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Week 5-DSK Lecture-1

The document provides an overview of stoichiometry, emphasizing the law of conservation of mass and the importance of chemical equations in representing reactions. It covers various types of reactions, calculations of formula and molecular weights, percent composition, and the concept of moles, including Avogadro's number. Additionally, it discusses empirical formulas, stoichiometric calculations, limiting reactants, theoretical yield, and percent yield.

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12 views44 pages

Week 5-DSK Lecture-1

The document provides an overview of stoichiometry, emphasizing the law of conservation of mass and the importance of chemical equations in representing reactions. It covers various types of reactions, calculations of formula and molecular weights, percent composition, and the concept of moles, including Avogadro's number. Additionally, it discusses empirical formulas, stoichiometric calculations, limiting reactants, theoretical yield, and percent yield.

Uploaded by

sizu4906
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stoichiometry:

Calculations with Chemical


Formulas and Equations

Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Didem ŞEN KARAMAN


[email protected]
Law of Conservation of Mass

“We may lay it down as an


incontestable axiom that, in all the
operations of art and nature, nothing
is created; an equal amount of matter
exists both before and after the
experiment. Upon this principle, the
whole art of performing chemical
experiments depends.”
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
Chemical Equations

Concise representations of chemical reactions


Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)


Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the left


side of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the right


side of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products are


written in parentheses to the right of each
compound.
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to


balance the equation.
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each


element in a molecule
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each


element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of molecules
Reaction Types
Combination Reactions

• Two or more
substances
react to form
one product

• Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l)  C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
Decomposition Reactions

• One substance breaks


down into two or more
substances

• Examples:
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
Combustion Reactions

• Rapid reactions that


produce a flame
• Most often involve
hydrocarbons reacting
with oxygen in the air

• Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Formula Weights
Formula Weight (FW)
• Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a chemical formula
• So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
• These are generally reported for ionic compounds
Molecular Weight (MW)

• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule


• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular weight would be

C: 2(12.0 amu)
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
Percent Composition

One can find the percentage of the mass of a compound that comes from each of
the elements in the compound by using this equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)


% element = x 100
(FW of the compound)
Percent Composition

So the percentage of carbon in ethane is…

(2)(12.0 amu)
%C =
(30.0 amu)

24.0 amu
= x 100
30.0 amu

= 80.0%
Moles
Avogadro’s Number

• 6.02 x 1023
• 1 mole of 12C has a
mass of 12 g
Molar Mass

• By definition, these are the mass of 1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol)


– The molar mass of an element is the mass number for the element that we find on the
periodic table
– The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the same number as the molar mass (in g/mol)
Using Moles

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to


the real-world scale
Mole Relationships

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains


Avogadro’s number of those particles
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or ions
of each element in the compound
Finding Empirical
Formulas
Calculating Empirical Formulas

One can calculate the empirical formula from the


percent composition
Calculating Empirical Formulas

The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have seen it listed as PABA on
your bottle of sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula of PABA.
Calculating Empirical Formulas

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,


1 mol
C: 61.31 g x 12.01 g = 5.105 mol C

H: 5.14 g x 1 mol = 5.09 mol H


1.01 g
N: 10.21 g x 1 mol = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g

O: 23.33 g x 1 mol = 1.456 mol O


16.00 g
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number of moles:

C: 5.105 mol = 7.005  7


0.7288 mol

5.09 mol
H: 0.7288 mol = 6.984  7

0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol

1.458 mol
O: 0.7288 mol = 2.001  2
Calculating Empirical Formulas

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:


C7H7NO2
Combustion Analysis

• Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely analyzed


through combustion in a chamber like this
–C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced
–H is determined from the mass of H2O produced
–O is determined by difference after the C and H have been
determined
Elemental Analyses

Compounds containing
other elements are
analyzed using
methods analogous to
those used for C, H and
O
Stoichiometric Calculations

The coefficients in the balanced equation give the


ratio of moles of reactants and products
Stoichiometric Calculations

From the mass of


Substance A you can use
the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B to
calculate the mass of
Substance B formed (if
it’s a product) or used (if
it’s a reactant)
Stoichiometric Calculations
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…


we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams
Limiting
Reactants
How Many Cookies Can I Make?

• You can make cookies until


you run out of one of the
ingredients
• Once this family runs out
of sugar, they will stop
making cookies (at least
any cookies you would
want to eat)
How Many Cookies Can I Make?

• In this example the sugar


would be the limiting
reactant, because it will
limit the amount of
cookies you can make
Limiting Reactants

The limiting reactant is


the reactant present in
the smallest
stoichiometric amount
Limiting Reactants

• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the


smallest stoichiometric amount
–In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first (in this
case, the H2)
Limiting Reactants

In the example below, the O2 would be the excess


reagent
Theoretical Yield

• The theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be made


– In other words it’s the amount of product possible as calculated through the stoichiometry
problem
• This is different from the actual yield, the amount one actually produces and
measures
Percent Yield

A comparison of the amount actually obtained to the amount it was possible to


make

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

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