SQL: The Query Language

Part 2
CS 186, Fall 2002
Lecture 10
R & G - Chapter 5

The important thing is not to

stop questioning.

Albert Einstien

Reserves sid bid day

Example Instances 22 101 10/10/96
95 103 11/12/96
Sailors sid sname rating age
22 Dustin 7 45.0
31 Lubber 8 55.5
95 Bob 3 63.5
bid bname color
Boats
101 Interlake blue
102 Interlake red
103 Clipper green
104 Marine red

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 Queries With GROUP BY
• To generate values for a column based on groups
of rows, use aggregate functions in SELECT
statements with the GROUP BY clause

SELECT [DISTINCT] target-list

FROM relation-list
[WHERE qualification]
GROUP BY grouping-list

The target-list contains (i) list of column names &

(ii) terms with aggregate operations (e.g., MIN (S.age)).
– column name list (i) can contain only attributes from
the grouping-list.

Group By Examples

For each rating, find the average age of the sailors

SELECT S.rating, AVG (S.age)
FROM Sailors S
GROUP BY S.rating

For each rating find the age of the youngest

sailor with age ≥ 18
SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age)
FROM Sailors S
WHERE S.age >= 18
GROUP BY S.rating

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 Conceptual Evaluation
• The cross-product of relation-list is computed, tuples
that fail qualification are discarded, `unnecessary’
fields are deleted, and the remaining tuples are
partitioned into groups by the value of attributes in
grouping-list.

• One answer tuple is generated per qualifying group.

SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age)

FROM Sailors S Answer Table
WHERE S.age >= 18
GROUP BY S.rating 3. Perform
Aggregation
sid sname rating age
22 dustin 7 45.0 rating age rating age
31 lubber 8 55.5 1 33.0 1 33.0
71 zorba 10 16.0 7 45.0 7 35.0
64 horatio 7 35.0 7 35.0 8 55.0
29 brutus 1 33.0 8 55.5 10 35.0
58 rusty 10 35.0 10 35.0

1. Form cross product

2. Delete unneeded columns,
rows; form groups

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 Find the number of reservations for
each red boat.

SELECT B.bid, COUNT(*)AS numres

FROM Boats B, Reserves R
WHERE R.bid=B.bid
AND B.color=‘red’
GROUP BY B.bid

• Grouping over a join of two relations.

SELECT B.bid, COUNT (*) AS scount

FROM Boats B, Reserves R
WHERE R.bid=B.bid AND B.color=‘red’
GROUP BY B.bid
b.bid b.color r.bid b.bid b.color r.bid
101 blue 101
102 red 101
103 green 101
104 red 101
101 blue 102
102 red 102 102 red 102
103 green 102
104 red 102

1 2
b.bid scount
102 1
answer

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 Queries With GROUP BY and HAVING

SELECT [DISTINCT] target-list

FROM relation-list
WHERE qualification
GROUP BY grouping-list
HAVING group-qualification

• Use the HAVING clause with the GROUP BY clause to

restrict which group-rows are returned in the result
set

Conceptual Evaluation

• Form groups as before.

• The group-qualification is then applied to eliminate
some groups.
– Expressions in group-qualification must have a
single value per group!
– That is, attributes in group-qualification must be
arguments of an aggregate op or must also appear
in the grouping-list. (SQL does not exploit primary
key semantics here!)
• One answer tuple is generated per qualifying group.

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 Find the age of the youngest sailor with age ≥
18, for each rating with at least 2 such sailors

SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age) sid sname rating age

FROM Sailors S 22 dustin 7 45.0
WHERE S.age >= 18 31 lubber 8 55.5
71 zorba 10 16.0
GROUP BY S.rating
64 horatio 7 35.0
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1 29 brutus 1 33.0
58 rusty 10 35.0
rating age rating m-age count
1 33.0 1 33.0 1
7 45.0 7 35.0 2
7 35.0 rating
2 8 55.5 3 8 55.0 1
7 35.0
10 35.0 10 35.0 1
Answer relation

Find sailors who’ve reserved all boats.

• Example in book, not using EXCEPT:

SELECT S.sname
FROM Sailors S Sailors S such that ...
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT B.bid there is no boat B without
FROM Boats B ...
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT R.bid
a Reserves tuple showing S reserved B FROM Reserves R
WHERE R.bid=B.bid
AND R.sid=S.sid))

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 Find sailors who’ve reserved all boats.
• Can you do this using Group By
and Having?
SELECT S.name
FROM Sailors S, reserves R
WHERE S.sid = R.sid
GROUP BY S.name, S.sid
HAVING
COUNT(DISTINCT R.bid) =
( Select COUNT (*) FROM Boats)
Note: must have both sid and name in the GROUP BY
clause. Why?

SELECT S.name, S.sid

FROM Sailors S, reserves R
WHERE S.sid = r.sid
GROUP BY S.name, S.sid
HAVING
COUNT(DISTINCT R.bid) =
Select COUNT (*) FROM Boats
s.name s.sid r.sid r.bid
bid bname color
Dustin 22 22 101
Lubber 31 22 101 101 Interlake blue
Bob 95 22 101 102 Interlake red
Dustin 22 95 102 103 Clipper green
Lubber 31 95 102 104 Marine red
Bob 95 95 102
Count (*) from boats = 4
s.name s.sid bcount
Dustin 22 1 s.name s.sid
Bob 95 1

Apply having clause to groups

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 INSERT
INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_list)]
VALUES ( value_list)

INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_list)]

<select statement>
INSERT INTO Boats VALUES ( 105, ‘Clipper’, ‘purple’)
INSERT INTO Boats (bid, color) VALUES (99, ‘yellow’)

You can also do a “bulk insert” of values from one

table into another:
INSERT INTO TEMP(bid)
SELECT r.bid FROM Reserves R WHERE r.sid = 22;
(must be type compatible)

DELETE & UPDATE

DELETE [FROM] table_name
[WHERE qualification]

DELETE FROM Boats WHERE color = ‘red’

DELETE FROM Boats b

WHERE b. bid =
(SELECT r.bid FROM Reserves R WHERE r.sid = 22)

Can also modify tuples using UPDATE statement.

UPDATE Boats
SET Color = “green”
WHERE bid = 103;

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 Null Values
• Field values in a tuple are sometimes unknown (e.g., a
rating has not been assigned) or inapplicable (e.g., no
spouse’s name).
– SQL provides a special value null for such situations.
• The presence of null complicates many issues. E.g.:
– Special operators needed to check if value is/is not null.
– Is rating>8 true or false when rating is equal to null? What
about AND, OR and NOT connectives?
– We need a 3-valued logic (true, false and unknown).
– Meaning of constructs must be defined carefully. (e.g.,
WHERE clause eliminates rows that don’t evaluate to true.)
– New operators (in particular, outer joins) possible/needed.

Joins
SELECT (column_list)
FROM table_name
[INNER | {LEFT |RIGHT | FULL } OUTER] JOIN table_name
ON qualification_list
WHERE …

Explicit join semantics needed unless it is an INNER join

(INNER is default)

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 Inner Join
Only the rows that match the search conditions are
returned.

SELECT s.sid, s.name, r.bid

FROM Sailors s INNER JOIN Reserves r
ON s.sid = r.sid
Returns only those sailors who have reserved boats
SQL-92 also allows:

SELECT s.sid, s.name, r.bid

FROM Sailors s NATURAL JOIN Reserves r
“NATURAL” means equi-join for each pair of attributes
with the same name (may need to rename with “AS”)

SELECT s.sid, s.name, r.bid

FROM Sailors s INNER JOIN Reserves r
ON s.sid = r.sid

sid sname rating age sid bid day

22 Dustin 7 45.0
22 101 10/10/96
31 Lubber 8 55.5
95 103 11/12/96
95 Bob 3 63.5

s.sid s.name r.bid

22 Dustin 101
95 Bob 103

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 Left Outer Join

Left Outer Join returns all matched rows, plus all

unmatched rows from the table on the left of
the join clause
(use nulls in fields of non-matching tuples)

SELECT s.sid, s.name, r.bid

FROM Sailors s LEFT OUTER JOIN Reserves r
ON s.sid = r.sid

Returns all sailors & information on whether they

have reserved boats

SELECT s.sid, s.name, r.bid

FROM Sailors s LEFT OUTER JOIN Reserves r
ON s.sid = r.sid

sid sname rating age sid bid day

22 Dustin 7 45.0
22 101 10/10/96
31 Lubber 8 55.5
95 103 11/12/96
95 Bob 3 63.5

s.sid s.name r.bid

22 Dustin 101
95 Bob 103
31 Lubber

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Right Outer Join

Right Outer Join returns all matched rows, plus

all unmatched rows from the table on the right
of the join clause
SELECT r.sid, b.bid, b.name
FROM Reserves r RIGHT OUTER JOIN Boats b
ON r.bid = b.bid

Returns all boats & information on which ones

are reserved.

SELECT r.sid, b.bid, b.name

FROM Reserves r RIGHT OUTER JOIN Boats b
ON r.bid = b.bid
bid bname color
sid bid day 101 Interlake blue
22 101 10/10/96 102 Interlake red
103 Clipper green
95 103 11/12/96 104 Marine red

r.sid b.bid b.name

22 101 Interlake
102 Interlake
95 103 Clipper
104 Marine

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 Full Outer Join

Full Outer Join returns all (matched or

unmatched) rows from the tables on both
sides of the join clause

SELECT r.sid, b.bid, b.name

FROM Reserves r FULL OUTER JOIN Boats b
ON r.bid = b.bid

Returns all boats & all information on

reservations

SELECT r.sid, b.bid, b.name

FROM Reserves r FULL OUTER JOIN Boats b
ON r.bid = b.bid bid bname color
sid bid day 101 Interlake blue
102 Interlake red
22 101 10/10/96 103 Clipper green
95 103 11/12/96 104 Marine red
r.sid b.bid b.name
22 101 Interlake
102 Interlake
95 103 Clipper
104 Marine
Note: in this case it is the same as the ROJ because
bid is a foreign key in reserves, so all reservations must
have a corresponding tuple in boats.

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 Views

CREATE VIEW view_name

AS select_statement

Makes development simpler

Often used for security
Not instantiated - makes updates tricky

CREATE VIEW Reds

AS SELECT B.bid, COUNT (*) AS scount
FROM Boats B, Reserves R
WHERE R.bid=B.bid AND B.color=‘red’
GROUP BY B.bid

CREATE VIEW Reds

AS SELECT B.bid, COUNT (*) AS scount
FROM Boats B, Reserves R
WHERE R.bid=B.bid AND B.color=‘red’
GROUP BY B.bid

b.bid scount
102 1
Reds

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