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Pralay Mitra MATLAB

The document provides an introduction to MATLAB, covering its history, environment, and basic programming concepts. It includes topics such as variables, operator precedence, matrix operations, and programming with M-files. Additionally, it discusses mathematical functions, basic plotting, and control flow in MATLAB programming.

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20 views40 pages

Pralay Mitra MATLAB

The document provides an introduction to MATLAB, covering its history, environment, and basic programming concepts. It includes topics such as variables, operator precedence, matrix operations, and programming with M-files. Additionally, it discusses mathematical functions, basic plotting, and control flow in MATLAB programming.

Uploaded by

jamunapatra113
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATLAB: Introduction and Programming

Pralay Mitra, Ph.D.


Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Content
 History
 Introduction
 Environment and Workspace
 Variables
 Operator Precedence
 Commands
 Mathematical Functions
 Basic Plots
 Matrix
 Matrix Operations
 Array Operations
 Linear Equations
 Programming in MATLAB
History
MATLAB: MATrix LABoratory

Developed primarily by Cleve Moler in the 1970's

Derived from FORTRAN subroutines LINPACK and EISPACK, linear and eigenvalue
systems.

Developed primarily as an interactive system to access LINPACK and EISPACK.

Gained its popularity through word of mouth, because it was not o±cially distributed.

Rewritten in C in the 1980's with more functionality, which include plotting routines.

The MathWorks Inc. was created (1984) to market and continue development of
MATLAB.
Introduction
MATLAB: MATrix LABoratory

Integrate computation (technical), visualization, and programming environment

Programming environment provides sophisticated data structures, debugging tools, and


supports object-oriented programming.

Provides opportunity for tool box: in-built and programmer specific

Strengths

Weakness
Introduction
 Starting MATLAB
 Double click on the MATLAB icon
 It will open and following elements will appear
 The Command Window
 The Command History
 The Workspace
 The Current Directory
 The Help Browser
 The Start button
Environment and
Workspace
Getting Started
 >> 4*x
 Use as a calculator  ans =
 >> 1+2*3  28.0000
 ans =  Closing MATLAB (File -> Exit)
 7  >> quit
 >> x = 1+2*3
 x=
 7
Variables
 Variable = value or expression
 >> x= 5;
 >> x = x+10
 x=
 15
 >> 5x
 ??? 5x
 |
 Error : Unexpected MATLAB expression
 To correct hit the up-key and edit
Operator Precedence
Parentheses (starting from inner most)
Exponentials (associativity left to right)
Multiplications and Divisions (associativity left to right)
Additions and Subtractions (associativity left to right)

Try:

>> 1/(2+3^2)+4/5*6/7

>> 1/2+3^2+4/5*6/7
>>format short Commands
>>x=123.1234
Short is default
>>format long
>>x=1.231233333333333e+002
>> clear
>> who size, space allocation, and class of the variables

>> diary <filename>


>> x=3.14; y = x*2^2, z = 4*x*2 What will be the output?

>> help <command_name>


>> lookfor <function_name>
>> theta = linspace(0,2*pi,101)
Mathematical Function
Basic Plots
>>x=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
>>y=[9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1];
>>plot(x,y)
>> clear;
>>x = 0:pi/100:2*pi
>>y=sin(x);
>>plot(x,y)
>>xlabel(‘x=0:2\pi’)
>>ylabel(‘Sine of x’
>>title<‘Plot of the Sine function’)
Basic Plots
Colon Operator
>> A(2,:)
Matrix ans =
456

>>row=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7] >>A=[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] >> A(:,2:3)


row = A= ans =
1234567 123 23
>>col=[1;2;3;4;5;6;7] 456 56
col = 789 8 10
1 >> size(A)
2 ans = >>A(1:end)
3 3 3 ans =
4 >> [m,n]=size(A) ???
5 >>A(2,1)
6 A= >> A(:,2)=[]
7 4 ans =
>>col=row’ >>A(3,3)=10 13
A = ??? 46
7 10
Creating sum-matrix The submatrix comprising the
intersection of rows p to q and columns r
to s is denoted by A(p:q,r:s).
A colon (:) as the row or column specifier
>>A=[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] covers all entries in that row or column;
>> B = A([2 3],[1 2]) thus
??  A(:,j) is the jth column of A, while
>> C = A([2 1 3],:)
 A(i,:) is the ith row, and
??
 A(end,:) picks out the last row of A.
>> A(:)
??
>> A(2:3,2:3)
??
>> A(end:-1:1,end)
??
Matrix continued
>> B = [A 10*A; -A [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]]
B=
1 2 3 10 20 30
4 5 6 40 50 60
7 8 9 70 80 90
-1 -2 -3 1 0 0
-4 -5 -6 0 1 0
-7 -8 -9 0 0 1

>>help elmat
>>doc elmat
Matrix Operations

A+B or B+A is valid if A and B are of the same size


A*B is valid if A's number of column equals B's number of rows
A^2 is valid if A is square and equals A*A
a*A or A*a multiplies each element of A by a
Array Operations

>> C = A.*B #Element-by-element multiplication


>> C = A./B #Element-by-element division
>> C = A.^B #Element-by-element exponentiation

>> C = A+B #Element-by-element addition


>> C = A-B #Element-by-element subtraction
Linear Equations
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0];
>> b = [1; 1; 1];
>> x = inv(A)*b #Inverse of a matrix
x=
-1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000

>> det(A) #Determinant


ans =
27

>> x = A\b #Solving linear equations using Gaussian elimination


x=
-1.0000
1.0000
-0.0000
Programming in MATLAB
 Introduction

 M-file Scripts

 M-file functions

 Input to a script file

 Output commands

 Saving Output to a file


Programming in Matlab (M-File Script)
1. Create a file with a list of Your first MATLAB program
>> edit first.m
commands
Add following statement in the file and save it.
2. Save the file (save it with .m A = [1 2 3; 3 3 4; 2 3 3];
extension), b = [1; 1; 2];
x = A\b
3. Run the file. Execute
>> first
x=
-0.5000
1.5000
-0.5000

Next if I type
>>who
Programming in MATLAB (M-File function)
%{
Comments
%}
# Define the function name, and the number and order of input and output arguments
function f = factorial(n)
# A one line summary description of the program, displayed when you request Help
% FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N.
# A more detailed description of the program
% Compute a factorial value.
# Program code that performs the actual computations
f = prod(1:n);

>> f = factorial(5)
f=
120
Programming in MATLAB

Scripts Functions
- Do not accept input arguments - Can accept input arguments and
or return output arguments. return output arguments.
- Store variables in a workspace - Store variables in a workspace
that is shared with other scripts internal to the function.
- Are useful for automating a - Are useful for extending the
series of commands MATLAB language for your
application
I/O arguments

function A=Myfunction(B) #One input argument and one output argument


function area=TrapArea(a,b,h) #Three inputs and one output
function [h,d]=motion(v,angle) #Two inputs and two outputs
Input to a M-file script

1. The variable is defined in the script file.


2. The variable is defined in the command prompt.
3. The variable is entered when the script is executed.
Output command

disp
fprintf
Control Flow (if-else)
discr = b*b - 4*a*c; discr = b*b - 4*a*c;
if discr < 0 if discr < 0
disp('Warning: discriminant is negative'); disp('Warning: discriminant is negative');
end elseif discr == 0
disp('Discriminant is zero')
discr = b*b - 4*a*c; else
disp('Roots are real')
if discr < 0 end
disp('Warning: discriminant is negative');
else
disp('Roots are real, but may be repeated')
end
Control Flow (for and while)
for ii=1:5
x=ii*ii
end

n = 5; A = eye(n);
for j=2:n
for i=1:j-1
A(i,j)=i/j;
A(j,i)=i/j;
end
end

x=1
while x <= 10
x = 3*x
end
Saving output to a file

1. Open a file using fopen


2. Write the output using fprintf
3. Close the file using fclose % write some variable length strings to a file
op = fopen('weekdays.txt','wt');
fprintf(op,'Sunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\n');
fprintf(op,'Thursday\nFriday\nSaturday\n');
fclose(op);
Arithmetic operators and special characters
Array operators
Relational and logical operators
Managing Workspace and file commands
Predefined variables and math constants
Elementary matrices and arrays
Arrays and Matrices – Basic Information
Arrays and Matrices – Operations and
Manipulations
Arrays and Matrices: matrix analysis and linear
equations
Programming in Matlab

Read a set of N linear equations For an input value, generate Sine and Cosine
with M unknowns (where N>M). function from 0 to twice PI and plot it with an
Solve it by MATLAB equal interval of 30 degree.
Thank you

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