Und - Noniable ~ A variable iso phenomencn thak change trem Hime te time, place be plate 9 individual po indivdual ete nee - Quoditakive \oniables [ Cobegerical Vanablax “| - Quontitabve Variables Discrete Variables 7 Obsevabl , Countable Csi Usually exprowed a2 Fnbegor if) Cewinusus Vomobiu | Goete pammnal \ So - Alu oxprzed a2 dacimnad oy ° Chava kare bis ¥ Olservabitity ® Counkability * Measurrability Discvde Variables - Te can aygurne value fom a lint so ee rnc numbers FA No Ay flowers ‘in a plant -observabl: , Countable No. of akudents im oa claw ~ observable , countable observable , Countable Continuous Variable — Variables thak con dake any value vithin, RY bay gh of & P< eitinel” umcts 7 24 )ard Observable & Weig le an appl. d arn Distance drovelted by 6 cour 8 kon a Expoximantat Veninbly The Variable whose object U going to be Kreum “ Coed experimantal variableConbollavie / Conbollad Vouable The effecwenass of an experimental vervable i K examined contpaing With offer variable is called Controlled variable ase Tore are 4 students takine a couse » Before raid | coach we conductod teat é observed mak, 2 ae cverbang A given below =e Marks bow Cracking Monks aftr coaching ; 1s Ib 2 sa os . ae 44 = od AB ool wok much of feckive Struckure of \ovialbles in adenkific Ayres tigation Y) Dependank Variable A Vorable iz gaid 40 bo lapendent Fp it Changes A o reulk 4, charge fr the fndependent variable cs) i) Trdaparelan Voriable Any variable Pak can be manipulated by the wercondrer te Rneun as inde pendent varntable y- bea} wougit =f F ben tangle Dependend voriable Trdependent Vorrietbole | : Prcpit of 8 company = 4 [ solos J Height o} a son -f Pitetglae of & fabhar’S tpn pin nt py Robie, dma =f [ Age oo pie font 4 dn, enarrrmont “]Nonainal Sale Variables _ Thue are unordered ext veorabeles ¢ Nomina Voriables ane aten binary . 1» Presence § tb O— Absence a 4 Sex 4 the Wpendent (Male, famale) Herr colour C Black, what. , Cowy ) Presence ov absence A depromion (1. Presence, Absence) Ordinal scale Variables — ~ They sone yorktod dota show there ‘uo an ordering 4 Gee pale ean aa| Statistical Distoi butions Food -A 2 quaston Pork - B ' queshon — f Binomial, Poiseon or Newme, Exponantell Stotisticd ~_Pizhibubions : ae a Diseve — dlisknbutions Continuous Distribubion, 1 Binomial 1 Nowmet 2. Poisson ~ 2° Exponential 3 hreomebic 3+ Weibull Binoeniall Dishibutim [ Tomes Bernoulli J Deals with the gueem & qalwe Details | Sucears | Foilune 7 Product manufackasing | Confirms ae ein tee | Plawk ex perimank |. Ged porte? | feed mot cc Medical exporiement | thadicine a | | | Medidne not curwdEq | A plant iotoist wanted to test the quabty + The seods te has conducled the exporimeat in loo Pols Tn each po he has opt © seals “The resulf, oe Pmionted tr the filowing fable Ne ] | 1 | ae ta} ° |: (|e | | | Ne 4 Pots CH) is | ae] 30] 20 a2 |woiee v2 | 2. vulion The Prbabilily dishibution A) the vrardom Variable ‘ol, Mae number A ucts ia Hh! Binomial dike rails cabled binomial dishibuho ¢ uy qien by Pc) = pew Pear eo ° 6 Otherwise. HE OVa,on ud n= Number Q boi p= Pbabiti: BUceesd, 4. > Probability of, failure % = No 4 Suceorser ‘tn ‘n’ trails n/P= ponamelor 4 the dishi bution pastPoisson Distribution P Prop sD- Poisson ‘J —> Occurence 1 O terre event ~> Deke vition Tho probability dsb butien a} the yandemn Voriable “7! fakes the fom P=) © pow = (et \2 \ 0 » OfRaawmse is called —Poiscon Afri bubion uthanw, f= % constant with value 2.1ea8 = Mean jwumber OY suctorses Gm the re Ao Poramater 4 the poisson auc Tbe vad Apt i Pew did. “2 elated to the occurance 4 MENTO loots th te test cantuny odin 4 a oe ig Ae rt “pel wr ae de G2 [a oe oo eo 8 No yooss : th) bo 4o ao fe oA ees Noo Aloods occured (0)Fy. a Tne eteang ca i ehted the no | ey mistake: identified fn a dictionary mth | loge humbor Ede No- A printing = ea Manis oo a a Nev as pager ce) | 850 | 90 qe 8@ TED: No: of boo Pages Cf) se 4 oii 30 ae “Ti cS ag os —> Fr No. a printing wustakos identified 1x) Prourmples 1 Occurence lood in the last Conkury jj v4 Daly & Tdonkificabion panting mistakes occured tn a on Aickionaayy wit, loye “Yuumnbor “ Popes 8+ Occurrence 4 deaths duu to a rare clisease .Ccaren SE Dinan A vrandern vorable Sx’ ev caid to hove geomatiic alee \F ie vassumes nen — ive voluey £ i& ts an Sageh ee eal eb ° Applications 1 Othernce . E Finding meffidenay of a Fekphone exchaye system during busy periods ay Rime - ‘te \abp manajou io meduce the Prer fo succem t> reduce caste Nowmal Dectibution hoplac A continuo gondom. yoriabe \x' Kk sald te be normaly distibuted 4B prebability donaity Punckion “x qe by. Ge py yatern boils Deuning foo = : eto: -w Ln Leo ; oan = Lr Loo o>o Were, o_ standard dovration % tho vardowm vorieble Because fo memoniort hin diskAbution , it awe, Buited as are rete bt Ma fperion of, batts ame wed in reliability &. The Hme unfil a yadloastive partie decays:4 The time betweon clicks 4a Creiger counter VM baolay exponential diskibuction Ys used 4 aralyng Srteme "varidbler ax monthly @ annual marimum Velie, OY dol rainfall & vier dicharge volumes .Sempling Mekheds Population ' Homogeneous population ( Strilar Units) *y: A basket contains Lo apples Q Hekergoneout Population ¢ Dissinclar Units) Fe. A basket Contains 10 apples , & oranges @ 6 bananas Sample “ts Frnt Songple 2 Tepe Sample, Sampling mebtools 2 type of Populakion —Metwed ef Sampling Type ef Peputation. » Simple Ranelow Sanpling Howmo}enaous population 2. Syatom atic Sampling Papen population 3 Stratified Sannpling Heteragensous popusation 4° Cluster sampling Nived “Type Simple Randovn Soumpling Csrsd 2 yes 1 Simple Random Sampling With Replacemant R Simple Random sampling without Raplaconant Example | + A box contains 5 apples . Select 2 applas sandomnby with veplacemank 8 uithouk ye placement Single Rardarn Gineple Rawdon Se ee ene Ve 4 Protability 4% Selecting 1 apple Pt Ve | Pama of Selecking a ype PE) Ys "sy | Probability af selecting 3 tere Pe) Ye- ‘lp Ensures eral — Resutta with unequal probability Jer probability dor the selaskion a exch sotackion unitsStrabified Sampling > Shratificabion means grep | division Erample_ : + Tr a village , the one people with different as. er Duk of the fetal perp 2 peeps hat by Chasen ba Simple rrandom sanplig Age Croup No-o}- Perzons | Ne of gamples *° be cheesen 4ly N,=15 n,=3 Wy -3s- Ny =20 nar4 35- bo N23 = 35 na7 pore. Nar se nari Tz Nets ny 28 Toth Neaso n= 50 ~ No 4 Samples Jo Be chosen from ape group LN a a xno = og 450.5) 8 - No: of Samples fo be chosen fom ope grr ay - 36% Mg= N2 xn ni 20 - 22. 450 2.4 N 250 — Nov of gampls to be cnesen Brom age. grup as-bo i| Mae Nsxn = 37 usp = 7 N. 250 ~ Nos ef Somples to be ahesen fom age grep borte nye Na pws SE ago an N 250 ~ Nov oF Somples bo be fhe fret’ age ger S70 iu ns = Nevixn = 125 N 250 650 = Qe Totol = StH aT en HAs = SO. Neola: ap tre value isin diced op ab than make. os stole umber Un Loolution.Systemadre Sompling — Applicable on fer harmegencoua peplahin Under systermahic tamep Nenek, where N= pepulakon size ne Sample size k= Inkagen | systemabe sop ng number k= & For eg. if Wels nas then R= a1 = 20. hn ~ Belek a number vandemly Jovm') to 20. - tek the solecked pumber (i) ie 7 ~ Tre other samples ow, tok, C+2b ,.005- Eten Hao, t+ 2(20)° 1 +(5-D20 VO 4420 209 Ce aon (hee tee = bT singe THR = BT Ms eke Cluster Sampling ~ clusters ~ Eyal size - AN the cluskers one equal to size - Unaguad size Characteristics b clusters one unequal size 2 Bach cluster will consist of- omnegenanus une 3+ Sodeck Ary clusters Taner HO Cpr le & Co + Suara a te units in the selected clustans The sever clusters arnt, ct = Fete Cy =Vegetablen Ca = Dion produchr ~ oH = atohonamy items os = Textile CG= Cosmekin C4 > Footwear ~ Theat on 1 clustow ~The clusters consists of unequal numbor of unite ~ Scheck 3 Ousters randomly ouk fT clusters. ~ het te selected cluste? On 0,, Cs § C1 We colleck the requimad pom all the unit to clustes'25 57 ~ This method called cluster “SeppTests bared on Samples “henge Sample - Sampk size sn’ > 30 y lope gamples ane censiderad shan Vee io ° th. eezounces 7 eno time ~ A& meseardher profou 2 gormple usher re Sirentckteae ze Pil 2 7. The, sources, include Hime, yranpower , tok ob ~ Scientists prefer loage soople © Smal Sample - Sample gine based on sample ~ poramster > bared on popuiation TUnkneom Tivoam J Population ee (Parameter) ( stakbtic) Mean p ae Atandard. DeviaHon o- a | Verdi ane of bs Proportion Pp P Covelation Cooffident | P + - eee,Sek \ Sek 2 Is Is 1s & is Is (ie Nieon 1s ee - In seb 1, Dam & - fm sek 2, Vaniakion - In sek 3, Variation © cvsistent dala Stondord _Deviakion contutent 4 these ik no Variahon & lox 2 Data ue toe consistent ib too much § Data uw Incondutent An a yoxearch rvestigaki on 1 verearcher over gts & the sproad oy the Dat owe 14 b- Numerical parblen) Analyse q Variants /Design 4 Tn Sh |, Date. is consistent €& Variation b minimal Expenmuda “an Sb 2, Trestistent date i minimal q variants iy Ln Nariance tr Ses, gq is minimum Variation is Preblern To 2 ths — vomtahton Menner wig F- fest value § heat. We tha data Sek “wn a systematic tqoo maximum value Nek: Devan means dota a “Clasafrealin of Daa Thaskona | Mademalicad Reve Slatisticad Fort | bain j One woe clarsicheah fe aie z Completely Randommeed Prsign Conn) ~ single” Faas Le “tly “the ae Randomized Block Posiqn [RBD) we > factors ) Three wort otaxsi i cation b CL sp) Hl fe Latin guar A 2 CT. thudsy the effect of a thre ~ parters J1 Explain Complete ly Randomized duign qi” an example te Define Jatin soars Dern Give an example \ Compurely Randomized Design To 9 the varialion is relief dime amoung the, i sefferrp fiom? a partieulaw ailment Rabie, terme Cin Minutes) \Ftre 4 dy) Drug A Drog B | Drop é i 1s 12 ee os 7 a 30 ig lg - as - 40 Na=G Mes “The above dati shuckue’ is called 6 pol eYahdemice : design Seln dodo ven Ww eplumn give Nova Asta in the colton waaay BAER or unmqpul Randowired lock Desien ——— Objective ! Te Study the vomation Yn relic} Ke among the y 7 potionts Suffering from Oo porloutay ailment - Variation in vaio Bre (2 Favors) Epfek 9 Prey (Between dyuas) Eppeck of Age ( eetwean age qreups ) Data Shuckune — Drags administered A,B,C. Dade Age grey of patients Alyy , y-35 35-60, 60%Ts athuahia Nog Cotuumns 06) Bituohm &; No: hommes (RI 2 No a Columns Ce) takin Sq sre. Design (rsp) O-Define psp -A LsD & an ~ An Obsemrabion x |B Pl % aee ale] 71S py oe 7i[sje lf sla} ply ib n> obsenahons Cokjeds) bjeet) can occur om tm die ree (column ~ We con woe bakin Spee vader , vote eh or numerals. 24 yo > Le yl « Fr gx3 Sa A Sua ne 3 Observain Nxn=F [p(e[e] © >|Objechive. To shidy the vosintion te wale Hom amey Me Pabionte Suitig dom x particulen at fment— Variakion ‘in Relie? Time (2 Factors ) | Pifek of buy (Bebwean clips Di 1 Par Be 4 Oy} Po Ffeck of age Tels age groups Kew F ; Nov a Columns Ce) —> Ce g [step tie 2 er fandamentod steps a HE) L7 Vatuins aleould be goalie then ero) skp |: Tota no of obcosvahins rN RYCHA KSA a: Gand “Toted = ¢ ZY, = 60 2. Correction Fackoy = a. bot? |S 3600 | N 10. eS : Total a 4: Tot sum of aye = Sy op 2 OSH Et (Pau asa se Bestest) OF = [by tos tobi +94 lb 42540548644 +9 425) ~ se0 = 330 - gov = 30 Chin should be boa. me than 2a) Fi Sumo squats bekweon Revos [ proprammans’) SR cp» Cente tu) _ 300 ee 3 = 318- 300 = 1B 6 Sum 4 squares betwaan columns (Medel ) < (of +2? +10) _ g00 ee es = see ; BC" or 7 z . 2 06-90-38 = 6:50 ong muon TB Sum of squarce =ftotal Seon 4 el tog), blue coum 57 = 20-18 6-50 = 50 FOAnalyse Varianie for KBD : a + ecu. 4 A Varna “4 Ln Bohrer Rows K-12 art (emg raenivae) eh Beburaan apbdtony) *~'~H= 1 3 5 e-lea-ing Fro . Rot x ct B¥o “Tojoh Rot eta-4 0 Col = cbl-3 fol a betden Ruse 1» TP Fob : Th tobe 7 Fexp we nha trek dee significant Ai fforance be@hwcan ~ - anu at * 6 says fo = . ' 1 Sine "fo > Fe aha existe Sip wRreant difference tn wikivg Mw blo prepraromnas 357 254 Q Sine Fo oFe thee hn no sig nificant Aifpesan ww witing Hma blur vnodsl pe Fagen Medal 0 2 3 4 I 3 eT 12 33 » o A 2 9 "4 2 b 5 3 es ae et 4 5 s tae a hs oy Be Gin Fag 586 tsa) af nee aesagnosttuna) expoimant was corducked 8 the yosulls m2 yen belew., The olesrgn adapld B 2 15D. Analyz ho & @mment on your yrsull - Fain Fo, 247 for 361d fT (ih Bleck Plok Or) Plot (2) | pletcz) | flet CH) | ‘ aon) Beto) ea) | Hers) 2 gt) | ets) pte) | arr) ete) | Deed Ale) Bette) a | pew) aw) | ene) cts) | | le Now of wus = ho aN column = 4 Tot mp Rows = y24+ 3b +34 487 2149 2a ANNAN Colum Tete) = 42 435 439 +67 = ua { Grand ‘Total = “iad oy A + ‘Total of B scene gril 4D | = aa | Step|: Toto woof obseavehins = nr a = 16 1 2. Cand Total G= BYiy = 44 3: Cowechon factor = OF _ 14a? @ 1387+ b | N oe { AY a Sum gone Sa = a yet 8 Ay? le arty io v8), (at re duets = 1 a . iyat = 18 eT sb = 49:44 “Todo gum + sqyon 5: Bk du Cao tBlocks) = Sei oF ~ eatin one ay aa Hli3gb 257-188 T+ = 864 AF ite Me Ete A ee a Ot alliShep b+ 98 f1,, Golumne Opleb) = Ze; ce 7 sep tact at ase OF 4 = (395.75 — 1387:°56 = 8-19 2 ‘ wehes = FTr CF Shp. Sum 4 sana bl Vewetion Es A*4e 4c 4D” ce A = teu? radu get et A = Wis.ag — e756 = a7 64 en Prev se = Tot) 92-9 88 bls Rous— £8 Us Colame — 5%, = Banh — 864 — Bq — ag ge EN et 20 Anova fer LsD 27-89 = ea Ene [OE FORT Son nus Tord pleat = te Aah| Rakes Fovs < Fexp 2 3:57 £47 Tnferente 1: gi gy cyte UO Fe SPe Thee no slanificant diff Wig yields im bleks Trfewne a2. 9°36 ZHoTe Fo 2 fe foe tena sigrfeanl jp blo yrelle io plete Informa $2197 yore Fe > Fe : sli ate Thee by signiffeant” blo yet ‘0 varieties thep|: Teh ne vq obsewvalion N= Ree = th 3: Comeckim Fader = gr _ oat _ OAH As d.2s u “a = re te Te a squme 2 Sys OF oD Cy estes) + letad +e sey oF ee 4. Totel cum [bette = 819-650-325 = 167s Ss Sum Sayer bly mows = S Pee F a 2 Lesa oye) pee. os 4 Sei reyl+ Any _ gsD-ge~ A 693 — b50- as = 3Q.75- b: Sum 4 aquens bly wlummt = Sot og R + asa af sete aat — peo-ae a — b50:25— SFA + RAL + aew +ITbY en eee nee 4 STATS bsp ae = 9727 we eet Pye Nb bas apg areas =a IS_____ Bnabysin Vevriance Sources apres Cum Moar cum} p, ne —Vomnohi 54 Sp sapoeit : 2/3. Belweon Rows | R_1 30-45- aye lo [a.e2l ae bpregrammes ) Ante3 20-44, 23:10 ‘gs pS Ane 28 82-4 Bien ete EOS Toa lae Poet hed ap i 2 = 32:42 | =9-2) + R-1 xe-t Prey Bx3s (31 | 36% | a neva ter | eye | = \ 4 Pe = thee’ is no ot Pr eank abppexsmte ln writing time bi mons &- fo 7 Fe - The vu algytfieank Aa fpecnte Ww weities Bre blo models\ot |" piscretnent Ar akiyeis -To oe bi, te qrers Ducrrination means distinguish "S ca Discrimination bly sen Ge) Make ¥ Hemale bly locality — (e) Rurdl & Urban bhe thidenb — le? intelligent: 6 peor the marketing 5 _ potential digital camera succesfulners or net fer ane ‘mpl digite) conan waking Scoble | Spdhandoratin under the sey mt Duccabi i by 4 Comoran Performan 4 she Camere xar Sye Step2 3 4 + Buyer of the Digits) Comore ° Non ed ot ste. digital coyrara. 2 Rade P"factisdan Bina to ee \oye sample] - BA om be appied only br lone Seumpler ie ad greens tha Seumplen nay be fixed LE : _ Category i “Duoabitity Coy) | ete yee OG) AD t | wold wt |) | 6 | purchase, 2 2] a |+ Ducrinanant Analisi x a maltivar ake stat, | technique wed for claxifyiry 2 sot of Observes, | Wh predefined greet . Th ows example two rrr ane buyer 5 rm * The purpee 2 fp determine ‘the exegicle Vex on the baru * qr liter mi hed The form “ the discnyninake ” pene u on ely Ste Cae 4 Thad, ! whe C- O& Cmtant b: - Diconminant Co. Xi - Predictor Venables * tn Our Sxcumple ) Z the FORA, 40.2%, Foe aie AG implies the infu ottor Vormtulbla nd Includad in Ha meclol = Pook stk To Study Phe Sucenahalnons 4 ‘an’ elédbie” balb Seep ~ UeKme 4, bulb x2 = Cost Of, bulb ee Buyer the. bulb, Nen- buyer ° to bulb“Vartabls should be minimum s 8 maxi (5 Size the fomple 15 Exempla Objeckiw | Prrblem stakenent- a _Morkek yoseandur wants 40 determine the. ging benehilze coneumort seoke fpom tHe purchase a ® cor. | Vaniabls under oi x1 i S Whe 8 Cay deat has Stylish Bnterion 2: 5 Uke a cay io that t x20 F fens gua A Preher a car that Qi gh mileage F pre a cor wth : {ow maintenance RES prefer 0 car that Raking Cooke ne Ogee velo for mony oe strong Disagresing te Pisag reaine 2 -Aeroor B- Rareotny boa greet % ‘g extent 4 Sbongly agresing [Raper [ee Toe | i | o 2 le oO Bok a mottivariah ctatintical technique +0 idenlify os avbys underlying the yowlable by, cLubbi . : My ve. i] eerasiah clubbing SPH velar veninblan cin, they some chaghr Voriobles ore clubbed into Ai-fperent bors on the basis . eon eG 4 Aer infer reladionsha |e. [Ost Hacker Kae Ma he Le [Boje Facer | Tes Ry, XoTh health _pience § raecbical analyse trey ge dor ny ‘ j Bn Begs ger Pack — PA Cluster Analysis ~ Each cluster lomog erage - © © au Vereen in size Eady STE rateueyensoun Example Sept: A canteen mansser withes 4p study he clustou a marbonated Students payne brands dbo ay Step 22 Banda A Corbonadad a aainks WL Core 2: Pepsi *3 > Thums Up Xh > Sprite XF : Dow tips. Rakirg Seale 0.Ve Ranely tg Newall 2 - Often 2- Quik often Roapendant/ Coke | Peps Thasma Up | gpnite | Das Stidente = | OO t Cre) | Mes) | Oa) | Ore) he pa epg ea = | py e| los | [eseeeeeol | 2 | = ee Eraimple Cluster 1 Coke , Pepsi, “Tusa Up Cluster 2°" Donte , Dew re a Stak eticad dint bution + Saag ing ov bA phansmancn eof jo Bre a called a dime Sones Sek up Lc trend. [pata based on,ctime). OC bbservahions ) 2. Seasenal Varichen ( Byeoms with A Quarten iQ + Cyelien Variakien Cte eBeerwabions with 3 cycles a 0 VYortaken alt | bo mlabiry bo peried vath Ups ¢ Doums i Apel commenly wed pen —porammebhe Tet Lin shock the sampling 4 tne feat stefistic ya Chi Square disbibubr when tho sie? ig Aru 4 Karl Pearsen as a tet atseciatin. > 2 wed danels te hat On: A can Le applied whan tere ant few or M4 augumgtiers ant the pepulalen pores qe Ge be Mieed oy ty Aistibution Qik A independance @ athibube, @) “tab 4 hemonenity