Experiment-3

Objective: To learn how to generate and plot different continuous signals in MATLAB and to
perform different operations on signals.

Q1: Generate and plot different continuous signals in MATLAB

(a) Unit Impulse signal

n = -10:10; % Time index from -10 to 10

x = (n == 0); % Unit impulse: 1 at n = 0, else 0
stem(n, x, 'filled'); % Discrete-time plot
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Impulse Signal');
axis([-10 10 -0.2 1.2]);
grid on;

OUTPUT
(b) Unit Step Signal

n = -10:10; % Time index from -10 to 10

x = double(n >= 0); % Unit step signal: 1 for n >= 0, else 0
stem(n, x, 'filled'); % Discrete-time plot
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Step Signal');
axis([-10 10 -0.2 1.2]);
grid on;

OUTPUT

(c) Unit Ramp Signal

t = -5:0.01:5; % Time vector from -5 to 5

x = t .* (t >= 0); % Unit ramp signal: ramp starts at t=0
figure;
plot(t, x, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Ramp Signal');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -1 5]);
 OUTPUT

(d) Unit Parabolic Signal

t = -5:0.01:5; % Time vector from -5 to 5

x = t.^2 .* (t >= 0); % Unit parabolic signal: parabola starts at t=0
figure;
plot(t, x, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Parabolic Signal');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 0 25]);
 OUTPUT

(e) Sine wave with frequency 10Hz and amplitude 2

fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)

t = 0:1/fs:1; % Time vector from 0 to 1 second
f = 10; % Frequency in Hz
A = 2; % Amplitude
x = A * sin(2 * pi * f * t);
figure;
plot(t, x, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sine Wave with Frequency 10 Hz and Amplitude 2');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
 OUTPUT

(f) Gate/ Window signal

x = -3:0.01:3; % Define x range

y = double(abs(x) < 2); % Rectangular pulse from -2 to 2
plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1); % Plot with line width for clarity
axis([-3 3 -2 2]); % Set axis limits

(g) Signum Signal

x = -2:0.01:2; % Define x range

y = sign(x); % Signum function
plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1);
axis([-2 2 -3 3]); % Set axis limits similar to image
(h) Triangular signal

x = -3:0.01:3; % Define x range

y = 1 - abs(x)/3; % Triangular function: peak at x=0, zero at x=±3
y(y < 0) = 0; % Set negative values to 0 to keep triangle shape
plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1); % Plot with line width
axis([-3 3 -2 2]); % Set axis limits

(i) Trapezoidal signal

x = -4:0.01:4; % Define x range

y = zeros(size(x)); % Initialize y with zeros
idx1 = (x >= -4) & (x < -2);
y(idx1) = (x(idx1) + 4) / 2;
idx2 = (x >= -2) & (x <= 2);
y(idx2) = 1;
% Falling edge
idx3 = (x > 2) & (x <= 4);
y(idx3) = (4 - x(idx3)) / 2;
plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1);
axis([-4 4 0 1.2]); % Set axis limits

(j) Signal x(t)

x = [-2 0 2 2 4 5 7]; % x-coordinates of the piecewise points

y = [0 1 1 2 2 1 0]; % y-values at each x
plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1);
axis([-2 7 0 2]); % Set axis limits
(k) Square wave

x = [-3 -2 -2 0 0 2 2 4 4 6]; % x-coordinates of transitions

y = [1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1]; % y-values at each x
plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1);
axis([-3 6 -2 2]); % Set axis limits

(l) Sawtooth wave

t = -5:0.01:15; % Time vector

y = -5 - 5 * sawtooth(2 * pi * t / 5); % Inverted sawtooth, period = 5, range [-10, -5]
plot(t, y, 'LineWidth', 1);
axis([-5 15 -10.5 -4.5]); % Set axis limits
Q2: Perform following operations on signals and plot the resulting signals in
MATLAB. Consider suitable time range for each signal

a) x(t)=0.1Sin(20*pi*t)+Sin(10*pi*t)+5Cos(2*pi*t)

fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency

t = 0:1/fs:1; % Time from 0 to 1 second
x = 0.1 * sin(20 * pi * t) + sin(10 * pi * t) + 5 * cos(2 * pi * t);

figure;
plot(t, x, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Signal: x(t) = 0.1sin(20πt) + sin(10πt) + 5cos(2πt)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT
b) x(t)= 5sin(40*pi*t)+ sin(2*pi*t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
t = 0:1/fs:1; % Time vector from 0 to 1 second
x = 5 * sin(40 * pi * t) + sin(2 * pi * t);
figure;
plot(t, x, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Signal: x(t) = 5sin(40πt) + sin(2πt)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT

c) x(t)= (3+cos(2*pi*t))sin(20*pi*t) (also show the envelopes in dotted line)

fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency

t = 0:1/fs:2; % Time from 0 to 2 seconds for better envelope visibility
% Define the modulated signal
envelope = 3 + cos(2 * pi * t);
x = envelope .* sin(20 * pi * t);
% Plot the signal
figure;
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5); hold on;
plot(t, envelope, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Upper envelope
plot(t, -envelope, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Lower envelope
title('Amplitude Modulated Signal with Envelopes');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('x(t)', 'Upper Envelope', 'Lower Envelope');
grid on;

OUTPUT

d) x(t)= Sin(10*pi*t)*[u(t)-u(t-1)]

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -0.5:1/fs:1.5; % Time from -0.5 to 1.5 seconds

% Unit step functions

u_t = double(t >= 0); % u(t)
u_t_1 = double(t >= 1); % u(t - 1)
% Window function
window = u_t - u_t_1; % [u(t) - u(t-1)]
% Signal definition
x = sin(10 * pi * t) .* window;
% Plot the signal
figure;
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('x(t) = sin(10πt) · [u(t) - u(t - 1)]');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
axis([-0.5 1.5 -1.2 1.2]);

OUTPUT

e) x(t)=e^(-2|t|) Cos(10*pi*t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -2:1/fs:2; % Time from -2 to 2 seconds
% Signal definition
x = exp(-2 * abs(t)) .* cos(10 * pi * t);
% Plot the signal
figure;
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); hold on;
% Plot the exponential envelopes
envelope = exp(-2 * abs(t));
plot(t, envelope, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Upper envelope
plot(t, -envelope, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Lower envelope
% Labels and title
title('x(t) = e^{-2|t|} \cdot cos(10\pi t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('x(t)', 'Upper Envelope', 'Lower Envelope');
grid on;

OUTPUT

f) x(t)=Sin(pi*t)/(pi*t) (Sinc Function)

% Time vector
t = -10:0.01:10; % Time from -10 to 10
% Define the sinc function
x = sin(pi * t) ./ (pi * t);
% Handle the singularity at t = 0 using L'Hôpital's Rule
x(t == 0) = 1;
% Plot the sinc function
figure;
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('x(t) = sinc(t) = sin(\pi t)/(\pi t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
axis([-10 10 -0.3 1.1]);
OUTPUT

g) x(t)=t*Sin(20*pi*t)*u(t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -1:1/fs:1; % Time from -1 to 1 seconds
% Unit step function
u = double(t >= 0); % u(t)
% Define the signal
x = t .* sin(20 * pi * t) .* u;
% Plot the signal
figure;
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('x(t) = t \cdot sin(20\pi t) \cdot u(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
axis([-1 1 -0.5 0.5]);

OUTPUT
h) x(t)=t*e^(-3t) Cos(10*pi*t) u(t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -1:1/fs:2; % Time from -1 to 2 seconds

% Unit step function

u = double(t >= 0); % u(t)

% Define the signal

x = t .* exp(-3 * t) .* cos(10 * pi * t) .* u;

% Plot the signal

figure;
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('x(t) = t \cdot e^{-3t} \cdot cos(10\pi t) \cdot u(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
axis([-1 2 -0.5 0.5]);

OUTPUT
Q3:

a) Generate the signal x(t) as shown below:

x = [-2 0 0 2 2 4 4 5]; % x-coordinates at each transition

y = [1 1 2 2 0 0 0 1]; % corresponding y-values

plot(x, y, 'LineWidth', 1.5);

axis([-2 5 0 2]); % set axis limits
grid on;
b) Plot the following signals:

i) x(-t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -2:1/fs:2; % Time from -2 to 2 seconds
% Define x(t) (example signal)
x_t = sin(2 * pi * t) .* exp(-abs(t)); % You can change this
% Compute x(-t)
x_neg_t = sin(2 * pi * (-t)) .* exp(-abs(-t)); % or simply: x_neg_t = x_t(end:-1:1);
% Plot both for comparison
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal: x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, x_neg_t, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Time-Reversed Signal: x(-t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT
ii) -x(t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -2:1/fs:2; % Time from -2 to 2 seconds
% Define x(t) (example)
x_t = sin(2 * pi * t) .* exp(-abs(t)); % You can change this to any signal
% Compute -x(t)
neg_x_t = -x_t;
% Plot both x(t) and -x(t)
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal: x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, neg_x_t, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Inverted Signal: -x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT
 iii) x(2t)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -2:1/fs:2; % Time from -2 to 2 seconds
% Define x(t) (example signal)
x_t = sin(2 * pi * t) .* exp(-abs(t)); % Replace this with your own signal
% Define x(2t) — time-compressed version
x_2t = sin(2 * pi * 2 * t) .* exp(-abs(2 * t)); % or x_2t = x(t*2) if you have a function handle
% Plot both x(t) and x(2t)
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal: x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, x_2t, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Time-Scaled Signal: x(2t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT
iv) x(t/4)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -8:1/fs:8; % Time from -8 to 8 seconds
% Define x(t) (example signal)
x_t = sin(2 * pi * t) .* exp(-abs(t)); % Replace this with your desired signal
% Define x(t/4) — time-expanded version
x_t4 = sin(2 * pi * (t / 4)) .* exp(-abs(t / 4));
% Plot both x(t) and x(t/4)
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal: x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, x_t4, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Time-Expanded Signal: x(t/4)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT
v) x(t+2)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -5:1/fs:5; % Time from -5 to 5 seconds
% Define x(t) (example signal)
x_t = sin(2 * pi * t) .* exp(-abs(t)); % Replace with your own signal
% Define x(t + 2) — shifted to the left
x_shifted = sin(2 * pi * (t + 2)) .* exp(-abs(t + 2));
% Plot both x(t) and x(t + 2)
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal: x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, x_shifted, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Time-Shifted Signal: x(t + 2)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT
 vi) x(2t+3)

% Time vector
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
t = -5:1/fs:5; % Time from -5 to 5 seconds
% Define x(t) (example signal)
x_t = sin(2 * pi * t) .* exp(-abs(t)); % Replace this with your desired signal
% Define x(2t + 3)
x_scaled_shifted = sin(2 * pi * (2 * t + 3)) .* exp(-abs(2 * t + 3));
% Plot both x(t) and x(2t + 3)
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal: x(t)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, x_scaled_shifted, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Transformed Signal: x(2t + 3)');
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

OUTPUT