bridge
o Correct Answer: b. across
o Explanation: "Across" is used to indicate movement from one side to the other.
3. Walk ______ the street and turn left
o Correct Answer: c. down
o Explanation: "Down" is used to indicate movement along a path or road.
4. That woman going ______ the supermarket is my mother
o Correct Answer: a. into
o Explanation: "Into" is used to indicate movement toward the inside of a place.
5. Sang is talking ______ Mehwish
o Correct Answer: a. to
o Explanation: "To" is used to indicate the person being addressed.

B Mixed Prepositions

1. Stay ______ the dog It bites

o Correct Answer: d. away from

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 47

 o Explanation: "Away from" is used to indicate maintaining distance.
2. Please get ______ the stage, the performance is about to start
o Correct Answer: a. off
o Explanation: "Off" is used to indicate leaving a surface or place.
3. Quick! Get the ball before it rolls ______ the hill
o Correct Answer: b. down
o Explanation: "Down" is used to indicate movement toward a lower position.
4. What do you like to do ______ the weekend?
o Correct Answer: c. on
o Explanation: "On" is used with days and dates.
5. I haven’t seen her ______ June
o Correct Answer: b. since
o Explanation: "Since" is used to indicate a point in time from which something has continued.
6. We will next meet ______ the middle of next month
o Correct Answer: a. in
o Explanation: "In" is used for longer periods like months, years, or parts of the day.
7. Hitting with the batches is ______ the 6th June
o Correct Answer: c. on
o Explanation: "On" is used with specific dates.
8. How was born ______ a farm
o Correct Answer: a. on
o Explanation: "On" is used to indicate location on a surface.

Summary of Prepositions

Preposition Usage
To Indicates direction toward a place (e.g., "go to the library").
Across Indicates movement from one side to another (e.g., "walk across the bridge").
Down Indicates movement along a path or toward a lower position (e.g., "walk down the street").
Into Indicates movement toward the inside of a place (e.g., "go into the supermarket").
Away from Indicates maintaining distance (e.g., "stay away from the dog").
Off Indicates leaving a surface or place (e.g., "get off the stage").
Since Indicates a point in time from which something has continued (e.g., "since June").
On Used with days, dates, and surfaces (e.g., "on the weekend," "on a farm").
In Used for longer periods or parts of the day (e.g., "in the middle of next month").

Complete the Sentences with Appropriate Prepositional Phrases

1. ______ ______ James, they all seemed pretty cordial

o Correct Answer: a. Except for
o Explanation: "Except for" is used to exclude someone or something from a general statement.
o Complete Sentence: Except for James, they all seemed pretty cordial.
2. ______ ______, cancer is curable
o Correct Answer: a. To a great extent
o Explanation: "To a great extent" means "mostly" or "largely."
o Complete Sentence: To a great extent, cancer is curable.
3. The train was late ______, I managed to get to the meeting in time
o Correct Answer: a. In spite of this
o Explanation: "In spite of this" is used to indicate contrast or opposition.
o Complete Sentence: The train was late. In spite of this, I managed to get to the meeting in time.
4. ______ ______ the starter, I thought the meal was excellent
o Correct Answer: b. Apart from
o Explanation: "Apart from" is used to exclude something from a statement.
o Complete Sentence: Apart from the starter, I thought the meal was excellent.
5. What is the ______ ______ you?
o Correct Answer: b. matter with
o Explanation: "Matter with" is used to ask about a problem or issue.
o Complete Sentence: What is the matter with you?

Prepositional Phrases

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 48

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase (called the object of the preposition). Prepositional phrases function as adjectives or adverbs in a sentence,
providing additional information about time, place, direction, manner, or reason.

Structure of a Prepositional Phrase

 Preposition + Object (Noun/Pronoun/Noun Phrase) + Modifiers (Optional)

Example:
o In the house
 Preposition: in
 Object: the house
o With great enthusiasm
 Preposition: with
 Object: great enthusiasm

Functions of Prepositional Phrases

1. As Adverbials (Modify Verbs):

Prepositional phrases can describe when, where, how, or why an action happens.
o Example:
 She arrived at noon. (When?)
 He walked to the park. (Where?)
 They won with great effort. (How?)
2. As Adjectives (Modify Nouns):
Prepositional phrases can describe or provide more information about a noun.
o Example:
 The book on the table is mine. (Which book?)
 The girl with red hair is my sister. (Which girl?)
3. As Post-Modifiers in Noun Phrases:
Prepositional phrases can follow a noun to add more detail.
o Example:
 The man in the black coat is my teacher.
 The painting by Picasso is priceless.
4. With Double Object Verbs:
Prepositional phrases are used with verbs like give, send, offer, show, etc. to indicate the recipient or
beneficiary.
o Example:
 She gave a gift to her friend.
 He bought a drink for me.
5. After Certain Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives:
Some verbs, nouns, and adjectives are followed by specific prepositions.
o Example:
 The book belongs to me.
 I had an argument with my brother.
 I feel sorry for you.

Common Prepositions in Prepositional Phrases

Here are some of the most common prepositions used in prepositional phrases:

Preposition Example
To She went to the store.
Of The color of the sky is blue.
About We talked about the project.
At He arrived at noon.
Before Finish your work before dinner.
After We went out after the movie.
By The book was written by her.
Behind The cat hid behind the couch.
During She slept during the flight.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 49

Preposition Example
For This gift is for you.
From I received a letter from my friend.
In The keys are in the drawer.
Over The plane flew over the city.
Under The dog is under the table.
With She painted with a brush.

Examples of Prepositional Phrases

1. Time:
o We will meet at 5 p.m..
o She has been working since morning.
2. Place:
oThe cat is hiding under the bed.
oThey live in a small village.
3. Direction:
o He walked toward the park.
o The ball rolled down the hill.
4. Manner:
o She solved the problem with great skill.
o He spoke in a soft voice.
5. Reason:
o They canceled the trip because of the rain.
o He apologized for his mistake.

Key Points to Remember

 Prepositional phrases always begin with a preposition and end with an object.
 They can function as adjectives (modify nouns) or adverbs (modify verbs).
 Prepositional phrases add detail and context to sentences.

Unit No 10 Water Scarcity of Pakistan

Here is the table with meanings and synonyms in both English and Urdu:

Synonyms Synonyms
Word Meaning
(English) (Urdu)
Scarcity The state of being scarce or in short supply. Shortage, Lack ‫الطب رمع‬
Bounty Something given or occurring in generous amounts. Abundance, Plenty ‫ھواونبک ررمج‬،
A deposit of clay, silt, and sand left by flowing floodwater in a river Sedimentary, ‫ییرک رئع رز‬،،
Alluvial
valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil. Fertile ‫راط‬
‫مقرا‬، ‫اوک غر‬،
The taking of water from a stream or other body of water into a Redirection,
Diversion
canal, pipe, or other conduit. Channeling
Valley, Depression ‫او بک ڈکیز‬
An area of land that is lower at the center than at the edges,
Basin
especially one from which water runs down into a river.
‫اہک‬، ‫موارس‬
Tributaries A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. Branch, Feeder
‫رسعزں‬
‫انہک رمع‬، ‫درخ‬
Exhaustion,
Depletion Reduction in the number or quantity of something.
Reduction
Prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of ‫بک‬،‫ہ‬، ‫خشع‬
Drought Dry spell, Aridity
water. ‫احق‬
Polluted, Tainted ‫ا رک رزیزن‬،،
Having been made impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous
Contaminated
or polluting substance.

B Choose the Correct Option

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 50

 1. Pakistan is a land where crystalline glacial water rolls down the mighty Himalaya and Karakorum peaks to
the fertile land In this sentence, the phrase rolls down is used as ______
o Correct Answer: c) personification
2. Pakistan is a land gifted with lavish resources of water By using contextual cues, the word opposite in
meaning to "gifted with" is ______
o Correct Answer: b) deprived of
3. Which of the following sentences best describes the lesson Water Scarcity ?
o Correct Answer: a) Conserve water and reduce its wastage
4. According to the UNO Report, Pakistan is at ______ position in the list of countries facing a water crisis
o Correct Answer: d) seventh
5. From her careful reading of the text, we can say that the central idea is ______
o Correct Answer: d) save water to secure your future

A Word Class and Meanings

Word Word Class Meaning

Abundant Adjective Existing or available in large quantities; plentiful.
Severe Adjective Very great; intense.
Marvellous Adjective Extremely good or pleasing; wonderful.
Starved Adjective Suffering or dying from hunger.
Judicious Adjective Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.
Excessive Adjective More than is necessary, normal, or desirable; immoderate.

B Arrange the Words into Adverbs and Use in Sentences

1. Abundantly
o Meaning: In large quantities; plentifully.
o Sentence: The garden was abundantly filled with colorful flowers.
2. Severely
o Meaning: To a great degree; intensely.
o Sentence: The region was severely affected by the drought.
3. Marvellously
o Meaning: In a wonderful or astonishing manner.
o Sentence: She sang marvellously at the concert last night.
4. Starvedly
o Note: "Starved" does not have a direct adverb form. Instead, "hungrily" can be used as an alternative.
o Sentence: The children ate hungrily after playing all day.
5. Judiciously
o Meaning: In a way that shows good judgment or sense.
o Sentence: He judiciously invested his savings in a profitable business.
6. Excessively
o Meaning: To a greater degree or in greater amounts than is necessary, normal, or desirable.
o Sentence: She was excessively worried about her exams.

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

1 Infinitives

An infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually preceded by the word "to" (e.g., to run, to eat, to sleep). Infinitives can
function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence.

Functions of Infinitives

1. As a Noun:
o Infinitives can act as the subject, object, or complement of a sentence.
o Example:
 To heal was the athlete’s first priority. (Subject)
 She loves to sing. (Object)
 His goal is to win. (Complement)
2. As an Adjective:

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 51

 o Infinitives can modify a noun or pronoun, often answering the question "which one?" or "what kind?"
o Example:
 The player to watch this season is Afridi. (Modifies "player")
 She has a book to read. (Modifies "book")
3. As an Adverb:
o Infinitives can modify a verb, adjective, or adverb, often answering the question "why?" or "how?"
o Example:
 This speech will be easy to memorize. (Modifies "easy")
 He ran to catch the bus. (Modifies "ran")

2 Infinitive Phrases

An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive along with its modifiers, complements, or objects. Like infinitives,
infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

Functions of Infinitive Phrases

1. As a Noun:
o Example:
 To stay in shape requires dedication and discipline. (Subject)
 She wants to learn French. (Object)
2. As an Adjective:
o Example:
 The thing to do first is an activity you enjoy. (Modifies "thing")
 He has a plan to save money. (Modifies "plan")
3. As an Adverb:
o Example:
 I came to Swat to see the art exhibit. (Modifies "came")
 She worked hard to achieve her goals. (Modifies "worked")

Solutions to the Exercises

Underline the infinitive phrases and identify their function (noun, adjective, or adverb):

1. Sending her roses is a way to win her friendship

o Infinitive Phrase: to win her friendship
o Function: Adjective (modifies "way")
2. The day to sleep in is Saturday
o Infinitive Phrase: to sleep in
o Function: Adjective (modifies "day")
3. Javed is coming to discuss the problem with the boss
o Infinitive Phrase: to discuss the problem with the boss
o Function: Adverb (modifies "is coming")
4. It is also possible to bring cookies rather than a cake
o Infinitive Phrase: to bring cookies rather than a cake
o Function: Noun (subject complement)
5. Please write the numbers to win the lottery on this form
o Infinitive Phrase: to win the lottery
o Function: Adjective (modifies "numbers")
6. The museum is fun to visit on a cold day
o Infinitive Phrase: to visit on a cold day
o Function: Adverb (modifies "fun")
7. The captain of the ship is the authority to obey at all times
o Infinitive Phrase: to obey at all times
o Function: Adjective (modifies "authority")
8. Samia offered to think over the argument
o Infinitive Phrase: to think over the argument
o Function: Noun (object of "offered")

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 52

Summary of Infinitive and Infinitive Phrase Functions

Function Example
Noun To win is his goal. (Subject)
Adjective She has a book to read. (Modifies "book")
Adverb He ran to catch the bus. (Modifies "ran")

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

1 Gerunds

A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun in a sentence. Gerunds can act as the subject,
object, complement, or object of a preposition.

Functions of Gerunds

1. As a Subject:

o Example:

 Swimming is good exercise.

 Reading improves your vocabulary.

2. As a Direct Object:

o Example:

 She enjoys swimming.

 I love reading books.

3. As a Predicate Nominative (Subject Complement):

o Example:

 Her favorite activity is swimming.

 My hobby is painting.

4. As an Object of a Preposition:

o Example:

 She was scolded for swimming.

 He is interested in learning new skills.

2 Gerund Phrases

A gerund phrase consists of a gerund along with its modifiers, complements, or objects. Like gerunds, gerund
phrases function as nouns in a sentence.

Functions of Gerund Phrases

1. As a Subject:

o Example:

 Swimming in the lake is good exercise.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 53

  Blowing bubbles on a windy day is a fun activity for children.

2. As a Direct Object:

o Example:

 She enjoys swimming in the lake.

 I love reading mystery novels.

3. As a Predicate Nominative (Subject Complement):

o Example:

 Her favorite activity is swimming in the lake.

 My hobby is painting landscapes.

4. As an Object of a Preposition:

o Example:

 She was scolded for swimming in the lake.

 He is interested in learning new languages.

Solutions to the Exercises

A Use Gerunds in the Following Sentences

1. Always check the oil, before you start the car

o Revised Sentence: Always check the oil, before starting the car.

2. The house was decorated with lights It looked beautiful

o Revised Sentence: Decorating the house with lights made it look beautiful.

3. To praise all alike is to praise none

o Revised Sentence: Praising all alike is praising none.

4. I cannot go on to do nothing

o Revised Sentence: I cannot go on doing nothing.

5. To collect wealth ruins health

o Revised Sentence: Collecting wealth ruins health.

6. To see is to believe

o Revised Sentence: Seeing is believing.

7. To give is better than to receive

o Revised Sentence: Giving is better than receiving.

8. To talk like this is foolish

o Revised Sentence: Talking like this is foolish.

9. She loves to read books

o Revised Sentence: She loves reading books.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 54

B Underline the Gerund Phrases in the Sentences

1. Early morning walking is Daniel’s favorite exercise

o Gerund Phrase: Early morning walking

2. Mrs Noman enjoys playing bridge

o Gerund Phrase: playing bridge

3. I remember promising Sami my old bike

o Gerund Phrase: promising Sami my old bike

4. Standing during a two-hour train trip is not my idea of fun

o Gerund Phrase: Standing during a two-hour train trip

5. Do you like sailing on the lake?

o Gerund Phrase: sailing on the lake

6. Volunteering at the hospital is just one of Haleema’s activities

o Gerund Phrase: Volunteering at the hospital

7. Mrs Basheer enjoys watching quiz shows on television

o Gerund Phrase: watching quiz shows on television

8. Taking out the garbage is not my favorite job around the house

o Gerund Phrase: Taking out the garbage

Review 6 – 10 units

A Underline the Adjective Phrases

1. The main character in the story is a young boy

o Adjective Phrase: in the story
2. He is a visitor from another planet
o Adjective Phrase: from another planet
3. Part of the treasure map is missing
o Adjective Phrase: of the treasure map
4. The road along the coastline has the best views
o Adjective Phrase: along the coastline
5. Several of the eggs are cracked
o Adjective Phrase: of the eggs

B Find the Adjective Clause and the Word It Modifies

1. I like a leader who listens to his men

o Adjective Clause: who listens to his men
o Modifies: leader
2. The dog which I loved dearly was hit by a truck last night
o Adjective Clause: which I loved dearly
o Modifies: dog
3. Rulon is a person who takes responsibility well
o Adjective Clause: who takes responsibility well
o Modifies: person
4. All individuals who purchased tickets will be admitted
o Adjective Clause: who purchased tickets
o Modifies: individuals
5. The shirt that you bought me doesn’t fit well
o Adjective Clause: that you bought me

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 55

 o Modifies: shirt

C Do as Directed

1. What is the adjective phrase in this sentence?

The cabin beside the lake was already occupied when we arrived.
o Correct Answer: b. beside the lake
2. What is the adjective clause in this sentence?
Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here in another week.
o Correct Answer: c. which is my favorite season
3. What is the adjective phrase in this sentence?
He finished the dish of ice cream very quickly.
o Correct Answer: a. of ice cream
4. Choose the correct option to best complete the sentence
I always remember the times ______ my cousins and I spent vacations together.
o Correct Answer: d. that
5. Identify the phrase type in the sentence below
Houses are unbelievably expensive these days.
o Correct Answer: b. adverb phrase

D Underline the Adverb Phrases

1. She lives in a luxurious home

o Adverb Phrase: in a luxurious home

2. Is there water on the moon?

o Adverb Phrase: on the moon

3. She ran into her room

o Adverb Phrase: into her room

4. They chatted for a while

o Adverb Phrase: for a while

5. She performed the task with great skill

o Adverb Phrase: with great skill

E Combine Simple Sentences into One Sentence with an Adverb Clause

1. I waited for my friend I waited till he arrived

o Combined Sentence: I waited for my friend until he arrived

2. You are intelligent I am intelligent

o Combined Sentence: As you are intelligent, so am I

3. He was not there I left a message with his mother

o Combined Sentence: Since he was not there, I left a message with his mother

4. We wish to live We eat for that purpose

o Combined Sentence: We eat so that we may live

5. She was very tired She could barely stand

o Combined Sentence: She was so tired that she could barely stand

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 56

F Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Preposition

I’m Peshawa and I live in Swat, because of the weather and the people there.

Last summer I took a bus from Peshawar to Swat. At the bus stop, we went to our hotel by taxi. We stopped at a
small restaurant for a quick meal. The driver parked the taxi near the restaurant. Nobody could find the taxi and the
driver, so we waited outside the restaurant for one hour. The driver was walking in the small park behind the
restaurant, which we did not know. So we were very angry with him. But my holidays were great.

We sat around campfires and went trekking in the early mornings.

G Choose the Correct Option

1. Determine how the infinitive phrase is being used in the sentence

To have a balanced diet, keep the food triangle in mind.

o Correct Answer: a. adverb

2. What is the infinitive phrase in this sentence?

To surprise his family, Asad dressed up in a funny costume.

o Correct Answer: d. to surprise his family

3. Which sentence contains an infinitive phrase?

o Correct Answer: a. Tahir hated to leave the party so soon.

4. Determine how the underlined infinitive phrase is being used in the following sentence
It is also possible to bring biscuits rather than a cake.

o Correct Answer: a. noun

5. Determine how the underlined infinitive phrase is being used in the following sentence
The day to sleep in is Sunday.

o Correct Answer: b. adjective

H Complete the Sentences with the Correct Verbal (Infinitive or Gerund)

1. She enjoyed ______ to you

o Correct Answer: speaking

2. He agreed ______ the book

o Correct Answer: to read

3. The lawyer argued for ______ the case

o Correct Answer: dismissing

4. When they finish ______ the test, they will leave

o Correct Answer: taking

5. Are you planning ______ to the picnic?

o Correct Answer: to go

I Underline the Appropriate Prepositional Phrase in Each Sentence

1. There are lots of birds nesting under the leaves

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 57

 o Prepositional Phrase: under the leaves

2. After school, the children played tag at the park

o Prepositional Phrase: at the park

3. Come into the store with me

o Prepositional Phrase: into the store

4. For one hundred years the chair sat moldering in the attic

o Prepositional Phrase: in the attic

5. I gave the children eggs instead of cakes for breakfast today

o Prepositional Phrase: instead of cakes

J Complete the Sentences with Appropriate Modal Verbs

1. You really ______ watch TV this much

o Correct Answer: shouldn’t

2. She must be at work; she always works at this time

o Correct Answer: must

3. Speak up; I ______ hear you!

o Correct Answer: can’t

4. Atif ______ call his father urgently

o Correct Answer: must

5. Thank you for calling, sir How ______ I help you?

o Correct Answer: may

6. If I go to Peshawar, I ______ see the Bala Hisar Fort

o Correct Answer: will

K Change the Regular/Irregular Verbs in Parentheses into the Past Simple

1. At the age of 23, she ______ (become) a doctor

o Correct Answer: became

2. On Saturday, I ______ (play) computer games with my cousins

o Correct Answer: played

3. I ______ (know) the answer yesterday

o Correct Answer: knew

4. He ______ (tell) me that he lived in China

o Correct Answer: told

5. Mum ______ (not cook) dinner last night

o Correct Answer: didn’t cook

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 58

Unit No 11 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Here is the table with English words, their meanings, and synonyms in both English and Urdu:

Words Meaning Synonyms (English) Urdu Synonyms ()‫و را تافوررتم‬

To make a wild animal used to living with or

Domesticate Tame, Train, Cultivate ‫تشنمل یلش شر سوھخ شر لشیل تش ش‬
working for humans

The scientific study of how characteristics are

Genetics Heredity, Inheritance ‫ ب دلج‬،،‫خ مش ر یل‬،، ‫املمش ر‬
passed from one generation to another

To change something slightly to make it more

Modify Alter, Adjust, Revise ‫سپ لا ش‬، ‫ایمج لا شر یونلشر‬
suitable

To take an organ, skin, etc., from one person or

Transplant Graft, Transfer, Implant ‫نر یلمیلبر خ ن لا ش‬،‫تمل و لش‬
animal and put it into another

Following what is generally accepted; normal Traditional, Customary,

Conventional ‫خ مبر یوتلو لشر دشع‬،،
and ordinary Standard

The complete set of genes in a cell or living Genetic Code, DNA

Genome ‫امللعر املمش ب ارمنر ڈن خ چ خے‬
thing Structure

Characteristic,
Trait A particular quality in personality ‫یللمپر شلمپر ہ ش‬
Attribute, Feature

To control or influence someone in a dishonest Influence, Exploit, ‫دھ شر‬، ‫ے لشیل‬ ‫لشیل تش شر شنشلب‬
Manipulate
way Control ‫شنشلب دھخ ش‬

Light waves shorter than violet light in the ‫خنب‬، ‫ ے‬، ‫یشنشبے یلسابر را ہ‬
Ultraviolet UV Rays, Radiation
spectrum ‫الب‬،،

Eliminate, Exterminate,
Eradicate To destroy or get rid of something completely ‫ے خدھخڑ شر عٹخ ش‬ ‫مج لا شر جڑ‬
Abolish

Bacteria, ‫ تلمافر عٹن یبں‬،،‫ھ‬ ‫یمرملف‬

Bt Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium found in soil
Microorganism ‫خنش یماٹ ا ش‬، ‫تش ش اش ے‬

Especially of illnesses, passed from parents to Genetic, Inborn,

Hereditary ‫خ مبر تموخااب‬،، ‫ بر‬،،‫یل‬
children before birth Inherited

Producing bright light using some forms of Luminous, Radiant, ‫خنشر‬، ‫الب تموخ لا ے‬،، ‫ر‬،‫تروخ‬
Fluorescent
radiation Glowing ‫شیلشد‬

B Choose the correct option in the following statements

1. The information database of an organism is called ______.

Answer: d) genes
2. In the sentence, “But the turning point in this field was the discovery of the gene,” the phrase “turning point”
means ______.
Answer: a) a point in a chain of events at which an important change occurs
3. “Scientists first discovered in 1946 that DNA can be transferred between organisms.” The idea expressed in
this statement is based on ______.
Answer: a) fact
4. After carefully reading the text “Genetically Modified Organisms,” it appears to be ______.
Answer: b) expository
5. “A few decades ago, manipulation of genes in people, plants, and animals was just science fiction.” This
sentence means ______.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 59

 Answer: d) a few decades ago control of genes in living organisms seemed imaginary and was not possible in
the real world

Words/Phrase Inferred Meaning Explanation & Text Evidence Dictionary Definition Accuracy Assessment
Text mentions "selection of better
Controlled The mating and
plants and animals for breeding" Correct — Directly
breeding reproduction of production of offspring
and "conventional method of matches text usage.
plants/animals by animals or plants
breeding."
Used in "manipulation of genes" Skillful handling or
Intentional alteration Correct — Fits the context
manipulation and "genetic engineering is the control, often to alter
or control of genetic modification.
process of manipulation of genes." something
Discussed in "antibiotic-resistant The ability to oppose or
Ability to withstand Correct — Explicitly used in
resistance tobacco plant" and "resistance withstand a
something the text.
against antibiotic." force/influence
Totally off — No direct
Not directly in the text, but related
External factors causing Things that provoke a evidence; inferred from
stimuli to "traits" like disease resistance
a response reaction or activity general biology
(implied responses).
knowledge.
(Likely Totally off — Unrelated to
Emitting light (if
luminiscent typo: luminescent) Not mentioned in the text. the text; likely a
"luminescent")
Light-emitting misspelling.
Totally off — No
Liquid turning into To change from liquid to
evaporates Not mentioned in the text. connection to the GMO
vapor gas
context.

Sentence Types and Transformations

Understanding the Four Basic Sentence Types

1. Declarative Sentences

o Purpose: To make statements or convey information

o Structure: Subject + Verb + (Object/Complement)

o Example: "The smoke alarm battery should be changed annually."

o Key Feature: Always ends with a period (.)

2. Interrogative Sentences

o Purpose: To ask questions

o Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + (Object)

o Example: "Where is the school?"

o Key Feature: Ends with a question mark (?)

3. Imperative Sentences

o Purpose: To give commands, make requests, or offer advice

o Structure: (Subject implied "you") + Base Verb + (Object)

o Example: "Shut that door now."

o Key Feature: Can end with period or exclamation mark

4. Exclamatory Sentences

o Purpose: To express strong emotions

o Structure: "What/How" + Adjective/Noun + Subject + Verb

o Example: "What a beautiful day it is!"

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 60

 o Key Feature: Always ends with exclamation mark (!)

Sentence Classification Exercise with Detailed Explanations

1. "Yikes! I feel terrible that you got into an accident this morning "

o Type: Exclamatory

o Reason: Begins with emotional interjection "Yikes!" and expresses strong feeling

2. "Where is the school?"

o Type: Interrogative

o Reason: Direct question starting with question word "Where"

3. "The smoke alarm battery should be changed annually "

o Type: Declarative

o Reason: States a fact/suggestion in neutral tone

4. "Shut that door now "

o Type: Imperative

o Reason: Direct command (implied subject "you")

5. "I love this plant!"

o Type: Exclamatory

o Reason: Expresses strong emotion with exclamation mark

6. "Slow down before you get into an accident "

o Type: Imperative

o Reason: Warning/advice given as command

7. "How many students are in your class?"

o Type: Interrogative

o Reason: Question beginning with "How"

8. "Did I say anything to make you angry?"

o Type: Interrogative

o Reason: Yes/no question starting with auxiliary "Did"

Sentence Transformation Rules with Enhanced Examples

Pattern: Adjective + of + Noun/Pronoun + to-infinitive

1. Affirmative to Negative Transformation

o Rule: Insert "not" after the verb "to be"

o Example:

 Affirmative: "It was wise of her to decline the offer."

 Negative: "It was not wise of her to decline the offer."

2. Affirmative to Exclamatory Transformation

o Rule: Begin with "How" + adjective or "What" + noun phrase

o Example:

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 61

  Affirmative: "It was generous of them to donate."

 Exclamatory: "How generous of them to donate!"

3. Affirmative to Interrogative Transformation

o Rule: Invert subject and verb "to be"

o Example:

 Affirmative: "It was clever of you to solve this."

 Interrogative: "Was it clever of you to solve this?"

Additional Transformation Patterns

1. Simple Past Tense Example:

o Affirmative: "They completed the project."

o Negative: "They did not complete the project."

o Exclamatory: "How quickly they completed the project!"

o Interrogative: "Did they complete the project?"

2. Present Continuous Example:

o Affirmative: "She is singing beautifully."

o Negative: "She is not singing beautifully."

o Exclamatory: "How beautifully she is singing!"

o Interrogative: "Is she singing beautifully?"

Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Negative Transformations:

o Incorrect: "It not was kind of you."

o Correct: "It was not kind of you."

2. Exclamatory Sentences:

o Incorrect: "How kind you are of!"

o Correct: "How kind of you!"

3. Interrogative Sentences:

o Incorrect: "It was helpful of him?"

o Correct: "Was it helpful of him?"

Practice Exercise (with Answers)

Transform these sentences:

1. "It was brave of him to confront the thief."

o Negative: "It was not brave of him to confront the thief."

o Exclamatory: "How brave of him to confront the thief!"

o Interrogative: "Was it brave of him to confront the thief?"

2. "The children finished their homework."

o Negative: "The children did not finish their homework."

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 62

 o Exclamatory: "How quickly the children finished their homework!"

o Interrogative: "Did the children finish their homework?"

This enhanced explanation provides clearer rules, more examples, and practical exercises to help master sentence
types and transformat

Here are the solutions for transforming each sentence into negative, exclamatory, and interrogative forms:

1. "It is kind of you to invite us "

o Negative: It is not kind of you to invite us.

o Exclamatory: How kind of you to invite us!

o Interrogative: Is it kind of you to invite us?

2. "He is very generous "

o Negative: He is not very generous.

o Exclamatory: How generous he is!

o Interrogative: Is he very generous?

3. "She is very knowledgeable "

o Negative: She is not very knowledgeable.

o Exclamatory: How knowledgeable she is!

o Interrogative: Is she very knowledgeable?

4. "Gold is very precious "

o Negative: Gold is not very precious.

o Exclamatory: How precious gold is!

o Interrogative: Is gold very precious?

5. "The wind is blowing from the west "

o Negative: The wind is not blowing from the west.

o Exclamatory: How strongly the wind is blowing from the west!

o Interrogative: Is the wind blowing from the west?

Simple Sentence

 Definition: Contains one independent clause (a complete thought).

 Structure: Subject + Verb (+ Object/Complement).

 Key Points:

o No dependent clauses

o Can stand alone as a complete sentence

 Examples:

o She laughed. (She = subject, laughed = verb)

o The sun shines brightly. (The sun = subject, shines = verb, brightly = adverb)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 63

 o They ate pizza. (They = subject, ate = verb, pizza = object)

Compound Sentence

 Definition: Combines two or more independent clauses with:

o A coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), or

o A semicolon (;) or dash (—).

 Punctuation Rule: Use a comma before the conjunction.

 Examples:

o I wanted tea, but he preferred coffee.

o She finished her work; she was exhausted.

o It rained all day—we stayed indoors.

Complex Sentence

 Definition: Combines one independent clause with one or more dependent clauses (incomplete thoughts).

 Structure:

o Subordinating conjunctions link clauses (because, when, if, although, since, etc.).

o Comma Rule: Use a comma if the dependent clause comes first.

 Examples:

o When the bell rang, the students left.

 Dependent clause: When the bell rang (cannot stand alone).

 Independent clause: the students left (complete thought).

o He failed the test because he didn’t study.

o Although it was cold, we went hiking.

Comparison Table

Type Clauses Conjunctions Example

Simple 1 independent None Birds sing.

Compound 2+ independent FANBOYS (e.g., and, but) She ran, yet she was late.

Complex 1 independent + 1 dependent Subordinators (e.g., when) When she called, I answered.

Key Takeaways

1. Simple: One complete thought.

2. Compound: Two complete thoughts joined equally.

3. Complex: One complete thought + one incomplete thought.

Here s the classification of each sentence as simple, compound, or complex, along with explanations:

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 64

1 "The house was destroyed in the fire, but the whole family was saved "

 Type: Compound

 Why: Two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction "but".

o Clause 1: The house was destroyed in the fire (complete thought).

o Clause 2: the whole family was saved (complete thought).

2 "Walking through the wood, he saw a fox that was following him "

 Type: Complex

 Why: One independent clause + one dependent clause.

o Independent: he saw a fox (complete thought).

o Dependent: that was following him (incomplete; relies on the main clause).

3 "The large horses walked slowly "

 Type: Simple

 Why: Single independent clause with one subject (horses) and one verb (walked).

4 "If I do not get this job, I will start a business "

 Type: Complex

 Why: Dependent clause (If I do not get this job) + independent clause (I will start a business).

5 "He said that he was so disappointed that he would not try again "

 Type: Complex

 Why: Nested dependent clauses.

o Independent: He said (main clause).

o Dependent 1: that he was so disappointed (explains what he said).

o Dependent 2: that he would not try again (explains the disappointment).

6 "The men who rule the world with their pens are mightier than those who rule the world with their swords "

 Type: Complex

 Why: Independent clause (The men are mightier) + two dependent clauses (who rule... pens and who rule...
swords).

7 "loved and Palwasho went home "

 Type: Simple (assuming a typo; likely "Loved and Palwasho went home.")

 Why: Single subject (Loved and Palwasho) + one verb (went).

8 "The evil that men do lives after them "

 Type: Complex

 Why: Independent clause (The evil lives after them) + dependent clause (that men do).

9 "All that glitters is not gold "

 Type: Complex

 Why: Independent clause (All is not gold) + dependent clause (that glitters).

10 "Neither the colour nor the design of this cloth appeals to me "

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 65

  Type: Simple

 Why: Single subject (colour/design) + one verb (appeals). "Neither...nor" is a correlative conjunction but
doesn’t create multiple clauses.

Unit 12 (poem) They have cutdown the Pines Author: Marg Lisle

Here is the table with English words, meanings, and synonyms in both English and Urdu:

Urdu Synonyms ( ‫حغخر‬

Words Meaning Synonyms (English)
)‫مرتحخماح‬
Bark The outer covering of a tree Rind, Husk, Shell ‫تککہک یجتک‬، ‫تہھک‬،
Bough A large branch of a tree Limb, Branch, Twig ‫وھک ہاھع‬، ‫وارب‬

‫اح ئعک‬، ‫مگک‬،‫کہ‬، ‫گااہاک‬

Dialogue, Discussion,
Colloquy A conversation
Talk

‫نابک ناقاب ئنجہز دنعز‬

Stream, Brook,
Creek A narrow area of water where the sea flows into the land
Channel

‫ک یےنمی ےجی‬،‫ماو‬،‫ڈئنجں رحقاب نہ‬

Bumpy, Lumpy,
Knobby Having small hard lumps
Uneven
Needly The thin, hard, pointed leaf of a pine tree Spiky, Sharp, Pointed ‫یکوک نخطب رزرئد خحغ‬،‫نا‬

‫کہک ےمےھط رمرز‬،‫تا‬، ‫اغناب‬،‫ح‬

To remove a layer from something, especially so that it is Peeled, Bare,
Stripped
completely exposed Uncovered
Wan Looking pale and weak Pale, Faint, Sickly ‫ک ےعمزن نا‬،‫مرا‬، ‫اغخب‬

Let me know if you need further modifications! 😊

Here are the correct answers to the questions based on the poem:

1. "And all day long the sun

Plays hide and seek with the shadows"
The literary device used here is:
c) personification
(The sun is given human-like qualities by "playing hide and seek.")
2. The word closest in meaning to trodden is:
a) trampled
(From the line "nobody nuts trodden into the ground," "trodden" suggests being pressed/crushed underfoot.)
3. "The gentle colloquy of bough and bough"
The literary device used is:
c) personification
(Tree boughs are described as having a "colloquy" [conversation], a human trait.)
4. "When its silver blind is down"
The phrase "silver blind" is used as:
a) metaphor
(It compares rain to a "silver blind" without using "like" or "as.")
5. The tone of the poem is:
a) sorrowful
(The poem laments deforestation with phrases like "they have cut down the trees" and "naked trunks lie.")

6. Tone Analysis of Key Phrases

Contribution to
Word/Phrase Literal Meaning Connotation/Effect
Tone

"cut down the

Chopping/destroying trees Violence, loss of nature Sorrowful, elegiac
pines"

Wind no longer interacting Personification of grief; nature Melancholic,

"wind will miss"
with trees mourning nostalgic

"stripped the bark" Removing tree bark forcibly Brutality, exposure of Anguished, bleak

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 66

 Contribution to
Word/Phrase Literal Meaning Connotation/Effect
Tone

vulnerability

"trodden into the Oppression, disregard for

Crushed underfoot Despairing, harsh
ground" nature

"the kind, the Trees described as Personification of trees as Mournful (loss of

friendly tree" benevolent gentle beings kindness)

"ended now" Abrupt conclusion Finality, irreversible change Resigned, hopeless

"naked trunks lie" Bare tree trunks lying fallen Vulnerability, death of trees Funereal, somber

Futility, loss of what’s

"seek in vain" Searching without success Tragic, futile
irreplaceable

Grammar: Conditional Sentences (Type I & II) – Solutions & Explanations

1 First Conditional (Real Possibility in Present/Future)

Structure:

 If clause: If + Present Simple

 Main clause: will + base verb

Completed Sentences (Type I):

1. If you wash the dishes, I will cook dinner tonight.

2. If my dad has time next week, we will paint my room.
3. You will learn a lot about American history if you visit the exhibition.
4. If the weather is not too bad tomorrow, we will play golf.
5. We will not get there on time if we do not catch the bus.

Key Notes:

 Used for real/likely future situations (e.g., plans, promises, warnings).

 Example: "If it rains, we will stay home." (A real possibility.)

2 Second Conditional (Unreal/Hypothetical Situations)

Structure:

 If clause: If + Past Simple

 Main clause: would + base verb

Completed Sentences (Type II):

1. If I had more time, I would learn to play the guitar.

2. If she studied harder, she would get better marks.
3. If we knew more about history, we would not be afraid of the test.
4. I would go jogging with Tahir and Sohail if they were here this week.
5. It would surprise me if she did not help you.

Key Notes:

 Used for imaginary/unreal scenarios (e.g., dreams, hypothetical advice).

 Example: "If I were rich, I would travel the world." (Unlikely or untrue now.)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 67

3 Finish the Sentences (Mixed Conditionals)

Answers with Hooks:

1. If it is sunny tomorrow, we will have a picnic! (Type I – real possibility)

2. If you sit in the sun too long, you will get sunburned. (Type I – warning)
3. If I were you, I would apologize to her. (Type II – advice)
4. If I were the Prime Minister, I would reduce taxes. (Type II – unreal scenario)
5. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam. (Type III – past unreal, but context suggests Type
II)
6. If I won the lottery, I would buy a mansion. (Type II – dream)
7. If I hadn’t gone to bed so late, I wouldn’t be tired now. (Mixed conditional – past action affecting present)
8. If I hadn’t come to London, I would never have met you. (Type III – past unreal result)

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

 Type I: Don’t use "will" in the if clause (✗ If you will go → ✓ If you go).
 Type II: Use "were" for all subjects in unreal if clauses (✓ If I were rich).

Summary Table

Conditional Use Case If Clause Main Clause

Type I Real future Present Simple will + verb
Type II Unreal present/future Past Simple would + verb

Practice Tip: For Type II, imagine "what if" scenarios (If I were invisible...). For Type I, think of cause-effect (If you heat
ice, it melts).

Unit No 13 Hazrat Umar (R A)

Corrected Word English Meaning English Synonyms Urdu Synonyms

lineage ancestry or pedigree descent, heritage, ancestry ‫ارر ش وخ ر اتاہ ار‬

dominion authority to rule; control sovereignty, power, command ،‫ر رلیپر خ ممش‬،‫خلموخ‬

retinue group accompanying an important person entourage, attendants, escort ‫یلش یمچر شابہر دتنہ‬

astonishment feeling of great surprise amazement, shock, wonder ،‫ما ر وترر ااو‬

sway move slowly side to side swing, oscillate, rock ‫خ ش‬،‫نلشر ہنلشر وہ‬،‫جھ‬

honorarium payment for professional services fee, stipend, compensation ‫مہر خ وشعر امف‬،‫یوش‬

custodian person who protects something guardian, keeper, caretaker ‫گاخ ر یحشاحر یلمرج‬

hoarded accumulated and stored away amassed, collected, stockpiled ‫ماہ لا شر خدہٹخ لا ش‬ ‫اتض لا شر‬

unstinted given generously lavish, abundant, bountiful ‫ااخش ور سخبر لکما‬

lull calm or send to sleep soothe, pacify, quiet ‫خع لش‬،، ‫سلش شر تاسرل لا شر‬

dole unemployment benefit welfare, allowance, aid ‫خ‬،‫ہخ‬ ‫ممتہر‬، ‫خیوخ ر‬

negligence failure to give care/attention carelessness, neglect, oversight ‫سلپر لل شہن‬، ‫خابر‬،‫نشتا‬

appetite physical desire for food hunger, craving, desire ‫بپ‬،، ‫در لخہ ر‬،‫ھ‬

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 68

B Choose the correct option:

1. “Hazrat Umar’s (R.A) standard of living was in no case higher than an ordinary man” This shows that as
caliph his lifestyle was ______

o Answer: c) austere (The text emphasizes his simplicity, e.g., eating barley bread and living like an
ordinary person.)

2. Hazrat Umar (R A) felt offended when the governor of Kufa proposed eating wheat instead of barley
because ______

o Answer: c) the poor could not afford wheat (He explicitly states, "How can I take wheat bread unless it
is available to all my people?")

3. What according to the text was not the part of Hazrat Umar’s (♂♂) personality?

o Answer: b) luxury and display of wealth (His life was marked by humility, simplicity, and service—
never luxury.)

4. Feeding the hungry children of the old woman is an excellent example of ______

o Answer: a) humanism and social welfare of disadvantaged (He prioritized the needy, even personally
carrying flour to help them.)

5. After reading the text, the central point of Hazrat Umar’s (R.A) rule was ______

o Answer: a) welfare of people (His actions—ensuring equality, accessibility, and aid—highlight his focus
on public welfare.)

Here are the verbs formed from the given words:

Noun/Adjective Verb
protection protect
reduction reduce
initiation initiate
expansion expand
pleasure please
food feed
congratulation congratulate
tight tighten

Active and Passive Voice: Rules, Examples, and Exceptions

(Important for ETEA Test, KPK)

1 Definition

 Active Voice: The subject performs the action.

o Example: She writes a letter.

 Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.

o Example: A letter is written by her.

2 Rules for Conversion (Active → Passive)

Active Voice Passive Voice Rule Applied

She eats an apple. An apple is eaten by her. Present Simple: Object + is/am/are + V3 + by + subject

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 69

Active Voice Passive Voice Rule Applied

A book is being written by Present Continuous: Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by

He is writing a book.
him. + subject

They built a house. A house was built by them. Past Simple: Object + was/were + V3 + by + subject

She will finish the The work will be finished by

Future Simple: Object + will be + V3 + by + subject
work. her.

He has bought a car. A car has been bought by him. Present Perfect: Object + has/have been + V3 + by + subject

3 Exceptional Cases (Important for ETEA Test)

(A) Intransitive Verbs (No Passive Voice)

 Verbs that do not take an object (e.g., go, sleep, laugh, die).

o ❌ He slept peacefully. (No passive form)

(B) Verbs with Two Objects (Direct & Indirect)

 Active: She gave me a book.

 Passive (Two Ways):

1. A book was given to me by her.

2. I was given a book by her.

(C) Modal Verbs (can, may, must, should, etc )

 Structure: Object + modal + be + V3

o Active: You must complete this work.

o Passive: This work must be completed by you.

(D) Imperative Sentences (Commands)

 Active: Open the door.

 Passive: Let the door be opened.

(E) "By" Omission in Passive Voice

 If the doer is unknown/unimportant, we omit "by + subject."

o Example: The thief was arrested. (Police not mentioned)

4 Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Incorrect: The song was sung by her beautifully. (Avoid adding adverbs after "by")
Correct: The song was beautifully sung by her.

2. Incorrect: A letter is wrote by him.

Correct: A letter is written by him.

5 Passive Voice in Different Tenses (Summary Table)

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple She eats an apple. An apple is eaten by her.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 70

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Past Simple He wrote a letter. A letter was written by him.

Future Simple They will build a house. A house will be built by them.

Present Continuous She is reading a book. A book is being read by her.

Past Perfect He had fixed the car. The car had been fixed by him.

6 Why Passive Voice is Used?

1. Emphasize the action rather than the doer.

o Example: The Mona Lisa was painted by Da Vinci.

2. Formal writing (scientific reports, news headlines).

o Example: The results were analyzed.

3. When the doer is unknown

o Example: My phone was stolen.

A Active or Passive? Identify the Voice of Each Sentence

Sentence Voice Explanation

1. Boys like to play soccer. Active Subject (Boys) performs the action (like).

2. This room has been painted blue. Passive Subject (room) receives the action (painted).

3. Cricket is played in Australia. Passive Subject (Cricket) receives the action (played).

4. I am given a book. Passive Subject (I) receives the action (given).

5. We have lost our keys. Active Subject (We) performs the action (lost).

6. You might see dolphins here. Active Subject (You) performs the action (see).

7. The report must be completed by next Friday. Passive Subject (report) receives the action (completed).

8. They were singing a song in the lesson yesterday. Active Subject (They) performs the action (singing).

B Rewrite in Active Voice

Passive Voice Active Voice

1. We are taught grammar by Mrs. Sikandar. Mrs Sikandar teaches us grammar

2. He was praised by the teacher. The teacher praised him

3. The injured were taken to the hospital by the firemen. The firemen took the injured to the hospital

4. The town was destroyed by an earthquake. An earthquake destroyed the town

5. The teacher was pleased with the boy’s work. The boy’s work pleased the teacher

6. The building was damaged by the fire. The fire damaged the building

7. By whom were you taught English? Who taught you English?

8. You will be given a ticket by the manager. The manager will give you a ticket

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 71

Unit No 14 The Model Millionaire
Word English Meaning English Synonyms Urdu Synonyms

aristocrat people born in the highest social class noble, patrician, elite ‫خااخابہر لخ ر خیما‬

demeanour the way somebody looks or behaves behavior, manner, conduct ‫نہر یا شبر شو ڈھخو‬،،

‫ے‬ ‫نناچر‬ ‫ما‬، ‫یوتلنبر‬

prosaic commonplace; unromantic dull, ordinary, mundane
‫نطت‬

captivating, enchanting,
fascinating attracting strong attention and interest ‫نرپر تالاپر یمش ا لچ‬
intriguing

ineffectual lacking ability to handle a situation incompetent, useless, feeble ‫ر ے خ ا‬،،‫شخہور لتج‬

glum looking or feeling dejected gloomy, sad, morose ‫خااا ہر خ خ ر یش ل‬

ancient writing material made from animal ‫مر لو ج حا ان‬،‫جڑے لش لش‬

parchment vellum, scroll, manuscript
skin ‫یلخ‬

wizened shrivelled or wrinkled with age shriveled, aged, withered ‫خ‬،‫ر یلڑھخر یاجھخ ش ہ‬،‫ن خ‬،‫جھ‬

battered damaged by age and repeated use worn-out, dilapidated, broken ‫ٹخر تاخ ش‬،‫ٹخ ھ‬،‫ااسل ہر ٹ‬

divan long, low sofa without a back or arms couch, settee, ottoman ‫للمہر نتبب ااپ‬

guineas £1.05 (historical currency) (No direct synonym) )‫رلب (ساہ‬

sovereign a former British gold coin (No direct synonym) ‫سل ے لش ساہ‬

copiers brown coins of low value pennies, coppers ‫ش رے دے ساے‬

hansom two-wheeled horse-drawn cab carriage, buggy ‫ڑخ رشڑنر للپ‬،‫گھ‬

flitted move swiftly and lightly dart, skim, flutter ‫ ش‬،‫ے الپ لا شر ھ‬ ‫مجن‬

sulky behaving angrily due to unhappiness sullen, moody, grumpy ‫خم‬،‫دھخر پڑپڑخر ش‬،،

slump sudden fall in price/value decline, plunge, collapse ‫خو‬، ‫ٹر لتبر‬،‫راخ‬

predicament a difficult situation dilemma, quandary, crisis ‫شور خناھ‬ ،‫یارن لل‬

fiasco a complete failure disaster, debacle, flop ‫شلشیبر یایش نر اراپ‬

B Choose the correct option:

1. What does Colonel Merton want from Hughie before allowing him to marry his daughter?

o Answer: b) financial stability

 Text Evidence: The Colonel demands Hughie have "ten thousand pounds" before marriage (Part
1: "Come to me when your son has got ten thousand pounds").

2. All of these traits describe Hughie Erskine EXCEPT:

o Answer: a) greedy

 Text Evidence: Hughie is described as "soft-hearted," "gentle," and generous (e.g., giving his
last sovereign to the "beggar"). Greed contradicts his character.

3. Antonym of "eagerly" in the sentence:

o Answer: a) indifferently

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 72

  Explanation: "Eagerly" means with enthusiasm; its opposite is indifferently (lack of interest).

4. Theme of the story:

o Answer: d) kindness begets kindness

 Text Evidence: Hughie’s act of kindness (giving the sovereign) leads to Baron Hausberg’s reward
(Part 3: the Baron sends him £10,000 as gratitude).

5. Alan considered the model’s face his fortune because:

o Answer: a) he looked miserable

 Text Evidence: Alan says, "You don’t want a beggar to look happy, do you?" (Part 2). The
model’s piteous expression was artistically valuable.

6. Why was Baron Hausberg interested in Hughie?

o Answer: c) Hughie was sympathetic

 Text Evidence: The Baron was moved by Hughie’s compassion (Part 3: "He was in the highest
spirits after you left...").

Here are the meanings and parts of speech for the given words, formatted as they might appear in a dictionary entry:

Dictionary-Style Definitions

Word Part of Speech Meaning

philosophy n. (noun) The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.

chuckling v. (verb, present participle) Laughing quietly or inwardly.

patched adj. (adjective) Repaired with pieces of material or software updates.

strolled v. (verb, past tense) Walked leisurely.

cobbled adj. (adjective) Repaired roughly (e.g., shoes); or paved with cobblestones.

Direct and Indirect Speech: Complete Guide with Rules & Exceptions

1 Definition

 Direct Speech: Quotes the exact words spoken (in quotation marks).

o Example: She said, "I am tired."

 Indirect Speech: Reports the meaning without exact words (no quotation marks).

o Example: She said that she was tired.

2 Key Changes in Indirect Speech

Element Direct Speech Indirect Speech Rule

Tense "I eat an apple." He said he ate an apple. Shift back one tense (Present → Past).

Pronouns "I like this." She said she liked that. Adjust pronouns to match the reporter’s perspective.

Time Words "I’ll go today." He said he’d go that day. now → then, today → that day, yesterday → the day before.

Place Words "Stay here." She told me to stay there. here → there, this → that.

Modal Verbs "I can swim." He said he could swim. can → could, may → might, must → had to.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 73

3 Exceptional Cases (Must Know!)

(A) No Tense Change

1. Universal Truths/Facts:

o Direct: "The Earth is round."

o Indirect: He said the Earth is round.

2. Habitual Actions:

o Direct: "She wakes up early."

o Indirect: He said she wakes up early.

(B) Imperatives (Commands/Requests)

 Direct: "Close the door."

 Indirect: He told me to close the door.

o Use "to + verb" for orders; "asked" for requests.

(C) Questions

1. Yes/No Questions:

o Direct: "Are you tired?"

o Indirect: She asked if/whether I was tired.

2. Wh- Questions:

o Direct: "Where do you live?"

o Indirect: He asked where I lived.

(D) Modals in Indirect Speech

 Will → Would, Shall → Should, May → Might

o Exception: "Would, could, should, might, ought to" remain unchanged.

4 Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Incorrect Pronoun Shifts:

o ❌ She said, "You are late." → She said you were late. (Wrong if reporting to a third person.)

o ✅ She said I/he was late.

2. Missing "That":

o ✅ He said (that) he was busy. ("That" is optional but preferred in formal writing.)

3. Double Past:

o ❌ She said she had went home.

o ✅ She said she had gone home.

5 Special Cases

(A) "Let’s" Suggestions

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 74

  Direct: "Let’s go to the park."

 Indirect: He suggested going to the park.

(B) Exclamations

 Direct: "What a beautiful day!"

 Indirect: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful day.

(C) Mixed Tenses

 Direct: "I was tired, but now I feel better."

 Indirect: He said he had been tired but felt better then.

Tense Change in Indirect Speech

Direct Speech (Original Tense) Indirect Speech (Shifted Tense) Example (Direct → Indirect)

Present Simple Past Simple

"I like apples." → She said she liked apples.
(V1: eat, go) (V2: ate, went)

Present Continuous Past Continuous

"I am reading." → He said he was reading.
(am/is/are + V1+ing) (was/were + V1+ing)

Present Perfect Past Perfect

"She has finished." → He said she had finished.
(have/has + V3) (had + V3)

Past Simple Past Perfect

"I saw him." → She said she had seen him.
(V2: ate, went) (had + V3)

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

"They were playing." → He said they had been playing.
(was/were + V1+ing) (had been + V1+ing)

Future Simple Conditional

"I will help." → She said she would help.
(will/shall + V1) (would + V1)

Future Continuous Conditional Continuous

"He will be waiting." → She said he would be waiting.
(will be + V1+ing) (would be + V1+ing)

Can Could "I can swim." → He said he could swim.

May Might "It may rain." → She said it might rain.

Must Had to "You must go." → He said I had to go.

ere are the converted sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech for all four sections
(Assertive, Interrogative, Exclamatory, and Imperative):

A Assertive Sentences → Indirect Speech

1. Direct: The boy said, “It has been raining since morning. We cannot play today.”
Indirect: The boy said that it had been raining since morning and they could not play that day
2. Direct: She said to him, “I am leaving now and shall return after two hours.”
Indirect: She told him that she was leaving then and would return after two hours
3. Direct: The girl said to me, “My father went to the market and brought toys for me.”
Indirect: The girl told me that her father had gone to the market and had brought toys for her
4. Direct: Her husband said to her, “I shall not go to the office today as I am not feeling well.”
Indirect: Her husband told her that he would not go to the office that day as he was not feeling well
5. Direct: My father said to me, “I fear that you have caught cold again.”
Indirect: My father told me that he feared I had caught cold again

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 75

B Interrogative Sentences → Indirect Speech

1. Direct: The doctor said to his patient, “Are you taking the medicine prescribed to you regularly?”
Indirect: The doctor asked his patient if/whether he was taking the medicine prescribed to him regularly
2. Direct: Her friend said to her, “Can you spare your book for me for a week?”
Indirect: Her friend asked her if/whether she could spare her book for him for a week
3. Direct: She said to him, “Can I do anything for you?”
Indirect: She asked him if/whether she could do anything for him
4. Direct: His mother said to him, “Will you come home in the evening in time?”
Indirect: His mother asked him if/whether he would come home in the evening in time
5. Direct: His friend said to him, “Did I not warn you against this beforehand?”
Indirect: His friend asked him if/whether he had not warned him against that beforehand

C Exclamatory Sentences → Indirect Speech

1. Direct: The woman said, “What a beautiful child this is!”

Indirect: The woman exclaimed that the child was very beautiful
2. Direct: His aunt said, “What a pleasant surprise to see you here!”
Indirect: His aunt exclaimed that it was a pleasant surprise to see him there
3. Direct: Hameed said, “How unlucky I am that I cannot find out any solution!”
Indirect: Hameed exclaimed that he was very unlucky as he could not find out any solution
4. Direct: The captain said, “Bravo! Well done, boys!”
Indirect: The captain applauded the boys and said that they had done well
5. Direct: The leader said, “Alas! We have lost the game.”
Indirect: The leader exclaimed with sorrow that they had lost the game

D Imperative Sentences → Indirect Speech

1. Direct: The landlord said to his servant, “Go away and leave the room at once.”
Indirect: The landlord ordered his servant to go away and leave the room at once
2. Direct: She said to her maid servant, “Bring me a glass of water.”
Indirect: She ordered her maid servant to bring her a glass of water
3. Direct: The teacher said to the boys, “Do not waste your time.”
Indirect: The teacher advised the boys not to waste their time
4. Direct: Mother said to her son, “Work hard lest you should fail.”
Indirect: Mother warned her son to work hard lest he should fail
5. Direct: The doctor said to the patient, “Do not smoke.”
Indirect: The doctor advised the patient not to smoke.

Unit No 15 (Poem) Opportunity Author :Walter Malone

Correct Word Meaning English Synonyms Urdu Synonyms

wail (not "all") A prolonged high-pitched cry of pain/grief howl, moan, lament ‫ییک غرناب یمعزد‬،

wane (not "the wane") Becoming weaker/less extensive decline, diminish, fade ‫انہک گتیکہک ارحم‬، ‫رب‬

behold To see/observe (something remarkable) witness, observe, view ‫اکتکہک رشزےسہ رمرز‬

aghast Filled with horror/shock horrified, stunned, appalled ‫ےاز یکہک خجیادہ‬

righteous Morally right/justifiable virtuous, noble, upright ‫اقاب مرنم‬، ‫نییک‬

retribution Punishment for wrongdoing vengeance, payback, justice ‫گک ناحب ااح‬،‫یا‬

blotted (not "bitted") Marked/stained smeared, tainted, soiled ‫خحرمحغب ہیجدہ‬

vanished ( Disappeared suddenly disappeared, evaporated ‫انہک یڑ اانا‬، ‫رااج‬

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 76

Correct Word Meaning English Synonyms Urdu Synonyms

quagmire A complicated/unpleasant situation dilemma, predicament, muddle ‫وغح اامب خقمم‬، ‫رشاج‬

outcast ( Rejected by society pariah, exile, reject ‫متخرخب ےد گتھک داغخ اسہ‬

Here are the answers based on the poem "Opportunity" by Walter Malone:

A Answer the following questions

1. Who is the speaker in the poem?

o Answer: The speaker is "Opportunity" itself, personified as a compassionate force that encourages
perseverance.

2. Why does Opportunity reject the belief that it "knocks once at the door"?

o Answer: Opportunity clarifies that it returns daily ("every day I stand outside your door") and offers
renewal ("At sunrise every soul is born again"). The poem rejects the myth of a single chance,
emphasizing continuous hope.

3. What is the advice of “Opportunity” to those who failed in the past?

o Answer: Opportunity advises:

 Let go of the past ("Turn from blotted archives of the past").

 Embrace the future ("find the future’s pages white as snow").

 Persist ("I lend my arm to all who say ‘I can!’").

4. What was the effect of the poem on you? (Personal response; example below)

o Answer: The poem inspired me to view failures as temporary and to seize daily opportunities. Its
hopeful tone ("Each night a star to guide thy feet to heaven") resonated deeply.

5. Key themes of the poem:

o Second Chances: "Each night I burn the records of the day."

o Redemption: "Sins may be forgiven."

o Hope: "Every soul is born again."

o Resilience: "Rise and be again a man!"

6. Poetic devices with examples:

o Personification: "I stand outside your door" (Opportunity speaks).

o Metaphor: "Future’s pages white as snow" (fresh start).

o Alliteration: "Righteous Retribution’s blow."

o Imagery: "Laugh like a boy at splendors that have sped."

B Choose the correct option

1. To describe opportunity, the poet has employed the technique of ______

o Answer: c) personification (Opportunity is given human traits).

2. Closest meaning to "reel from":

o Answer: a) upset about (context: reacting to Retribution’s blow).

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 77

 3. "Dost reel from righteous Retribution’s blow?" uses:

o Answer: a) alliteration (repetition of "r" sounds).

4. "White as snow" is a:

o Answer: a) simile (direct comparison using "as").

5. The mood of the poem is:

o Answer: a) hopeful (uplifting message of renewal).

Here is the completed table with denotative (literal) meanings and conceivable connotations of the words from the
poem "Opportunity" by Walter Malone:

Word Analysis Table

Word Dictionary/Denotative Meaning Conceivable Connotations in the Poem

To strike a surface noisily (e.g., knocking on a Opportunity’s arrival – Suggests a chance seeking entry into
knock
door). one’s life.

Spiritual/moral awakening – Urging action and self-

wake To stop sleeping; to become alert.
improvement.

fight To engage in a physical or mental struggle. Overcoming adversity – Battling failures or doubts.

win To achieve victory. Personal triumph – Success in life’s challenges.

weep To cry tears. Regret for missed chances – Symbolizes dwelling on the past.

burn To destroy by fire. Erasing past mistakes – Renewal and fresh starts.

born To come into existence. Rebirth of hope – Each day offers new opportunities.

behold To see or observe. Confronting reality – Facing one’s failures or lost youth.

blow A powerful stroke (e.g., a hit). Harsh consequences – Retribution for past actions.

spell A magical incantation. Mental paralysis – Being trapped in grief or guilt.

hell A place of suffering in religions. Personal struggles – Emotional or moral turmoil.

heaven A divine paradise. Peace/salvation – Achieving goals or redemption.

mire Swampy ground; mud. Despair/hopelessness – Feeling stuck in failure.

rise To stand up; to ascend. Resilience – Overcoming setbacks to succeed again.

A Use appropriate punctuation marks

1. Before: We had a great time in Peshawar the kids really enjoyed it.
After: We had a great time in Peshawar; the kids really enjoyed it.
2. Before: Some people work best in the mornings others do better in the evenings.
After: Some people work best in the mornings; others do better in the evenings.
3. Before: What are you doing next weekend
After: What are you doing next weekend?
4. Before: Mother had to go to hospital she had heart problems.
After: Mother had to go to hospital; she had heart problems.
5. Before: It is a fine idea let us hope that it is going to work.
After: It is a fine idea. Let us hope that it is going to work.
6. Before: Sorry to disturb you could I speak to you for a moment
After: Sorry to disturb you, but could I speak to you for a moment?

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 78

 7. Before: We will be arriving on Monday morning at least I think so
After: We will be arriving on Monday morning—at least I think so.
8. Before: In the words of Murphy’s Law Anything that can go wrong will go wrong
After: In the words of Murphy’s Law: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong."

B Place the appropriate mark (dash, ellipses, or brackets) where needed

1. Before: “I’m excited about the party, yet.”

After: “I’m excited about the party—yet.”
2. Before: “I had never met him before last night when he came to my house,” Aslam explained.
After: (Correct as is) “I had never met him before last night when he came to my house,” Aslam explained.
3. Before: I remember a time when everyone used to quote famous appeal, “Ask not what your count y can but
what you can do for your country.”
After: I remember a time when everyone used to quote the famous appeal: “Ask not what your country can
do for you, but what you can do for your country.”
4. Before: Tariq hesitated c t first, but then he said, “well, you are welcome to stay in the guest room.”
After: Tariq hesitated at first, but then he said, “Well... you are welcome to stay in the guest room.”
5. Before: All the children six sisters two half-sisters and four full sisters and two brothers were at their parents’
home for the celebration.
After: All the children—six sisters, two half-sisters, and four full sisters—and two brothers were at their
parents home for the celebration.

C Correct the paragraph by adding appropriate punctuation and capitalization

Before:
atif is one of the most laid-back people i know he is tall and slim with black hair and he always wears a t-shirt and
black jeans his jeans have holes in them and his baseball boots are scruffy too he usually sits at the back of the class
and he often seems to be asleep however when the exam results are given out he always gets an "A" i don’t think hes
as lazy as he appears to be

After:
Atif is one of the most laid-back people I know. He is tall and slim with black hair, and he always wears a T-shirt and
black jeans. His jeans have holes in them, and his baseball boots are scruffy too. He usually sits at the back of the
class, and he often seems to be asleep. However, when the exam results are given out, he always gets an "A"! I don’t
think he is as lazy as he appears to be.

Review Unit 11 – 15
A Do as directed

1. Amjad is a successful writer (Change into negative)

→ Amjad is not a successful writer.

2. It is raining cats and dogs (Change into interrogative)

→ Is it raining cats and dogs?

3. She does not eat meat or fish (Change into affirmative)

→ She eats neither meat nor fish.

4. It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked (Change into exclamatory)
→ How careless of him to leave the door unlocked!

5. My mother makes delicious cookies (Change into negative)

→ My mother does not make delicious cookies.

6. She writes with her left hand (Change into interrogative)

→ Does she write with her left hand?

7. I do not have two sisters (Change into affirmative)

→ I have no two sisters.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 79

 8. She was clever to solve the problem that way (Change into exclamatory)
→ How clever she was to solve the problem that way!

B Choose the correct option

1. A subject and a verb that cannot stand alone is called a ______

→ c) dependent clause (It relies on an independent clause to form a complete sentence.)

2. Since we had only gone a mile from camp, we could turn back before dark
→ c) complex sentence (Contains a dependent clause "Since we had..." and an independent clause "we
could...")

3. Know you don’t like him, but that doesn’t matter

→ b) compound sentence (Two independent clauses joined by "but.")

4. While the dinner was being served, Sana sneaked in through the side door
→ d) complex sentence (Dependent clause "While..." + independent clause "Sana sneaked...")

5. Those clouds promise snow; we might get another snow day off from school
→ b) compound sentence (Two independent clauses joined by a semicolon.)

Key Takeaways:

 Negative Sentences: Add not or use neither/nor for negation.

 Interrogative Sentences: Invert the subject and auxiliary verb (Is it...?).

 Exclamatory Sentences: Begin with How/What + emotion (How clever!).

 Sentence Types:

o Simple: One independent clause.

o Compound: Two independent clauses joined by FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or a
semicolon.

o Complex: One independent clause + one dependent clause (Since/While...).

C Conditional Sentences - Correct Answers

1. What would you ______ if you won the lottery?

→ a) do (Second conditional: "would" + base verb)
2. She wouldn’t be nervous if she ______ her homework
→ b) did (Second conditional: past simple in "if" clause)
3. If my grandfather ______ alive, he ______ 110 years old
→ d) were / would be (Hypothetical situation: "were" + "would be")
4. If you printed on both sides, you ______ paper
→ c) would save (Second conditional: "would" + base verb)
5. We ______ football if the weather were good
→ a) would be able to play (Second conditional: "would be able to")
6. If you ______ a bike you wouldn’t cycle to school
→ b) didn’t have (Second conditional: past simple in "if" clause)
7. The film ______ more interesting if it ______ better actors
→ d) would be / had (Second conditional: "would be" + past simple)
8. If my father ______ me a ticket, I ______ to the cinema
→ a) didn’t buy / wouldn’t go (Second conditional: past simple + "would")

Understanding Conditional Sentences (Type 2 - Second Conditional)

Conditional sentences express hypothetical situations and their possible outcomes. The Second
Conditional specifically deals with unreal or unlikely situations in the present or future.

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 80

1. Structure of Second Conditional
 If-clause (Condition): If + Past Simple
 Main clause (Result): Would/Could/Might + Base Verb

Example:

If I had a million dollars, I would buy a mansion.

2. Key Rules
Part Verb Form Example

If-clause Past Simple If she studied harder...

Main clause Would/Could/Might + Verb ...she would pass the exam.

Notes:

 "Were" replaces "was" for all subjects (If I were you...).

 No future tense in the if-clause (❌ If I will have time... → ✅ If I had time...).

3. Common Uses
1. Imaginary Present/Future:
o If I knew the answer, I would tell you.
2. Advice:
o If I were you, I would apologize.
3. Unlikely Dreams:
o If we lived in Paris, we might learn French.

1 Select the correctly punctuated sentence:

Options:

a) Spain is a beautiful country; the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
b) Spain is a beautiful country: the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
c) Spain is a beautiful country, the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
d ) Spain is a beautiful country the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.

✅ Correct Answer: (b) Spain is a beautiful country: the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean
(Explanation: A colon is correctly used to introduce the list of beach qualities.)

2 Select the correctly punctuated sentence:

Options:

a) The children s books were all left in the following places: Mrs Faisal s room, Mr Fakhar s office and the caretaker s
cupboard.
b) The children s books were all left in the following places: Mrs Faisal s room, Mr Fakhar s office and the caretakers
cupboard.
c) The children s books were all left in the following places: Mrs Faisal s room, Mr Fakhars office and the caretaker s
cupboard.
d) The children s books were all left in the following places, Mrs Faisal s room, Mr Fakhar s office and the caretaker s
cupboard.

✅ Correct Answer: (a) The children s books were all left in the following places: Mrs Faisal s room, Mr Fakhar s
office and the caretaker s cupboard
(Explanation: The colon is correctly used to introduce the list, and the apostrophes are correctly placed.)

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 81

3 Select the correctly punctuated sentence:

Options:

a) She always enjoyed sweets; chocolate, marshmallows and toffee apples.

b) She always enjoyed sweets, chocolate, marshmallows and toffee apples.
c) She always enjoyed sweets chocolate marshmallows and toffee apples.
d) She always enjoyed sweet’s, chocolate, marshmallow’s and toffee apple’s.

✅ Correct Answer: (b) She always enjoyed sweets, chocolate, marshmallows and toffee apples
(Explanation: A comma is correctly used to separate the items in the list, and no apostrophes are needed.)

4 Select the correctly punctuated sentence:

Options:

a) Sarah s uncle’s car was found without its wheels in that old derelict warehouse.
b) Sarah’s uncle’s car was found without its wheels in that old, derelict warehouse.
c) Sarahs uncle’s car was found without its wheels in that old derelict warehouse.
d) Sarah’s uncle’s car was found without it’s wheels in that, old, derelict warehouse.

✅ Correct Answer: (b) Sarah’s uncle’s car was found without its wheels in that old, derelict warehouse
(Explanation: The apostrophes are correctly placed, "its" is correctly used (without an apostrophe), and the comma
separates the adjectives properly.)

5 Select the correctly punctuated sentence:

Options:

a) I cant see Tahir’s car, there must have been an accident.

b) I can’t see Tahir’s car; there must have been an accident.
c) I can’t see Tahir’s car there must have been an accident.

✅ Correct Answer: (b) I can’t see Tahir’s car; there must have been an accident
(Explanation: A semicolon correctly separates the two independent clauses, and "can’t" is correctly used with an
apostrophe.)

D Choose the correct passive voice for the following sentences:

1. They probably won t attend lecture tomorrow.

o b) The lecture probably won t be attended by them tomorrow
2. He was driving a car, when accident occurred.
o d) A car was being driven by him, when the accident occurred
3. Who designed a car?
o c) By whom was a car designed?
4. They took her to the hospital yesterday.
o a) She was taken to the hospital yesterday
5. People visit Murree in hot summer season.
o b) Murree is visited by people in hot summer season

F Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

1. Jaffar said, "I love this town."

o Jaffar said that he loved that town
2. "Do you like football?", he asked me.
o He asked me if/whether I liked football

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 82

3. "I can t drive a lorry", he said.
o He said that he couldn t drive a lorry
4. "Be nice to your brother", he said.
o He told me to be nice to my brother
5. "Don t be nasty", he said.
o He urged me not to be nasty

10th English Notes : Prepared by Sajjad Ali Page 83