Working Title: Assessment for Energy Efficiency Measures in BISU Main Campus

Concepts:

 Building envelope
 Energy Efficiency for buildings
 Energy use intensity (EUI)
 RA 11285 - Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act
 Energy Efficiency Measures
 Phase Change Materials (PCM)
 Electric Motor Driven Systems
 Heat pump technology

Search studies in Google scholar: e.g. energy efficiency for buildings

PDF send by sir dave (2)

A review on switchable building envelopes for low-energy buildings

Incorporation of phase change materials into building materials and envelopes for thermal comfort
and energy optimization: A comprehensive review

YT video lecture about energy efficiency (BASICS)

Lecture: Energy Efficiency as a Resource

Significance of Energy Efficiency:

History:

Questions:

What in the world are we going to use all that energy for?

Couldn’t we meet those needs that the energy is supplying with another approach, using the energy
much more efficiently and thereby demanding less of the resources?

Energy and Energy services

There were resources out there and there was exponentially growing demand for the commodities that
we could extract those resources and convert them into.

In between the commodity and service, there’s a whole range of end-use technologies that have varying
efficiencies. We could intervene and improve the efficiency with which we’re using that energy that
would result in meeting those demands for the services that we want and need with the same or less of
these commodities, and all of those economic and environmental and security impacts that they cause.

Product is not the commodity but rather the service

How we supply those services in the least cost way?

Energy Uses:

Where all the energy being used and how can we improve that?

Residential Energy Consumption

Space Conditioning: Space Heating and Space Cooling

Water heating

Which consumes the most electricity globally?

Lighting, Heating, Electric motor driven systems, Electronics

The ratio of motor efficiency in buildings and industrial facilities around the world is a key driver of
energy efficiency and importance source of efficiency potential

Energy Efficiency Measures:

Efficiency potential in buildings, for example, how energy is used, what those end-uses are, and
categorize

End Use Efficiency in the Residential and Commercial Building Sectors

Residential buildings vs Commercial buildings – differences in size, occupancy(night vs day), equipment

New Buildings(design) vs Existing buildings (retrofitting) vs Operation efficiency (Retro-commisioning)

*net zero; net positive energy building

Existing buildings – there’s a lot of inefficiency. Inefficient operation in buildings, old inefficient design

Example: replace equipment with more efficient units. Look at the way the building is controlled and
operated and typically find simple operating efficiencies that can improve performance and reduce cost
by 10%, 20%, often without even any significant investment

Different end – uses HVAC, lighting

Distinguish between those types of equipment that use energy and have a level of efficiency and often
can be improved, and the building shell itself, the envelope of the building: walls, floors, doors,
windows, roof, all of those surfaces that communicate heat, and sometimes light, in and out of the
building, and the rate at which they communicate energy with the environment, whether it is losing
heat in a cold winter day or whether it is gaining solar radiation on a hot summer afternoon. That can
affect the energy performance, and that can be designed well for a new building, and be improved or
retrofitted in an old building.

Efficiency in lighting, for example, you don’t need any more light than necessary, so you try to harness
the daylight that’s already available, that is free, you use the surfaces within the space to be designed in
a way that bounces and reflects and diffuses light in a way that is both sufficient and available for your
task.

Hardware – more efficient light sources(LEDs), then think about operation, not leaving on unnecessary
lighting, for example, or automatic controls to accomplish that same savings.

LEDs – first simple efficiency measures. Decrease in the demand for energy while improving the service
HVAC Measures

First, mitigate the load, the demand, the need for the heating and cooling. By making the shell more
efficient by avoiding unnecessary sources of heat when you are trying to air condition the building

Equipment – find more efficient equipment, then control more precisely and so that it is serving the load
and using energy only as needed.

When we have more efficient equipment, consider the operation, and use a periodic commissioning or
instrumented diagnostic checkups on buildings to ensure that they are actually working as designed,
regardless of the level of efficiency. And you can typically find ways to save more energy dollars that
way.

The biggest source of heat loss and heat gain in buildings is the windows. And the unit we use in

Thermal Resistance which is analogous to electrical resistance if you think of heat flow as a circuit, a
single. Reduce the heat loss and gain of windows by using more layers of glazing. Put in low emissivity
and reflective heat. Thereby improve performance of building heating and cooling.

In existing buildings

“Energiesprong” – energy leap or leap forward. Mass retrofits of multifamily housing where they use a
advanced laser – guided measurement of the building’s skin, that then is the template for making
factory – manufactured exterior insulation that’s brought in. Install advanced heat pump heating and
cooling equipment and solar on the roof. Go from an energy hog to net zero. The whole package is
financed with low interest financing, subsidized partly by the state and the energy utility, so it makes it
cash flow positive from day one for the occupant

Heating and cooling

Recommend for energy cost and environmental performance to switch to gas heating because you get
pretty close to the same efficiency with a cheaper and, until recently, lower carbon energy source. The
alternative is gas furnaces ,

Heat pump technology (reversible air conditioner) – with good electric heating, we can provide less
expensive heat and much less carbon intensive heat, if we use relatively clean sources – renewable
sources

Heat flow from warm to cool

If it is warm in your house and cool outside, and you are too warm so you can just open the window, and
the heat will flow from warm to cool. The air will mix, it will get cooler inside. It will get incrementally
warmer outside as the energy balance.

But if it is warm inside and cool outside

Air conditioner

Ground – coupled heat pump. We use ground as the heat source. Ground has steady temperature all
year round. That will give us a smaller band of temperature boost so that we get higher efficiencies.

Lower air temperature. As we improve building shell particularly windows.

Radiant heating – feel you bit warmer than the air temperature.

If you lower the temperature at which you are delivering heat to the space, you can improve the
efficiency, the COP, of the heat pump that’s delivering that heat
Ductless heat pump –

Heat pump water heater

Heat pump dryers

A whole kind of portfolio of energy savings and efficiency improvements available.

Ground source heat pump – geothermal heat pump

Once you improve the envelope of the building and the efficiency with which you are delivering heat,
then it starts to require less equipment to deliver the heat; maybe eliminate it entirely. Not only you are
saving energy costs, you are saving on the upfront cost too

“Tunneling through the cost barrier” –Amory

Design of the building: shell or envelope, equipment, interior, exterior, heating, cooling, lighting

Integrative design

Barriers to Energy Efficiency

Paid upfront for more efficient technologies

Split incentives

High risk

Policy Solutions: Codes/Standards

Public and consumer information

Minimum energy efficiency standards

Demand – Side Management (DSM) - Help customers invest in energy efficiency on behalf of those
customers, to save energy, reduce bills, and make the overall energy system cheaper and cleaner.

Public Procurement – to jump start markets for efficient devices

Energy efficiency standards for buildings in California – use a performance approach as well. A menu of
efficient devices and components for the building and you can follow that to get a certain level of
performance. Or do whatever you want and get the same level of performance. Do some modeling.

Pathways that are simple, but tedious. And flexible, but that demand compliance

To promulgate energy efficiency standards, we need an energy commission staff that can analyze the
technology, run the numbers on the economics, and figure out the level to set the standards. And over
time, update them, making them more stringent as technology evolves so that you are always saving the
next year customer money at the point of purchase,

How to make each watt do more by improving its efficiency whether it is in the hardware, the controls,
the space, daylighting.

Different types of buildings have different types of needs, and the standards are tailored, with different
values depending on what they are trying to achieve. Gradually tightened, made more stringent. As
technology evolves, and design improves, the numbers get a little bit lower.
When you have efficiency standards on this kind of basis, it gives you a baseline if you are going to do
any further efficiency improvements. You know what you are measuring your improvement from. You
have a baseline against which to compare.

Standards are a great way to get rid of the least efficient products and systems on the market

Utility Efficiency/DSM programs

Audit – find places that are not insulated, or the leaky windows, or the busted appliances, out of date
lamps, and suggest measures to improve them. Necessary but not sufficient enough in terms of
efficiency improvements.

Efficiency incentives

Technical potential – how much the technology save

Economic potential –

Achievable potential – You know you can achieve through real programs, have experience with, and you
are providing incentives and marketing and all the things you need, by a given year. Now you have an
energy resource that you can use your negawatt of efficiency to replace the megawatts of supply.

Negawatts – the energy efficiency to be captured

Negawatt resource has been and continues to be a really important contributor to keeping energy costs
down, minimizing emissions in the energy systems.

Demand response or peak load management programs and technologies, and increasingly energy
storage, where you put energy into batteries.

Good heat pumps that we can replace gas heating with, and also EVs. We are adding electrification,
shifting fossil fuel energy uses into electricity supply. And so there is a whole portfolio: efficiency,
demand response storage, electrification.

Demand side Management

Efficiency role in Decarbonization

If you can do both less electricity and switching to gas to efficient electricity with heat pumps, that’s a
good gain in terms of decarbonization

Decarbonization- decarbonize our power supply. Electrify fossil fuel uses like cars and trucks, like heating
with gas to good electric heat in heat pumps. But to make the overall enterprise work and move fast
enough and be affordable, capturing the energy efficiency resource in each category and sector of
energy use is essential

A net zero energy building

The simple equation to get to net zero, you got to produce more than you use

Manage the load, the demand, the energy use, through an efficient shell, through efficient shell,
equipment, through efficient controls and operation.

The key to get the balance in an energy net zero building is efficiency on the demand side.
If your demand is growing exponentially at the same rate you are installing your renewables, you are not
making much headway in replacing fossil and CO2 emissions.

The efficiency resource is complimentary to the

The efficiency resource is the balancing act that you need, to enable speed and affordability, and
manage the environmental impact of all those renewables, and the materials that got into them, which
are a whole lot less than the fossil fuel supply chain, but still not zero.

Working Title: Energy Audit of BISU – MC Buildings Towards Energy Efficiency

Building Energy Efficiency(BEE) of BISU – MC

Economic Assessment of Energy Efficiency

Load distribution in relation to energy efficiency

Energy audit

1. Walk – in –

ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air – Conditioning Engineerings)

HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Refrigeration)

BISU – MC Electrical Energy Consumption: Basis for Improvement

Electrical installations do not conform to the standards of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC).

Tripping of protective device and sometimes sparks in the electrical connections. These are indications
of a make – shift installation of electrical wiring.

Faulty electrical connections mean greater input but lesser output. In other words, the university is
paying more than what it receives in terms of electrical consumption.

Methods:
Researchers did actual inspection of the electrical devices, equipment, and wiring methods.

Formulate a development plan for the energy – saving measures.

Distribute questionnaires to experts in electrical wiring and connections. They include the Electrical
Technology and Electrical Engineering faculty of the university.

Profiling of electrical energy consumption of BISU – MC (latest year if possible)

Electrical Loads of BISU – MC

Buildings Convenienc Lighting Aircon Cooking and Motor Total Watts

e Outlet Heating Loads
Engineering
Bldg
Science &
Math Bldg
Extension
Bldg
Electronics
Blgd
Automotive
& Computer
Bldg
WAF Bldg
Hometel &
Multimedia
Gymnasium
Decorative
Lights
Covered
Walk
Medicine
Bldg

 The plans for the electrical system have not been realized.
 There must be an approved program for the maintenance of BISU – MC electrical system and
personnel. Personnel must be electrical technologists.
 Periodic inspections so that defects may be detected and given remedies the earliest time
possible to avoid accidents.
 A fund allotment should be imposed for maintenance and personnel.
 The university must purchase more electrical supplies, tools, and equipment solely for electrical
maintenance.
 There must be a separate maintenance shop for maintenance purpose only.
 Alternative electrical power source such as solar power because of very high and expensive
electrical energy consumption, there is a need to use a more efficient alternative source.

 Energry Audit of TIP Arlegui Building Towards the Separation of Critical Loads

This study aimed to determine the actual power demand of TIP Arlegui Campus against the
existing emergency supply. The identification of how much energy is used is quantitative and based on
energy loads, which belong to the critical side that should be prioritized by the emergency generator,
could be identified.

Energy consumption records available for the facility

Types of Audits:

1. Walk – through – examination of building or facility, includes visual inspection of each of the
associated systems.

Historic energy usage data are reviewed to analyze energy pattern of energy use and compare
them with sector/industry averages or benchmarks for similar structures. Provides an initial
estimate of potential savings and generate a menu of inexpensive savings options usually involving
incremental improvements in organization and management. Information from this level of audit
also serves as a basis for determining if a more comprehensive audit is needed.

2. Standard Audit – comprehensive and highly detailed evaluation.

 Facilities, equipment, operational systems and conditions are assessed thoroughly and on-site
measurements and testing are conducted to arrive at a careful quantification of energy use,
including losses. The energy efficiencies of the various systems are determined using accepted
energy engineering computational techniques. Technical changes and improvements in each of the
systems are analyzed to determine the corresponding potential energy and cost savings.

Include an economic analysis of the proposed technological improvements.

3. Computer simulation – recommended for more complicated systems, structures or facilities.

Computer simulation software for prediction purposes (i.e., performance of buildings and systems)
and considerations of external factors(e.g., changes in weather and other conditions)

With the computer simulation audit, a baseline related to a facility’s actual energy use is
established, against which effects of system improvements are compared.

Used to assess energy performance of new buildings based on different design configurations and
equipment packages.

Conclusion:

The energy consumption of the whole Arlegui building was analyzed based on the power
consumed in every floor. From the result of the computation and walk – through audit, the critical
loads and non – critical loads needed to be separated during outage of power utility were
determined. The cause of frequent tripping off of emergency supply was determined. The capacity
of the generator was evalutated and based on the results gathered, it was overload. Therefore,
even though the capacity of the generator is higher, it should be considered every time that there is
power outage, the critical and non – critical loads should be separated for the generator cannot
carry both loads all the time. As the load increases the emergency supply also suffers resulting to
damage of equipment and frequent tripping off of the generator. However, the Arlegui building is a
school community and could not just shut down those loads that are needed during class hours.
Thus, only critical loads were selected to be supplied by the emergency generator.

Keyword: Critical loads, Energy audit, Generator, Power demand, Walk – through audit

Technical assessment of the secondary distribution system of Bohol Island State

University-Main Campus

The safety and code compliance of an electrical system in school plays a crucial role in establishing its
reliability safety as required in any educational institutions. The main purpose of this study was to
assess the secondary distribution system of Bohol Island State University-Main Campus (BISU-MC) in
the academic year 2023-2024. The researchers conducted site visitation to trace the connections of the
secondary system and created a single line diagram. The line current profile was graphed using the
instantaneous line current values obtained through clamp meters in a span of seven (7 days. The
evaluation was conducted using the established standards of the Philippine Electrical Code - 2017. The
researchers concluded that BISU-MC does not have a centralized hub for the distribution of electricity
in the campus. The line currents of the system are unbalanced, and the electrical system has a total of
92 compliance and 79 non-compliance.
  The researchers recommended to allocate a main distribution panel for the electrical system,
provide a single line diagram of the entire campus, perform load balancing, calculate voltage
drop and perform short circuit analysis, allocate more time for data collection, create a low
voltage switchgear design for the system and strengthen the secondary distribution systems
code compliance.

Interest grade level: Adult

Energy efficiency

Implement advanced energy efficiency measures to optimize energy consumption and reduce waste.

Solutions:

 Energy audits
 Efficiency upgrades
 Continuous monitoring to ensure optimal performance and cost savings

ISO

Internal Audit May enhance non-conformity statement by ensuring the following

elements are present:

- audit criteria (requirement)

- non-conformance

- audit evidence.