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The document discusses the evolution of multithreading in modern operating systems, highlighting its benefits such as responsiveness, resource sharing, and scalability. It contrasts single-threaded and multi-threaded processes, explains concurrency versus parallelism, and outlines the challenges of multicore programming. Additionally, it describes various multithreading models, including many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many, detailing their advantages and limitations.

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9 views2 pages

Ex 05

The document discusses the evolution of multithreading in modern operating systems, highlighting its benefits such as responsiveness, resource sharing, and scalability. It contrasts single-threaded and multi-threaded processes, explains concurrency versus parallelism, and outlines the challenges of multicore programming. Additionally, it describes various multithreading models, including many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many, detailing their advantages and limitations.

Uploaded by

quyendz767
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

14 Threads
- The traditionel process assums a single thread of execution.
- Morden openrating systems extend the process model to support multithreading.
- To support threads , the Process Control Block is expanded to include information for each thread.

4.1 Overview
- Threads are the smallest unit of CPU untilization , consist of a thread ID, a program counter, a
register set , a stack.Thread
- Thread within the same process share the process's code section, data section, and openratings
system resources.

Single-threaded process vs Multi-threaded process:


- A single-threaded process is a process that has only one thread.
- A multi-threaded process is a process that has multiple threads, enabling concurrent execution of
multiple tasks.

Movation for Multi-threaded process:


- Morden Computer are often multithreaded to hanlde multiple tasks simultaneously.
- multithreadeding is particularly useful for applications running on muticore systems
as it allows parallel execution of CPU-intensive tasks.

Benefits of multithreadeding:
- Responsiveness: multithreading allows applications to remain responsive.For example
, a user interface can stay interactive while background thread handles a time-consuming task.
- Resource Sharing : Threads share memory and resources of their parent process by default.
- Economy : Creating and managing theads is faster than creating and managing processes.
- Scalability : Multithreading can improve the performance of applications that are designed to
handle multiple tasks concurrently.

Application of Multithreading:
- Web servers: handling multiple client requests concurrently.
- Database servers: processing multiple queries concurrently.
- Real-time systems: handling multiple events concurrently.
- Multimedia applications: playing multiple audio and video streams concurrently.

Concurrency and Parallelism:


- On single core system, thread execute concurrently through time-sharing.
- On multi-core system, thread execute in parallel.

4.2 Multicore Programing


- Muticore systems have evoled to meet the increasing demand for computing performace.
- These systems feature multiple computing cores on a single chip.
- Multicore programming is essential for effciently utilizing these cores and improving concurrency.
Concurrency vs Parallelism:
- Concurrency: Supports multiple tasks making progress, even if not simulatneously.
- Parallelism : Excutes multiple tasks simulatneously.

Single-core vs Multicore:
- On a single-core system , theads are interleaved over time.
- On a multicore system , threads can run in parallel on separate cores.

Prgramming Challenges: Designing and programming for muticore systems present several challenges
- Indentifying Tasks:break applications into separate, concurrent tasks that can run independently on
different cores.
- Balance:Ensure tasks perform equal work equal value justify the use of addtional cores.
- Data Splitting: Divide data accessed by tasks to run on separate cores.
- Data Denpendency: Synchronize tasks when one depends on the data from another.
- Testing and Debugging : Concurrent programs are harder to test and debug due to multiple
execution paths.

4.3Multithreading Models: MultiThreading can implemented at to levels: user threads and kernel
threads

Many to One Model:


- Maps many user-leval theads to a single kernel-level thread
- Threads management is handled by thread library in user space, making it efficient.
- Limitations :
- the entire process blocks if a user makes a blocking system call.
- Cannot take advantage of multicore systems, as only one thread can access kernel at a time

One to One Model:


- Map each user threads to a separate kernel thread
- advantage : Provides true concurrency, allowing multiple threads to run in parallel on multicore
systems.
- Limitations :
- creating a user thread requires creating a corresponding kernel thread, whicch can be resource-
intensive
- System often limit the number of threads to avoid performance overhead.
Many to Many Model:
- Maps multiple user-level threads to a smaller or equal number of kernel threads.
- Advantage : Developers can create as many user threads as needed, Kernel threads can run in
parallel on multicore systems.

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