Embedded Systems

Mangaldeep Chakraborty
Dept. of ECE
Embedded System, Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
What is Embedded System?
• System in which software ( firmware) is embedded into the hardware.

• The core part of the system will be a programmable device.

Operations–Embedded Systems

Processing
Embedded Systems-Example
Embedded Systems-Example
Why Embedded Systems?

1. Reduced number of components.

2. Reduced size.

3. Reduced cost.

4. Reduced power consumption.

5. Easier upgradation.

6. Easier trouble shooting & maintenance.

7. Best suited for specific controlling applications.

Microcontroller
Criteria for Choosing Microcontroller
Following points need to be kept in mind while selecting a microcontroller:-
1. Speed: The operational speed of the microcontroller or the highest speed microcontroller can support.
2. Packaging: Packaging is important for improving the assembling, space and prototyping of an end-product.
3. RAM and ROM: On the basis of operation of embedded system and memory need for storage data and
programs the type of microcontroller required for designing system is decided.
4. Count of I/O pins: The number of input and output devices connected with the system plays an essential role
in choosing the type of microcontroller.
5. Cost per unit: It is important in terms of final cost of the product in which the microcontroller is to be used.
6. Power consumption: Power consumption plays an important role for maintaining the efficiency of an
embedded system
Microprocessor
Block Diagram of Microprocessor
Features of Microprocessors
1. Low Cost - Due to integrated circuit technology microprocessors are available at very low cost. It
will reduce the cost of a computer system.
2. High Speed - Due to the technology involved in it, the microprocessor can work at very high speed.
It can execute millions of instructions per second.
3. Small Size - A microprocessor is fabricated in a very less footprint due to very large scale and ultra
large scale integration technology. Because of this, the size of the computer system is reduced.
4. Versatile - The same chip can be used for several applications, therefore, microprocessors are
versatile.
5. Low Power Consumption - Microprocessors are using metal oxide semiconductor technology,
which consumes less power.
6. Less Heat Generation - Microprocessors uses semiconductor technology which will not emit much
heat as compared to vacuum tube devices.
7. Reliable - Since microprocessors use semiconductor technology, therefore, the failure rate is very
less. Hence it is very reliable.
8. Portable - Due to the small size and low power consumption microprocessors are portable.
Microcontroller Vs Microprocessors
Microcontroller Vs Microprocessors
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessor acts as a heart of computer system Microcontroller acts as a heart of embedded system.

It is a processor in which memory and I/O output It is a controlling device in which memory and I/O output
component is connected externally. component is present internally.

Since memory and I/O output is to be connected Since on chip memory and I/O output component is
externally. Therefore the circuit is more complex. available. Therefore the circuit is less complex.

It cannot be used in compact system. Therefore micropro It can be used in compact system. Therefore microcontrol
cessor is inefficient. ler is more efficient.
 Microprocessor Microcontroller

Microprocessor has less number of registers. Theref Microcontroller has more number of registers. Ther
ore most of the operations are memory based. efore a program is easier to write.

It is mainly used in personal computers. It is mainly used in washing machines, air conditio
ners etc.

Cost of entire system increases. Cost of entire system is low.

For e.g. 8085, 8085, 8086, Pentium, ARM etc. For e.g, 8051, ATMEGA, PIC, LPC2148
Microprocessors 4 bit to 64 bits
Various Microcontrollers
1. 8 bit microcontrollers

o Microchip -PIC 12 & 16 Series.

o Atmel - 89c51
o Intel -8051
o Motorola - 68HCxx series

2. 16 bit microcontrollers

o Microchip-PIC 18 series

3. 32 bit microcontrollers
o ARM Processors

4. DSP based microcontrollers

o Shark
Two Different Architectures

Harvard Architecture Von- Neumann Architecture

RISC vs CISC
RISC CISC
Acronym Reduced Instruction Set Complex Instruction Set
Computer Computer
Definition The RISC processors have a The CISC processors have a
smaller set of instructions larger set of instructions with
with few addressing nodes. many addressing nodes.
Memory unit It has no memory unit and use It has a memory unit to imple
s a separate hardware to impl ment complex instructions.
ement instructions.
Program It has a hard-wired unit of pro It has a micro-programming
gramming. unit.
RISC vs CISC
RISC CISC
Design It is a complex complier des It is an easy complier desi
ign. gn.
Calculations The calculations are faster a The calculations are slow
nd precise. and precise.

Decoding Decoding of instructions is s Decoding of instructions i

imple. s complex.

Time Execution time is very less. Execution time is very hig

h.
External me It does not require external It requires external memo
mory memory for calculations. ry for calculations.
RISC vs CISC
RISC CISC
Pipelining Pipelining does function corre Pipelining does not functi
ctly. on correctly.
Stalling Stalling is mostly reduced in The processors often stall.
processors.
Code expans Code expansion can be a prob Code expansion is not a
ion lem. problem.
Disc space The space is saved. The space is wasted.
Applications Used in high-end applications Used in low-end
such as video processing, tele applications such as
communications and image pr security systems, home au
ocessing. tomations, etc.
ARM(Advance Risk Machine)
• Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) Processor is considered to be family of Central P
rocessing Units that is used in music players, smartphones, wearables, tablets and o
ther consumer electronic devices.
• The architecture of ARM processor is created by Advanced RISC Machines, henc
e name ARM. This needs very few instruction sets and transistors. It has very small
size. This is reason that it is perfect fit for small size devices. It has less power cons
umption along with reduced complexity in its circuits.
Introduction to ARM Architecture
• Advanced RISC Machine or Acorn RISC Machine is the architecture with
different computing architectures set to be used in different environments.

• 32-bit and 64-bit can be used here in different computer processors. It was
developed by Arm Holdings and the architecture is updated in between.

• This architecture is specified to be used with CPU, different chips in the sys
tem, and in different registers. Reduced Instruction Set Computing helps in
creating instructions for the system to be used for several purposes. Smartp
hones, microcomputers, and embedded devices also use ARM architecture
for the instruction set in the registers.
ARM Architecture
Features Of ARM Processor
1. Multiprocessing Systems.
2. Tightly Coupled Memory.
3. Memory Management.
4. Pipelining.
5. Large number of registers.
6. One cycle execution time.