Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines

that work and react like humans. AI is accomplished by studying how the human brain thinks and how humans
learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.

What is AI ?

Views of AI fall into four categories:

i. Thinking humanly

ii. Thinking rationally

iii. Acting humanly

iv. Acting rationally

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1. Early Beginnings (1940s-1950s):

 People began to wonder if machines could think like humans.

 In 1950, Alan Turing wrote a paper called "Computing Machinery and

Intelligence" and introduced the Turing Test to check if machines could act like
humans.

 1956 – The Birth of AI: The term "Artificial Intelligence" was introduced at
the Dartmouth Conference by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, and others. Scientists
created early AI programs that solved problems and played games like chess.

 The First Steps (1956-1970s):

o Early AI programs like the Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver showed
potential in solving basic problems.

o Progress was limited because computers were slow and lacked the power for
complex tasks.

2. AI Winter (1970s-1980s):

 AI faced challenges, and progress was slower than expected, leading to frustration.

 Governments and companies stopped supporting AI research during this period.

3. The Comeback with Expert Systems (1980s):

 New programs called expert systems helped AI grow again. These systems gave
advice like an expert in fields like medicine or engineering.

 They became popular in industries such as healthcare and business.

 The Fifth Generation Computer Systems Project in Japan reignited global interest in
AI.
 4. Machine Learning and Data Era (1990s-2010):

 AI shifted from following strict rules to learning from large datasets, a method
called machine learning.

 In 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov.

 AI became useful for tasks like speech recognition, spam filtering, and personalized
recommendations.

5. Deep Learning Revolution (2010-Present):

A method using neural networks allowed AI to learn and process information like the
human brain.

 AI started recognizing faces, translating languages, and driving cars. Tools

like Siri, Alexa, and Google Translate became widely used.

 In 2016, AlphaGo beat the world champion in the game of Go. AI is now a vital tool
in healthcare, finance, and entertainment.

6. The Future of AI:

 AI will continue improving and will be helpful in fields like education, medicine, and
environmental science.

 Challenges like fairness, bias, job impacts, and ethics need to be addressed to ensure
AI benefits everyone.

Foundations of AI
Foundations of AI (Short Points for Exams)

1. Mathematics

Mathematics provides logical methods and handles uncertainty in AI.

Logical Methods:

 Boolean Logic – Uses true/false values for decision-making.

 Fuzzy Logic – Deals with partial truths and uncertainties.

Handling Uncertainty:

 Probability Theory – Helps AI make predictions.

 Modal and Temporal Logics – Allows AI to reason over time-based events.

2. Neuroscience

 Study of brain function (since 1824).

 Modern sensors link brain activity to thought.

 Scientists have developed systems where monkeys can control a computer mouse
using only their thoughts.

Inspired by Moore’s Law and AI:

 Moore’s Law states that computing power doubles approximately every two years.

 By 2020, it was predicted that computers would have as many logic gates as the
human brain has neurons.

 AI research aims to develop systems that function like a mechanical brain, using
concepts such as parallel computing and neural networks.

3. Control Theory

 Control theory is the study of how machines adjust their behaviour based on the
environment.

 Machines use sensors to perceive their surroundings and adjust their actions
accordingly.

 Examples: Water-flow regulator, steam engine governor.

 Before 1950, control theory could only describe simple (linear) systems.

 AI developed as a response to this limitation, enabling control over complex (non-

linear) systems like robots and self-driving cars..

4. Linguistics

 Linguistics helps AI understand and process human language.

Language & Intelligence:

 Speech shows how humans think.

 AI learns to understand and generate language.

Key Observations:

 Children form new sentences they have never heard before.

 Language and thought are closely connected.

Applications:

 Chatbots – AI assistants like Siri and Alexa.

 Translation – Google Translate converts languages.

 Speech Recognition – AI understands spoken words.

 10 Easy Applications of AI (A-Z Style)
 Assistant (Voice AI) – Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant help answer questions.

 Bots (Chatbots) – AI chatbots reply to customer queries instantly.

 Cars (Self-Driving) – AI helps vehicles navigate without human control.

 Detection (Face Recognition) – AI unlocks phones and verifies identities.

 Emails (Spam Filters) – AI removes unwanted messages automatically.

 Feed (Social Media) – AI personalizes Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook feeds.

 Google Search – AI provides the best search results for users.

 Healthcare (Medical AI) – AI helps diagnose diseases using scans and X-rays.

 Intelligent Recommendations – AI suggests products on shopping websites.

 Journey (Navigation AI) – AI finds the fastest routes using Google Maps. 🚗