What is Linked List?

When we want to work with an unknown number of data values, we use a linked list data structure to organize that data. The linked list is a linear data structure that contains a
sequence of elements such that each element links to its next element in the sequence. Each element in a linked list is called "Node".

What is Single Linked List?

Simply a list is a sequence of data, and the linked list is a sequence of data linked with each other.
The formal definition of a single linked list is as follows...
Single linked list is a sequence of elements in which every element has link to its next element in the sequence.
In any single linked list, the individual element is called as "Node". Every "Node" contains two fields, data field, and the next field. The data field is used to store actual value of
the node and next field is used to store the address of next node in the sequence.

The graphical representation of a node in a single linked list is as follows...

Important Points to be Remembered

1. In a single linked list, the address of the first node is always stored in a reference node known as "front" (Some times it is also known as "head").

2. Always next part (reference part) of the last node must be NULL.
Example

Operations on Single Linked List

The following operations are performed on a Single Linked List

 Insertion
 Deletion
 Display

Before we implement actual operations, first we need to set up an empty list. First, perform the following steps before implementing actual operations.

 Step 1 - Include all the header files which are used in the program.
 Step 2 - Declare all the user defined functions.
 Step 3 - Define a Node structure with two members data and next
 Step 4 - Define a Node pointer 'head' and set it to NULL.
 Step 5 - Implement the main method by displaying operations menu and make suitable function calls in the main method to perform user selected operation.
Insertion
In a single linked list, the insertion operation can be performed in three ways. They are as follows...

1. Inserting At Beginning of the list

2. Inserting At End of the list
3. Inserting At Specific location in the list

Inserting At Beginning of the list

We can use the following steps to insert a new node at beginning of the single linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value.

 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, set newNode→next = NULL and head = newNode.
 Step 4 - If it is Not Empty then, set newNode→next = head and head = newNode.

Inserting At End of the list

We can use the following steps to insert a new node at end of the single linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value and newNode → next as NULL.
 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL).
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, set head = newNode.
 Step 4 - If it is Not Empty then, define a node pointer temp and initialize with head.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the temp to its next node until it reaches to the last node in the list (until temp → next is equal to NULL).
 Step 6 - Set temp → next = newNode.

Inserting At Specific location in the list (After a Node)

We can use the following steps to insert a new node after a node in the single linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value.

 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, set newNode → next = NULL and head = newNode.
 Step 4 - If it is Not Empty then, define a node pointer temp and initialize with head.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the temp to its next node until it reaches to the node after which we want to insert the newNode (until temp1 → data is equal to location,
here location is the node value after which we want to insert the newNode).
 Step 6 - Every time check whether temp is reached to last node or not. If it is reached to last node then display 'Given node is not found in the list!!! Insertion
not possible!!!' and terminate the function. Otherwise move the temp to next node.
 Step 7 - Finally, Set 'newNode → next = temp → next' and 'temp → next = newNode'

Deletion
In a single linked list, the deletion operation can be performed in three ways. They are as follows...

1. Deleting from Beginning of the list

2. Deleting from End of the list
3. Deleting a Specific Node

Deleting from Beginning of the list

We can use the following steps to delete a node from beginning of the single linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Check whether list is having only one node (temp → next == NULL)
 Step 5 - If it is TRUE then set head = NULL and delete temp (Setting Empty list conditions)
 Step 6 - If it is FALSE then set head = temp → next, and delete temp.
Deleting from End of the list
We can use the following steps to delete a node from end of the single linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define two Node pointers 'temp1' and 'temp2' and initialize 'temp1' with head.
 Step 4 - Check whether list has only one Node (temp1 → next == NULL)
 Step 5 - If it is TRUE. Then, set head = NULL and delete temp1. And terminate the function. (Setting Empty list condition)
 Step 6 - If it is FALSE. Then, set 'temp2 = temp1 ' and move temp1 to its next node. Repeat the same until it reaches to the last node in the list. (until temp1 →
next == NULL)
 Step 7 - Finally, Set temp2 → next = NULL and delete temp1.

Deleting a Specific Node from the list

We can use the following steps to delete a specific node from the single linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define two Node pointers 'temp1' and 'temp2' and initialize 'temp1' with head.
 Step 4 - Keep moving the temp1 until it reaches to the exact node to be deleted or to the last node. And every time set 'temp2 = temp1' before moving the 'temp1'
to its next node.
 Step 5 - If it is reached to the last node then display 'Given node not found in the list! Deletion not possible!!!'. And terminate the function.
 Step 6 - If it is reached to the exact node which we want to delete, then check whether list is having only one node or not
 Step 7 - If list has only one node and that is the node to be deleted, then set head = NULL and delete temp1 (free(temp1)).
 Step 8 - If list contains multiple nodes, then check whether temp1 is the first node in the list (temp1 == head).
 Step 9 - If temp1 is the first node then move the head to the next node (head = head → next) and delete temp1.
 Step 10 - If temp1 is not first node then check whether it is last node in the list (temp1 → next == NULL).
 Step 11 - If temp1 is last node then set temp2 → next = NULL and delete temp1 (free(temp1)).
 Step 12 - If temp1 is not first node and not last node then set temp2 → next = temp1 → next and delete temp1 (free(temp1)).

Displaying a Single Linked List

We can use the following steps to display the elements of a single linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!!' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Keep displaying temp → data with an arrow (--->) until temp reaches to the last node
 Step 5 - Finally display temp → data with arrow pointing to NULL (temp → data ---> NULL).

Implementation of Single Linked List using C Programming

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

void insertAtBeginning(int);
void insertAtEnd(int);
void insertBetween(int,int,int);
void display();
void removeBeginning();
void removeEnd();
void removeSpecific(int);
struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node *next;
}*head = NULL;

void main()
{
int choice,value,choice1,loc1,loc2;
clrscr();
while(1){
mainMenu: printf("\n\n****** MENU ******\n1. Insert\n2. Display\n3.
Delete\n4. Exit\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1: printf("Enter the value to be insert: ");
scanf("%d",&value);
while(1){
printf("Where you want to insert: \n1. At Beginning\n2. At
End\n3. Between\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice1);
switch(choice1)
{
case 1: insertAtBeginning(value);
break;
case 2: insertAtEnd(value);
break;
case 3: printf("Enter the two values where you wanto
insert: ");
scanf("%d%d",&loc1,&loc2);
insertBetween(value,loc1,loc2);
break;
default: printf("\nWrong Input!! Try again!!!\n\n");
goto mainMenu;
}
goto subMenuEnd;
}
subMenuEnd:
break;
case 2: display();
break;
 case 3: printf("How do you want to Delete: \n1. From Beginning\n2.
From End\n3. Spesific\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice1);
switch(choice1)
{
case 1: removeBeginning();
break;
case 2: removeEnd();
break;
case 3: printf("Enter the value which you wanto
delete: ");
scanf("%d",&loc2);
removeSpecific(loc2);
break;
default: printf("\nWrong Input!! Try again!!!\n\n");
goto mainMenu;
}
break;
case 4: exit(0);
default: printf("\nWrong input!!! Try again!!\n\n");
}
}
}

void insertAtBeginning(int value)

{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->data = value;
if(head == NULL)
{
newNode->next = NULL;
head = newNode;
}
else
{
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
}
printf("\nOne node inserted!!!\n");
}
void insertAtEnd(int value)
{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->data = value;
newNode->next = NULL;
if(head == NULL)
head = newNode;
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp->next != NULL)
temp = temp->next;
temp->next = newNode;
}
printf("\nOne node inserted!!!\n");
}
void insertBetween(int value, int loc1, int loc2)
{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->data = value;
if(head == NULL)
{
newNode->next = NULL;
head = newNode;
}
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp->data != loc1 && temp->data != loc2)
temp = temp->next;
newNode->next = temp->next;
temp->next = newNode;
}
printf("\nOne node inserted!!!\n");
}

void removeBeginning()
{
if(head == NULL)
 printf("\n\nList is Empty!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
if(head->next == NULL)
{
head = NULL;
free(temp);
}
else
{
head = temp->next;
free(temp);
printf("\nOne node deleted!!!\n\n");
}
}
}
void removeEnd()
{
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nList is Empty!!!\n");
}
else
{
struct Node *temp1 = head,*temp2;
if(head->next == NULL)
head = NULL;
else
{
while(temp1->next != NULL)
{
temp2 = temp1;
temp1 = temp1->next;
}
temp2->next = NULL;
}
free(temp1);
printf("\nOne node deleted!!!\n\n");
}
}
void removeSpecific(int delValue)
{
struct Node *temp1 = head, *temp2;
while(temp1->data != delValue)
{
if(temp1 -> next == NULL){
printf("\nGiven node not found in the list!!!");
goto functionEnd;
}
temp2 = temp1;
temp1 = temp1 -> next;
}
temp2 -> next = temp1 -> next;
free(temp1);
printf("\nOne node deleted!!!\n\n");
functionEnd:
}
void display()
{
if(head == NULL)
{
printf("\nList is Empty\n");
}
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
printf("\n\nList elements are - \n");
while(temp->next != NULL)
{
printf("%d --->",temp->data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("%d --->NULL",temp->data);
}
}

Output
 Circular Linked List
What is Circular Linked List?
In single linked list, every node points to its next node in the sequence and the last node points NULL. But in circular linked list, every node points to its next node in the
sequence but the last node points to the first node in the list.

A circular linked list is a sequence of elements in which every element has a link to its next element in the sequence and the last element has a link to the first

element.
That means circular linked list is similar to the single linked list except that the last node points to the first node in the list

Example

Operations
In a circular linked list, we perform the following operations...

1. Insertion
2. Deletion
3. Display

Before we implement actual operations, first we need to setup empty list. First perform the following steps before implementing actual operations.

 Step 1 - Include all the header files which are used in the program.
 Step 2 - Declare all the user defined functions.
 Step 3 - Define a Node structure with two members data and next
 Step 4 - Define a Node pointer 'head' and set it to NULL.
 Step 5 - Implement the main method by displaying operations menu and make suitable function calls in the main method to perform user selected operation.

Insertion
In a circular linked list, the insertion operation can be performed in three ways. They are as follows...

1. Inserting At Beginning of the list

2. Inserting At End of the list
3. Inserting At Specific location in the list

Inserting At Beginning of the list

We can use the following steps to insert a new node at beginning of the circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value.

 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, set head = newNode and newNode→next = head .
 Step 4 - If it is Not Empty then, define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with 'head'.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the 'temp' to its next node until it reaches to the last node (until 'temp → next == head').
 Step 6 - Set 'newNode → next =head', 'head = newNode' and 'temp → next = head'.

Inserting At End of the list

We can use the following steps to insert a new node at end of the circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value.

  Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL).
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, set head = newNode and newNode → next = head.
 Step 4 - If it is Not Empty then, define a node pointer temp and initialize with head.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the temp to its next node until it reaches to the last node in the list (until temp → next == head).
 Step 6 - Set temp → next = newNode and newNode → next = head.

Inserting At Specific location in the list (After a Node)

We can use the following steps to insert a new node after a node in the circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value.

 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, set head = newNode and newNode → next = head.
 Step 4 - If it is Not Empty then, define a node pointer temp and initialize with head.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the temp to its next node until it reaches to the node after which we want to insert the newNode (until temp1 → data is equal to location,
here location is the node value after which we want to insert the newNode).
 Step 6 - Every time check whether temp is reached to the last node or not. If it is reached to last node then display 'Given node is not found in the list!!!
Insertion not possible!!!' and terminate the function. Otherwise move the temp to next node.
 Step 7 - If temp is reached to the exact node after which we want to insert the newNode then check whether it is last node (temp → next == head).
 Step 8 - If temp is last node then set temp → next = newNode and newNode → next = head.
 Step 8 - If temp is not last node then set newNode → next = temp → next and temp → next = newNode.

Deletion
In a circular linked list, the deletion operation can be performed in three ways those are as follows...

1. Deleting from Beginning of the list

2. Deleting from End of the list
3. Deleting a Specific Node

Deleting from Beginning of the list

We can use the following steps to delete a node from beginning of the circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define two Node pointers 'temp1' and 'temp2' and initialize both 'temp1' and 'temp2' with head.
 Step 4 - Check whether list is having only one node (temp1 → next == head)
 Step 5 - If it is TRUE then set head = NULL and delete temp1 (Setting Empty list conditions)
 Step 6 - If it is FALSE move the temp1 until it reaches to the last node. (until temp1 → next == head )
 Step 7 - Then set head = temp2 → next, temp1 → next = head and delete temp2.

Deleting from End of the list

We can use the following steps to delete a node from end of the circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define two Node pointers 'temp1' and 'temp2' and initialize 'temp1' with head.
 Step 4 - Check whether list has only one Node (temp1 → next == head)
 Step 5 - If it is TRUE. Then, set head = NULL and delete temp1. And terminate from the function. (Setting Empty list condition)
 Step 6 - If it is FALSE. Then, set 'temp2 = temp1 ' and move temp1 to its next node. Repeat the same until temp1 reaches to the last node in the list. (until temp1
→ next == head)
 Step 7 - Set temp2 → next = head and delete temp1.

Deleting a Specific Node from the list

We can use the following steps to delete a specific node from the circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

  Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define two Node pointers 'temp1' and 'temp2' and initialize 'temp1' with head.
 Step 4 - Keep moving the temp1 until it reaches to the exact node to be deleted or to the last node. And every time set 'temp2 = temp1' before moving the 'temp1'
to its next node.
 Step 5 - If it is reached to the last node then display 'Given node not found in the list! Deletion not possible!!!'. And terminate the function.
 Step 6 - If it is reached to the exact node which we want to delete, then check whether list is having only one node (temp1 → next == head)
 Step 7 - If list has only one node and that is the node to be deleted then set head = NULL and delete temp1 (free(temp1)).
 Step 8 - If list contains multiple nodes then check whether temp1 is the first node in the list (temp1 == head).
 Step 9 - If temp1 is the first node then set temp2 = head and keep moving temp2 to its next node until temp2 reaches to the last node. Then set head = head →
next, temp2 → next = head and delete temp1.
 Step 10 - If temp1 is not first node then check whether it is last node in the list (temp1 → next == head).
 Step 1 1- If temp1 is last node then set temp2 → next = head and delete temp1 (free(temp1)).
 Step 12 - If temp1 is not first node and not last node then set temp2 → next = temp1 → next and delete temp1 (free(temp1)).

Displaying a circular Linked List

We can use the following steps to display the elements of a circular linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty, then display 'List is Empty!!!' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is Not Empty then, define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Keep displaying temp → data with an arrow (--->) until temp reaches to the last node
 Step 5 - Finally display temp → data with arrow pointing to head → data.

Implementation of Circular Linked List using C Programming

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void insertAtBeginning(int);
void insertAtEnd(int);
void insertAtAfter(int,int);
void deleteBeginning();
void deleteEnd();
void deleteSpecific(int);
void display();

struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node *next;
}*head = NULL;

void main()
{
int choice1, choice2, value, location;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("\n*********** MENU *************\n");
 printf("1. Insert\n2. Delete\n3. Display\n4. Exit\nEnter your choice:
");
scanf("%d",&choice1);
switch()
{
case 1: printf("Enter the value to be inserted: ");
scanf("%d",&value);
while(1)
{
printf("\nSelect from the following Inserting options\
n");
printf("1. At Beginning\n2. At End\n3. After a Node\
n4. Cancel\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice2);
switch(choice2)
{
case 1: insertAtBeginning(value);
break;
case 2: insertAtEnd(value);
break;
case 3: printf("Enter the location after which
you want to insert: ");
scanf("%d",&location);
insertAfter(value,location);
break;
case 4: goto EndSwitch;
default: printf("\nPlease select correct Inserting
option!!!\n");
}
}
case 2: while(1)
{
printf("\nSelect from the following Deleting options\
n");
printf("1. At Beginning\n2. At End\n3. Specific Node\
n4. Cancel\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice2);
switch(choice2)
{
case 1: deleteBeginning();
break;
case 2: deleteEnd();
break;
 case 3: printf("Enter the Node value to be
deleted: ");
scanf("%d",&location);
deleteSpecic(location);
break;
case 4: goto EndSwitch;
default: printf("\nPlease select correct Deleting
option!!!\n");
}
}
EndSwitch: break;
case 3: display();
break;
case 4: exit(0);
default: printf("\nPlease select correct option!!!");
}
}
}

void insertAtBeginning(int value)

{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode -> data = value;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = newNode;
newNode -> next = head;
}
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp -> next != head)
temp = temp -> next;
newNode -> next = head;
head = newNode;
temp -> next = head;
}
printf("\nInsertion success!!!");
}
void insertAtEnd(int value)
{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode -> data = value;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = newNode;
newNode -> next = head;
}
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp -> next != head)
temp = temp -> next;
temp -> next = newNode;
newNode -> next = head;
}
printf("\nInsertion success!!!");
}
void insertAfter(int value, int location)
{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode -> data = value;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = newNode;
newNode -> next = head;
}
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp -> data != location)
{
if(temp -> next == head)
{
printf("Given node is not found in the list!!!");
goto EndFunction;
}
else
{
 temp = temp -> next;
}
}
newNode -> next = temp -> next;
temp -> next = newNode;
printf("\nInsertion success!!!");
}
EndFunction:
}
void deleteBeginning()
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("List is Empty!!! Deletion not possible!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
if(temp -> next == head)
{
head = NULL;
free(temp);
}
else{
head = head -> next;
free(temp);
}
printf("\nDeletion success!!!");
}
}
void deleteEnd()
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("List is Empty!!! Deletion not possible!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp1 = head, temp2;
if(temp1 -> next == head)
{
head = NULL;
free(temp1);
}
else{
 while(temp1 -> next != head){
temp2 = temp1;
temp1 = temp1 -> next;
}
temp2 -> next = head;
free(temp1);
}
printf("\nDeletion success!!!");
}
}
void deleteSpecific(int delValue)
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("List is Empty!!! Deletion not possible!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp1 = head, temp2;
while(temp1 -> data != delValue)
{
if(temp1 -> next == head)
{
printf("\nGiven node is not found in the list!!!");
goto FuctionEnd;
}
else
{
temp2 = temp1;
temp1 = temp1 -> next;
}
}
if(temp1 -> next == head){
head = NULL;
free(temp1);
}
else{
if(temp1 == head)
{
temp2 = head;
while(temp2 -> next != head)
temp2 = temp2 -> next;
head = head -> next;
 temp2 -> next = head;
free(temp1);
}
else
{
if(temp1 -> next == head)
{
temp2 -> next = head;
}
else
{
temp2 -> next = temp1 -> next;
}
free(temp1);
}
}
printf("\nDeletion success!!!");
}
FuctionEnd:
}
void display()
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("\nList is Empty!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
printf("\nList elements are: \n");
while(temp -> next != head)
{
printf("%d ---> ",temp -> data);
}
printf("%d ---> %d", temp -> data, head -> data);
}
}

Output
 Double Linked List
What is Double Linked List?
In a single linked list, every node has a link to its next node in the sequence. So, we can traverse from one node to another node only in one direction and we can not traverse
back. We can solve this kind of problem by using a double linked list. A double linked list can be defined as follows...

Double linked list is a sequence of elements in which every element has links to its previous element and next element in the sequence.
In a double linked list, every node has a link to its previous node and next node. So, we can traverse forward by using the next field and can traverse backward by using the
previous field. Every node in a double linked list contains three fields and they are shown in the following figure...

Here, 'link1' field is used to store the address of the previous node in the sequence, 'link2' field is used to store the address of the next node in the sequence and 'data' field is
used to store the actual value of that node.

Example

Importent Points to be Remembered

1. In double linked list, the first node must be always pointed by head.
2. Always the previous field of the first node must be NULL.
3. Always the next field of the last node must be NULL.

Operations on Double Linked List

In a double linked list, we perform the following operations...
1. Insertion
2. Deletion
3. Display

Insertion
In a double linked list, the insertion operation can be performed in three ways as follows...

1. Inserting At Beginning of the list

2. Inserting At End of the list
3. Inserting At Specific location in the list

Inserting At Beginning of the list

We can use the following steps to insert a new node at beginning of the double linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value and newNode → previous as NULL.
 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, assign NULL to newNode → next and newNode to head.
 Step 4 - If it is not Empty then, assign head to newNode → next and newNode to head.
Inserting At End of the list
We can use the following steps to insert a new node at end of the double linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value and newNode → next as NULL.
 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty, then assign NULL to newNode → previous and newNode to head.
 Step 4 - If it is not Empty, then, define a node pointer temp and initialize with head.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the temp to its next node until it reaches to the last node in the list (until temp → next is equal to NULL).
 Step 6 - Assign newNode to temp → next and temp to newNode → previous.

Inserting At Specific location in the list (After a Node)

We can use the following steps to insert a new node after a node in the double linked list...

 Step 1 - Create a newNode with given value.

 Step 2 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 3 - If it is Empty then, assign NULL to both newNode → previous & newNode → next and set newNode to head.
 Step 4 - If it is not Empty then, define two node pointers temp1 & temp2 and initialize temp1 with head.
 Step 5 - Keep moving the temp1 to its next node until it reaches to the node after which we want to insert the newNode (until temp1 → data is equal to location,
here location is the node value after which we want to insert the newNode).
 Step 6 - Every time check whether temp1 is reached to the last node. If it is reached to the last node then display 'Given node is not found in the list!!!
Insertion not possible!!!' and terminate the function. Otherwise move the temp1 to next node.
 Step 7 - Assign temp1 → next to temp2, newNode to temp1 → next, temp1 to newNode → previous, temp2 to newNode → next and newNode to temp2 →
previous.

Deletion
In a double linked list, the deletion operation can be performed in three ways as follows...

1. Deleting from Beginning of the list

2. Deleting from End of the list
3. Deleting a Specific Node

Deleting from Beginning of the list

We can use the following steps to delete a node from beginning of the double linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is not Empty then, define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Check whether list is having only one node (temp → previous is equal to temp → next)
 Step 5 - If it is TRUE, then set head to NULL and delete temp (Setting Empty list conditions)
 Step 6 - If it is FALSE, then assign temp → next to head, NULL to head → previous and delete temp.

Deleting from End of the list

We can use the following steps to delete a node from end of the double linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty, then display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is not Empty then, define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Check whether list has only one Node (temp → previous and temp → next both are NULL)
 Step 5 - If it is TRUE, then assign NULL to head and delete temp. And terminate from the function. (Setting Empty list condition)
 Step 6 - If it is FALSE, then keep moving temp until it reaches to the last node in the list. (until temp → next is equal to NULL)
 Step 7 - Assign NULL to temp → previous → next and delete temp.

Deleting a Specific Node from the list

We can use the following steps to delete a specific node from the double linked list...
  Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)
 Step 2 - If it is Empty then, display 'List is Empty!!! Deletion is not possible' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is not Empty, then define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Keep moving the temp until it reaches to the exact node to be deleted or to the last node.
 Step 5 - If it is reached to the last node, then display 'Given node not found in the list! Deletion not possible!!!' and terminate the fuction.
 Step 6 - If it is reached to the exact node which we want to delete, then check whether list is having only one node or not
 Step 7 - If list has only one node and that is the node which is to be deleted then set head to NULL and delete temp (free(temp)).
 Step 8 - If list contains multiple nodes, then check whether temp is the first node in the list (temp == head).
 Step 9 - If temp is the first node, then move the head to the next node (head = head → next), set head of previous to NULL (head → previous = NULL) and
delete temp.
 Step 10 - If temp is not the first node, then check whether it is the last node in the list (temp → next == NULL).
 Step 11 - If temp is the last node then set temp of previous of next to NULL (temp → previous → next = NULL) and delete temp (free(temp)).
 Step 12 - If temp is not the first node and not the last node, then set temp of previous of next to temp of next (temp → previous → next = temp →
next), temp of next of previous to temp of previous (temp → next → previous = temp → previous) and delete temp (free(temp)).

Displaying a Double Linked List

We can use the following steps to display the elements of a double linked list...

 Step 1 - Check whether list is Empty (head == NULL)

 Step 2 - If it is Empty, then display 'List is Empty!!!' and terminate the function.
 Step 3 - If it is not Empty, then define a Node pointer 'temp' and initialize with head.
 Step 4 - Display 'NULL <--- '.
 Step 5 - Keep displaying temp → data with an arrow (<===>) until temp reaches to the last node
 Step 6 - Finally, display temp → data with arrow pointing to NULL (temp → data ---> NULL).

Implementation of Double Linked List using C Programming

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void insertAtBeginning(int);
void insertAtEnd(int);
void insertAtAfter(int,int);
void deleteBeginning();
void deleteEnd();
void deleteSpecific(int);
void display();

struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node *previous, *next;
}*head = NULL;

void main()
{
int choice1, choice2, value, location;
clrscr();
while(1)
 {
printf("\n*********** MENU *************\n");
printf("1. Insert\n2. Delete\n3. Display\n4. Exit\nEnter your choice:
");
scanf("%d",&choice1);
switch()
{
case 1: printf("Enter the value to be inserted: ");
scanf("%d",&value);
while(1)
{
printf("\nSelect from the following Inserting options\
n");
printf("1. At Beginning\n2. At End\n3. After a Node\
n4. Cancel\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice2);
switch(choice2)
{
case 1: insertAtBeginning(value);
break;
case 2: insertAtEnd(value);
break;
case 3: printf("Enter the location after which
you want to insert: ");
scanf("%d",&location);
insertAfter(value,location);
break;
case 4: goto EndSwitch;
default: printf("\nPlease select correct Inserting
option!!!\n");
}
}
case 2: while(1)
{
printf("\nSelect from the following Deleting options\
n");
printf("1. At Beginning\n2. At End\n3. Specific Node\
n4. Cancel\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&choice2);
switch(choice2)
{
case 1: deleteBeginning();
break;
 case 2: deleteEnd();
break;
case 3: printf("Enter the Node value to be
deleted: ");
scanf("%d",&location);
deleteSpecic(location);
break;
case 4: goto EndSwitch;
default: printf("\nPlease select correct Deleting
option!!!\n");
}
}
EndSwitch: break;
case 3: display();
break;
case 4: exit(0);
default: printf("\nPlease select correct option!!!");
}
}
}

void insertAtBeginning(int value)

{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode -> data = value;
newNode -> previous = NULL;
if(head == NULL)
{
newNode -> next = NULL;
head = newNode;
}
else
{
newNode -> next = head;
head = newNode;
}
printf("\nInsertion success!!!");
}
void insertAtEnd(int value)
{
 struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode -> data = value;
newNode -> next = NULL;
if(head == NULL)
{
newNode -> previous = NULL;
head = newNode;
}
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp -> next != NULL)
temp = temp -> next;
temp -> next = newNode;
newNode -> previous = temp;
}
printf("\nInsertion success!!!");
}
void insertAfter(int value, int location)
{
struct Node *newNode;
newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode -> data = value;
if(head == NULL)
{
newNode -> previous = newNode -> next = NULL;
head = newNode;
}
else
{
struct Node *temp1 = head, temp2;
while(temp1 -> data != location)
{
if(temp1 -> next == NULL)
{
printf("Given node is not found in the list!!!");
goto EndFunction;
}
else
{
 temp1 = temp1 -> next;
}
}
temp2 = temp1 -> next;
temp1 -> next = newNode;
newNode -> previous = temp1;
newNode -> next = temp2;
temp2 -> previous = newNode;
printf("\nInsertion success!!!");
}
EndFunction:
}
void deleteBeginning()
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("List is Empty!!! Deletion not possible!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
if(temp -> previous == temp -> next)
{
head = NULL;
free(temp);
}
else{
head = temp -> next;
head -> previous = NULL;
free(temp);
}
printf("\nDeletion success!!!");
}
}
void deleteEnd()
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("List is Empty!!! Deletion not possible!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
if(temp -> previous == temp -> next)
{
 head = NULL;
free(temp);
}
else{
while(temp -> next != NULL)
temp = temp -> next;
temp -> previous -> next = NULL;
free(temp);
}
printf("\nDeletion success!!!");
}
}
void deleteSpecific(int delValue)
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("List is Empty!!! Deletion not possible!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
while(temp -> data != delValue)
{
if(temp -> next == NULL)
{
printf("\nGiven node is not found in the list!!!");
goto FuctionEnd;
}
else
{
temp = temp -> next;
}
}
if(temp == head)
{
head = NULL;
free(temp);
}
else
{
temp -> previous -> next = temp -> next;
free(temp);
}
 printf("\nDeletion success!!!");
}
FuctionEnd:
}
void display()
{
if(head == NULL)
printf("\nList is Empty!!!");
else
{
struct Node *temp = head;
printf("\nList elements are: \n");
printf("NULL <--- ");
while(temp -> next != NULL)
{
printf("%d <===> ",temp -> data);
}
printf("%d ---> NULL", temp -> data);
}
}

Output