Scilab Manual for

Audio and Speech Processing Part 1

by Prof Muralikrishna H
Electronics Engineering
Manipal Institute of Technology1

Solutions provided by
Prof Muralikrishna H
Electronics Engineering
Manipal Institute of Technology

January 25, 2025

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1
Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 3

1 Basic Operations on Signals 4

2 Concatenation of Speech Signals 7

3 Finding the Resonating Frequency of a Tuning Fork 10

2
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 Generating a sin wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Solution 1.2 Program to compare two sine waves with different
frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Solution 1.3 Program to generate squarewave . . . . . . . . . . 5
Solution 1.4 Program to add sin and squarewave . . . . . . . . 6
Solution 2.1 Program to concatenate speech signals . . . . . . 7
Solution 2.2 Concatenating into Stereo file . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Solution 2.3 Stereo to Mono conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Solution 3.1 Resonating Freq using spectrum . . . . . . . . . . 10
Solution 3.2 Resonating Freq in mixed frequency signal . . . . 11
Solution 3.3 Resonating Freq using Autocorrelation . . . . . . 12

3
 Experiment: 1

Basic Operations on Signals

Scilab code Solution 1.1 Generating a sin wave

1 // G e n e r a t i n g a s i n e wave
2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
5 //
6 clc ;
7 close ;
8 clear ;
9 f =100;
10 Fs =44000; // s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y
11 t =0:1/ Fs :.02; // 2 c y c l e s o n l y
12 y = sin (2* %pi * f * t ) ;
13 plot ( y ) ;
14 title ( ’ S i n e wave ’ )
15 xlabel ( ’ s a m p l e number ’ ) ;
16 ylabel ( ’ a m p l i t u d e ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 1.2 Program to compare two sine waves with differ-
ent frequencies

4
1 // Program t o compare two s i n e waves w i t h d i f f e r e n t
frequencies .
2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
5 //
6
7 clc ;
8 close ;
9 clear ;
10 f1 =100;
11 F =4400; // s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y
12 t =0:1/ F :.02;
13 y = sin (2* %pi * f1 * t ) ;
14
15 f2 =200;
16 z =2* sin (2* %pi * f2 * t ) ;
17
18
19 subplot (211)
20 plot ( y ) ;
21 xlabel ( ’ s a m p l e number ’ ) ;
22 ylabel ( ’ a m p l i t u d e ’ ) ;
23
24 subplot (212)
25 plot ( z )
26 xlabel ( ’ s a m p l e number ’ ) ;
27 ylabel ( ’ a m p l i t u d e ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 1.3 Program to generate squarewave

1 // Program t o g e n e r a t e s q u a r e w a v e
2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2

5
 5 //
6 f =100;
7 Fs =44000; // s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y
8 t =0:1/ Fs :.02; // 2 c y c l e s o n l y
9 y = squarewave (2* %pi * f * t ) ;
10 plot ( y ) ;
11 xlabel ( ’ s a m p l e number ’ ) ;
12 ylabel ( ’ a m p l i t u d e ’ ) ;

Scilab code Solution 1.4 Program to add sin and squarewave

1 // Program t o add s i n and s q u a r e w a v e

2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
5 //
6 clc ;
7 close ;
8 clear ;
9 f =100;
10 Fs =44000; // s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y
11 t =0:1/ Fs :.02; // 2 c y c l e s o n l y
12 y = squarewave (2* %pi * f * t ) ;
13 z = sin (2* %pi * f * t ) ;
14 subplot (311)
15 plot ( y )
16 title ( ’ S u q r e wave ’ )
17 subplot (312)
18 plot ( z )
19 title ( ’ S i n e wave ’ )
20 zz = y + z ; // Adding two s i g n a l s
21 subplot (313)
22 plot ( zz ) ;
23 title ( ’ R e s u l t o f a d d i n g s i n and s q u a r e wave ’ )

6
 Experiment: 2

Concatenation of Speech
Signals

Scilab code Solution 2.1 Program to concatenate speech signals

1 // T h i s c o d e Reads 2 a u d i o f i l e s and c o c c a t e n a t e s
them .
2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
5 //
6 clc ;
7 close ;
8 clear ;
9 [y , Fs ] = wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ Number 1 . wav
’ ) ; // r e a d i n g t h e a u d i o f i l e 1
10 [x , Fs ]= wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ Number 2 . wav ’
) ; // r e a d i n g t h e a u d i o f i l e 2
11 z =[ y , x ];
12 sound (z , Fs ) // p l a y i n g c o n c a t e n a t e d f i l e .
13 t =(0: length ( z ) -1) *1/ Fs ;
14 plot (t , z )
15 title ( ’ C o n c a t e n a t e d S p e e c h s i g n a l waveform ’ )
16 xlabel ( ’ Time i n s e c o n d s ’ )

7
17 ylabel ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ )

Scilab code Solution 2.2 Concatenating into Stereo file

1 // T h i s Program Reads 2 a u d i o f i l e s and c o c c a t e n a t e s

them i n t o a s t e r e o f i l e .
2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
5 //
6 clc ;
7 close ;
8 clear ;
9 [y , Fs ] = wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ Number 1 . wav
’ ) ; // r e a d i n g t h e a u d i o f i l e 1
10 [x , Fs ]= wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ Number 2 . wav ’
) ; // r e a d i n g t h e a u d i o f i l e 2
11 z =[ x ; y ]; // C o n c a t e n a t i n g . //Two f i l e s must be o f
same l e n g t h
12 sound (z , Fs ) // p l a y i n g c o n c a t e n a t e d f i l e . // O b s e r v e
two s e p e r a t e s i g n a l s p l a y e d t o g e t h e r .

Scilab code Solution 2.3 Stereo to Mono conversion

1 // T h i s Program Reads a s t e r e o f i l e and c o n v e r t s i t

in to i n d i v i d u a l f i l e s .
2 //
3 //OS : windows 7
4 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
5 //
6 clc ;
7 close ;
8 clear ;

8
9 [y , Fs ] = wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ s t e r e o . wav ’ )
; // R e a d i n g a s t e r e o f i l e
10 // sound ( y , Fs ) ; // Uncomment t o p l a y s t e r e o f i l e
11 left = y (1 ,:) ; // E x t r a c t s t h e f i r s t row
12 sound ( left , Fs ) ; // Uncomment t o g e t l e f t s i d e
component
13 t =(0: length ( left ) -1) *1/ Fs ;
14 subplot (211)
15 plot (t , left )
16 title ( ’ L e f t s i d e a u d i o component ’ )
17 xlabel ( ’ Time i n s e c o n d s ’ )
18 ylabel ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ )
19
20 right = y (2 ,:) ;
21 sound ( right , Fs ) ; // Uncomment t o g e t r i g h t s i d e
componet .
22 subplot (212)
23 plot (t , left )
24 title ( ’ R i g h t s i d e a u d i o component ’ )
25 xlabel ( ’ Time i n s e c o n d s ’ )
26 ylabel ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ )

9
 Experiment: 3

Finding the Resonating

Frequency of a Tuning Fork

Scilab code Solution 3.1 Resonating Freq using spectrum

1 // Program t o f i n d t h e R e s o n a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f a
Tuning f o r k
2 // u s i n g s p e c t r u m o f t h e s i g n a l
3 //
4 //OS : windows 7
5 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
6 //
7 clc ;
8 close ;
9 clear ;
10 [y , Fs ] = wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ Freq512Hz .
wav ’ ) ;
11 y = y (200:1900) ; // c o n s i d e r i n g o n l y a s e g m e n t t o
r e d u c e t h e amount o f c o m p u t a t i o n
12 t =(0: length ( y ) -1) / Fs ;
13 subplot (211)
14 plot (t , y )
15 xlabel ( ’ Time i n s e c o n d s ’ )
16 title ( ’ O r i g i n a l s i g n a l ’ )

10
17 Y = abs ( fft ( y ) ) ; // f i n d t h e f o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m
18
19 l = length ( Y ) /2;
20 f = (0:( l -1) ) * Fs /(2* l ) ; // m o d i f y t h e x a x i s t o
r e p r e s e n t frequency instead of samples
21
22 abs_fft = abs ( Y (1: l ) ) ;
23 subplot (212)
24 plot (f , abs_fft ) ; // p l o t m a g n i t u d e o f f o u r i e r
transform
25 title ( ’ F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f s i g n a l ’ )
26 xlabel ( ’ F r e q u e n c y ’ )
27 ylabel ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ )
28
29 peak = max ( abs_fft ) ; // f i n d t h e f i r s t maxima o f t h e
spectrum
30 peakfreq = [ f ( abs_fft == peak ) ]
31 disp ( ’ R e s o n a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f g i v e n t u n i n g f o r k ( i n
Hz ) : ’ ) ;
32 disp ( peakfreq ) ; // d i s p l a y t h e c o n t a i n e d f r e q u e n c i e s

Scilab code Solution 3.2 Resonating Freq in mixed frequency signal

1 // T h i s program f i n d s t h e f r e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n t s i n a
g i v e n mixed f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l
2 // Mixed f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l was r e c o r d e d by p l a y i n g 2
Tunng f o r k s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y
3 //
4 //OS : windows 7
5 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
6 //
7 clc ;
8 close ;
9 clear ;
10

11
11 [y , Fs ] = wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \
Mixed512and384 . wav ’ ) ; // r e a d t h e a u d i o f i l e
12
13 Y = abs ( fft ( y ) ) ; // f i n d t h e f o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m
14
15 l = length ( Y ) /2;
16 f = (0:( l -1) ) * Fs /(2* l ) ; // m o d i f y t h e x a x i s t o
r e p r e s e n t frequency instead of samples
17
18 abs_fft = abs ( Y (1: l ) ) ;
19 plot (f , abs_fft ) ; // p l o t m a g n i t u d e o f f o u r i e r
transform
20 title ( ’ F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f s i g n a l ’ )
21 xlabel ( ’ F r e q u e n c y ’ )
22 ylabel ( ’ A m p l i t u d e ’ )
23
24 peak = max ( abs_fft ) ; // f i n d t h e f i r s t maxima o f t h e
spectrum
25 secpeak = max ( abs_fft ( abs_fft < max ( abs_fft ) ) ) ; //
f i n d t h e s e c o n d maxima o f t h e s p e c t r u m
26 peakfreq = [ f ( abs_fft == peak ) , f ( abs_fft == secpeak
) ]; // f i n d t h e f r e q u e n c y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e
peaks
27 peakfreq = gsort ( peakfreq ) ; // s o r t t h e d e t e c t e d
frequencies
28 peakfreq ( abs ( max ( peakfreq ) - max ( peakfreq ( peakfreq <
max ( peakfreq ) ) ) ) < 10) = []; // remove f r e q u e n c i e s
t h a t a r e v e r y c l o s e t o one a n o t h e r
29
30 disp ( ’ Given s i g n a l h a s f o l l o w i n g f r e q u e n c i e s ( i n Hz )
: ’ );
31 disp ( peakfreq ) ; // d i s p l a y t h e c o n t a i n e d f r e q u e n c i e s

Scilab code Solution 3.3 Resonating Freq using Autocorrelation

12
 1 // F i n d i n g t h e R e s o n a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f a Tuning f o r k
using
2 // A u t o c o r r e l a t i o n method .
3
4 //
5 //OS : windows 7
6 // S c i l a b : 5 . 5 . 2
7 //
8 clc ;
9 close ;
10 clear ;
11 [y , Fs ] = wavread ( ’C : \ U s e r s \ACER\ D e s k t o p \ Freq512Hz .
wav ’ ) ;
12 y = y (200:1900) ; // c o n s i d e r i n g o n l y a s e g m e n t t o
r e d u c e t h e amount o f c o m p u t a t i o n
13 t =(0: length ( y ) -1) / Fs ;
14 subplot (211)
15 plot (t , y )
16 xlabel ( ’ Time i n s e c o n d s ’ )
17 title ( ’ O r i g i n a l s i g n a l ’ ) ;
18 c1 = xcorr ( y ) ;
19 subplot (212)
20 lag =(1: length ( c1 ) ) - ceil ( length ( c1 ) /2) ;
21 plot ( lag , c1 )
22 title ( ’ A u t o c o r r e l a t i o n i f t h e g i v e n s e g m e n t ’ )
23
24 c1 = - c1 ; // f l i p t h e ACF t o g e t two maxima p e a k s
25
26 [a , b ] = max ( c1 ) ; // f i n d t h e f i r s t maxima
27 [c , d ] = max ( c1 ( b +1: $ ) ) ; // f i n d t h e s e c o n d maxima
28
29 numsamples = d +1; // g e t t h e number o f s a m p l e s
between the peaks
30
31 freqncy = Fs / numsamples ; // c a l c u l a t e t h e f r e q u e n c y
of the s i g n a l
32
33 disp ( ’ R e s o n a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz : ’ );

13
34 disp ( freqncy ) ; // d i s p l a y t h e f r e q u e n c y

14