Assignment 02: Chapter 3

[Section 3.2: Capacitors and Inductors]

Problem 3.2
For each case shown below, derive the expression for the current through a 200 μF
capacitor. vC (t) is the voltage across the capacitor.
a) vc (t ) = 22 cos(20t −  / 3)V
b) vc (t ) = −40cos(90t +  / 2)V
c) vc (t ) = 28 cos(15t +  / 8)V
d) vc (t ) = 45cos(120t +  / 4)V .

Solution:
Known quantities:
Capacitance value C = 200 F ; capacitor terminal voltage as a function of time.
Find:
The current through the capacitor as a function of time for each case:
a) vc (t ) = 22cos(20t −  / 3)V
b) vc (t ) = −40cos(90t +  / 2)V
c) vc (t ) = 28 cos(15t +  / 8)V
d) vc (t ) = 45cos(120t +  / 4)V .
Assumptions:
The capacitor is initially discharged: vC (t = 0) = 0
Analysis:
Using the defining differential relationship for the capacitor, (Eq. 3.10), we may obtain the
current by differentiating thevoltage:

a)
dvC ( t ) dv ( t ) dv ( t ) 
iC ( t ) = C = 200 10−6 C = 2 10−4 C = −0.088sin(20t − ) A
dt dt dt 3

b)
iC ( t ) = 40  200 10−6  90  sin(90t +  / 2) A = 0.72sin(90t +  / 2) A =
= 0.72sin(90t +  / 2) A

c)
     
iC (t ) = 200  10 −6  28  15− sin 15t +  = −8.4  10 − 2 sin 15t + A
  8   8
d)
     
iC ( t ) = 200 10−6  45 120  − sin 120t +   = −1.08  sin 120t +  A
  4   4
 Problem 3.3
Derive the expression for the voltage across a 200mH inductor when its current is:
a) iL (t ) = −2sin(10t ) A
b) i L (t ) = 2 cos( 3t ) A
c) i L (t ) = −10 sin( 50t −  / 4) A
d) i L (t ) = 7 cos(10t +  / 4) A .
Solution:
Known quantities:
Inductance value, L = 200 mH ; the current through the inductor, as a function of time.
Find:
The voltage across the inductor as a function of time for each case
a) iL (t ) = −2sin(10t ) A
b) i L (t ) = 2 cos( 3t ) A
c) i L (t ) = −10 sin( 50t −  / 4) A
d) i L (t ) = 7 cos(10t +  / 4) A .
Assumptions:
i L (t  0) = 0
Analysis:
Using the differential relationship for the inductor, (Eq. 3.17), we may obtain the voltage by
 differentiating the current:
di L (t ) di (t ) di (t )
v L (t ) = L = 200  10 −3 L = 0.2 L
dt dt dt
a)
vL ( t ) = 0.2  (−2)  (10)  cos10t  = 4 cos(10t −  ) V solution updated
b)
vL ( t ) = 0.2  (2)  (3)  ( − sin 3t ) = 1.2sin(3t +  ) V solution updated
c)
     
vL ( t ) = 0.2  −10  50 cos  50t −   = −100 cos  50t +  = 100 cos(50t − 3 / 4) V solution
  4   4
updated
d)
     
vL ( t ) = 0.2  −7 10sin 10t +   = −14sin 10t +  V solution updated
  4   4
Problem 3.27
Assume steady-state conditions and find the energy stored in each capacitor and inductor
shown in Figure 3.27

Solution:
Known quantities:
Capacitance, resistance and inductance values; voltage v S = 6 V applied in circuit of Fig.
P3.27.
Find:
The energy stored in each capacitor and inductor.

Analysis:
The first step is to redraw the circuit and place a break where there is a capacitor and a wire
where there is an inductor.
The circuit can be simplified to find the R eq and the total current:
4∗8
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 //𝑅4 = 2Ω + Ω = 4.66 Ω
4+8
6𝑉
𝐼𝑡 = = 1.29𝐴
4.66Ω
There is no current through R3, therefore, the 2F and the 3F
capacitor
have the same voltage across them. This can be found by
calculating
the voltage drop across (𝑅2 //𝑅4 ):
𝐼𝑡 (𝑅2 //𝑅4 ) = 3.43𝑉
Plug this voltage into the equation for energy storage in a
capacitor to get the energy stored in the 2F and the 3F
capacitor:
𝟏
𝑾𝑪𝟐𝑭 = ∗ 𝟐𝑭 ∗ (𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝑽)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝑱
𝟐
𝟏
𝑾𝑪𝟑𝑭 = ∗ 𝟑𝑭 ∗ (𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝑽)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝑱
𝟐
The 1F capacitor is connected to the same node with both of its leads. This means there is
no voltage across it and that its energy stored is:
𝑾𝑪𝟏𝑭 = 𝟎
The inductor requires the use of current division to find the current through the 8Ω resistor:
𝑅2
𝐼8 = ∗ 𝐼 = 0.43𝐴
𝑅2 + 𝑅4 𝑡
This current is also the current through the inductor. Plug it into the energy storage of an
inductor equation:
𝟏
𝑾𝑳𝟐𝑯 = ∗ 𝟐𝑯 ∗ (𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝑨)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝑱
𝟐
[SECTION 3.4: Phasor Solution of Circuits with Sinusoidal Sources]

Problem 3.37
Find the phasor form of the following functions:
a. v(t) = 155 cos (377t – 25°) V
b. v(t) = 5 sin (1,000t – 40°) V
c. i (t) = 10 cos (10t + 63°) + 15 cos (10t – 42°) A
d. i (t) = 460 cos (500πt – 25°) − 220 sin (500πt + 15°) A
Solution:
Known quantities:
Functions.
Find:
The phasor form.
Analysis:
In phasor form:
a) V(jw) = 155-25 V
b) V(jw) = 5-130 V
c) I(jw) = 1063 + 15-42 = (4.54 + j8.91) + (11.15 − j 10.04) = 15.69 − j1.13 = 15.73-4.12 A
d) I(jw) = 460-25 - 22075 = (416.90 - j194.40) − (56.94-j 212.50) = 359.96 + j18.10 = 360.42.88 A
[Section 3.5: Impedance]

Problem 3.47
Determine the equivalent impedance seen by the source Vs in Figure P3.47 when: Vs (t) = 10
cos(4000t + 60°) V, R1 = 800Ω, R2 = 500Ω, L = 200mH, C = 70nF

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the impedance, R1 = 800 , R2 = 500 , L = 200mH , C = 70nF and the
( )
voltage applied to the circuit shown in Figure P4.47, vs ( t ) = 10 cos 4000t + 60o V .
Find:
The equivalent impedance of the circuit.
Analysis:
X L = L = 800  Z L = + j  X L = + j  800
1
XC = = 3571  Z C = − j  X C = − j  3571
C
Z eq1 = Z R 2 + Z L = R2 + jX L = 500 + j  800 = 943.457.99
Z eq1  R1
Z eq 2 = = 442.918 + j 219.71 = 494.4326.39
Z eq1 + R1
Z eq 2  ZC
Z eq = = 494.27 + j168.88 = 522.310518.85
Z eq 2 + Z C
 Problem 3.51
Use phasor techniques to solve for the current i(t) shown in Figure P3.51.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the impedance and the voltage applied to the circuit shown in Figure P3.51.
Find:
The current in the circuit.
Analysis:
Assume clockwise currents:
rad
=3 , VS = 120 o V
s
1
ZC = = − j  , Z L = jL = j9   Z total = 3+ j9 − j = 3+ j8 
jC
 I=
 12
3+ j8
(
= 0.4932 − j1.3151 A = 1.4045 − 69.44 o A , i (t ) = 1.4 cos t − 69.4 o )A
  

 
[Section 3.6: AC Circuit Analysis]

Problem 3.63
Solve for I1 in the circuit shown in Figure P3.63.
𝜋
I = 20∠ − 𝐴, R = 3Ω, Z1 = −j3Ω, Z2 = −j7Ω
4

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the impedance and the current source for the circuit shown in Figure P3.63.
Find:
The current I1.
Analysis:
Specifying the positive directions of the currents as in figure P3.63:
Z eq1 = Z1 + Z 2 = − j10
Use Current Division:
𝑍𝑒𝑞1 −𝑗10 𝜋
𝐼1 = ∗𝐼 = ∗ 20𝑒 −𝑗 4
𝑅 + 𝑍𝑒𝑞1 3 − 𝑗10
Solve to get:
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 − 𝒋𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟖 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟓𝟔∠ − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖
 Problem 3.72
Use phasor techniques to solve for iL(t) in Figure P3.72. Assume vS(t) = 2 cos2t V, R1 = R2 =
4Ω, L = 2H, and C = 0.25 F.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P3.72 the values of the resistance, R1 = 4  , R2 = 4 , capacitance,
C = 1 4 F , inductance, L = 2 H , and the voltage source v s (t ) = 2 cos(2t ) V .
Find:
The current in the circuit i L (t ) using phasor techniques.
 

Analysis: 
VS (t ) = 20 o V
1 1 
ZC = = = − j2 
jC j 2 1
 4
Z L = jL = j2  2 = j4 

 Applying the voltage divider rule:

( )
i L (t ) = 0.2635cos 2t − 71.6 o A


Problem 3.76
Find the Thévenin equivalent network seen by the capacitor C in Figure P3.76. Use the
result and voltage division to determine VC (t). Assume: v(t) = cos(300t) V, i (t) = 2 cos(300t)
A, R1 = 8Ω, R2 = 8Ω, L = 3μH, and C = 5μF.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P3.76, the values of the resistances, capacitance, inductance and
the voltage and current sources.
Find:
Using equivalent Thévenin circuit find Vc (t ) .
Analysis:
1
ZC = . j = − j 666
C
Z L = jL = j 0.0009
64 + j 0.0072
Z TH = ( R2 + Z L ) || R1 =
16 + j 0.0009
Z L + R2 8 + j 0.0009
Vo' = V =
Z L + R1 + R2 16 + j 0.0009 136 + j 0.0009
➔ Vo = Vo' + Vo'' =
R2  R1 128 16 + j 0.0009
Vo'' = I =
Z L + R1 + R2 16 + 0.0009

Vo
VC = Z C  = 8.4997 − j 0.0515 = 8.49e − j 0.3469  vc (t ) = 8.49 cos( 300t − 0.34)V
Z TH + Z C
[Section 3.8: Apparent Power and the Power Triangle]

Problem 3.99
For the circuit shown in Figure P3.99, assume C = 265μF, L = 25.55 mH, and R = 10Ω. Find
the
instantaneous real and reactive power if:
a. VS(t) = 120 cos 377t V (i.e., the frequency is 60Hz).
b. VS(t) = 650 cos 314t V (i.e., the frequency is 50Hz).

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit as shown in Figure P3.99 and values of voltages.
Find:
The instantaneous real and reactive power.
Analysis:
(a) jX L = jL = j377  25.55  10-3 = j 9.63 
1 1
jX C = = = -j10.01 
jC j 377  265  10− 6
jX L|| jX C = j 255.64 
The equivalent impedance Z is
Z = jX L || jX C + R = 10 + j 255.64 = 255.8387.76
The current in the circuit is
V 1200
I= S = = 0.47-87.76
Z 255.587.8
The real power P is
P = I 2 R = 0.47 2  10 = 2.20 W
The reactive power Q is
Q = I 2 X = 0.47 2  255.64 = 56.24 VAR
(b) jX L jL = j314  25.55  10-3 = j8.02 
=
1 1
jX C = = = -j12.02 
jC j 314  265  10− 6
jX L|| jX C = j 24.13 
The equivalent impedance Z is
Z = jX L || jX C + R = 10 + j 24.13 = 26.1267.49
The current in the circuit is
V 1200
I= S = = 4.59-67.49
Z 2667.38
The real power P is
P = I 2 R = 4.592  10 = 211.01 W
The reactive power Q is
Q = I 2 X = 4.592  24.13 = 509.25 VAR