1 Mid-Chapter Review

FREQUENTLY ASKED Questions

Q: How can you determine whether a relation is a function?
Study Aid
• See Lesson 1.1, Examples 1, A1: For a relation to be a function, there must be only one value of the
2, and 3. dependent variable for each value of the independent variable.
• Try Mid-Chapter Review If the relation is described by a list of ordered pairs, you can see if any first
Questions 1 and 2.
elements appear more than once. If they do, the relation is not a function.
For example, the relation 5 (22, 0), (21, 3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (2, 0) 6
is a function; but the relation 5 (25, 0), (24, 3), (24, 23), (3, 24),
(3, 4), (5, 0) 6 is not, because 24 and 3 each appear more than once as
first elements.
A2: If the relation is shown in a mapping diagram, you can look at the arrows. If
more than one arrow goes from an element of the domain (on the left) to an
element of the range (on the right), then the relation is not a function. For
example, diagram A shows a function but diagram B does not.
A y A B

2
4
4
5

1 0
3

4
2 0 3 0
x 3
1 4 3

4
2 0 2 4 5
2 4

2

4 A3: If you have the graph of the relation, you can use the vertical-line test. If you
can draw a vertical line that crosses the graph in more than one place, then
an element in the domain corresponds to two elements in the range, so the
B y relation is not a function. For example, graph A shows a function but graph
4 B does not.
2 A4: If you have the equation of the relation, you can substitute numbers for x to
x see how many y-values correspond to each x-value. If a single x-value

4
2 0 2 4 produces more than one corresponding y-value, the equation does not

2 represent a function. For example, the equation y 5 4 2 x 2 is the equation

4 of a function because you would get only one answer for y by putting a
number in for x. The equation x 2 1 y 2 5 25 does not represent a function
because there are two values for y when x is any number between 25 and 5.

Q: What does function notation mean and why is it useful?

Study Aid
• See Lesson 1.2, Examples 1, A: When a relation is a function, you can use function notation to write the
3, and 4. equation. For example, you can write the equation y 5 4 2 x 2 in function
• Try Mid-Chapter Review notation as f (x) 5 4 2 x 2. f is a name for the function and f (a) is the
Questions 3 and 4. value of y or output when the input is x 5 a. The equation f (21) 5 3
means “When x 5 21, y 5 3;” in other words, the point (21, 3) belongs
to the function.

38 Chapter 1 NEL
 Mid-Chapter Review

To evaluate f (21), substitute 21 for x in the function equation:

f (21) 5 4 2 (21) 2
5421
y
53
Or you can read the value from a graph. (
1, 3) 4
y = f(x)
2
Function notation is useful because writing f (x) 5 3 gives more information (0, 3) x
about the function—you know that the independent variable is x—than
4
2 0 2 4
writing y 5 3. Also, you can work with more than one function at a time by
2
giving each function a different name. You can choose meaningful names,

4
such as v(t) to describe velocity as a function of time, t, or C(n) to describe
the cost of producing n items.

Q: How can you determine the domain and range of a function?

Study Aid
A: The domain of a function is the set of input values for which the function is • See Lesson 1.4, Examples 2
defined. The range is the set of output values that correspond to the input and 3.
values. Set notation can be used to describe the domain and range of a • Try Mid-Chapter Review
function. Questions 6, 7, and 8.

If you have the graph of a function, you can see the domain and range, as in
the following examples: A y
Because graph A goes on forever in both the positive and negative x 4
direction, x can be any real number. y = f(x)
2
Because this function has a maximum value at the vertex, y cannot have a x
value greater than this maximum value.
4
2 0 2 4

2
You can express these facts in set notation:

4
Domain 5 5x [ R6; Range 5 5y [ R | y # 46
Graph B starts at the point (21, 0) and continues forever in the
B y
positive x direction and positive y direction. So x can be any real number
greater than or equal to 21 and y can be any real number greater than or
4 y = g(x)
equal to 0.

2
Domain 5 5x [ R | x $ 216 ; Range 5 5y [ R | y $ 06 x
You can also determine the domain and range from the equation of a
2 0 2 4 6 8

2
function. For example, if f (x) 5 4 2 x 2, then any value of x will work in
this equation, so x [ R. Also, because x 2 is always positive or zero, f (x) is
4
always less than or equal to 4.
Domain 5 5x [ R6; Range 5 5y [ R | y # 46
If g(x) 5 !x 1 1, then x cannot be less than 21, or the number inside
the square root sign would be negative. Also, the square root sign refers to
the positive square root, so g(x) is always positive or zero.
Domain 5 5x [ R | x $ 216; Range 5 5 y [ R | y $ 06

NEL Introduction to Functions 39

PRACTICE Questions
Lesson 1.1 4. A teacher asked her students to think of a number,
1. Determine which relations are functions. For those multiply it by 5, and subtract the product from 20.
which are, explain why. Then she asked them to multiply the resulting
a) 5(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (4, 5)6 difference by the number they first thought of.
a) Use function notation to express the final answer
b)
in terms of the original number.

2
1
b) Determine the outputs for the input numbers 1,
0 1 21, and 7.
3 3 c) Determine the maximum result possible.
7 4
Lesson 1.3
5. Graph each function and state its domain and range.
c) f (x) 5 !x
c) y a) f (x) 5 x 2
4 1
b) f (x) 5 d) f (x) 5 |x |
2 x
x
Lesson 1.4

4
2 0 2 4

2 6. Determine the domain and range of each relation in
question 1.

4
7. A farmer has 600 m of fencing to enclose a
rectangular area and divide it into three sections as
d) y shown.
5

x

5 0 5

5 a) Write an equation to express the total area

enclosed as a function of the width.
e) y 5 2 (x 2 3) 1 5 2 b) Determine the domain and range of this area
f ) y 5 !x 2 4 function.
c) Determine the dimensions that give the
2. Use numeric and graphical representations to show maximum area.
that x 2 1 y 5 4 is a function but x 2 1 y 2 5 4 is 8. Determine the domain and range for each.
not a function. a) A parabola has a vertex at (22, 5), and y 5 5 is
Lesson 1.2 its maximum value.
b) A parabola has a vertex at (3, 4), and y 5 4 is its
3. a) Graph the function f (x) 5 22(x 1 1) 2 1 3.
minimum value.
b) Evaluate f (23).
c) A circle has a centre at (0, 0) and a radius of 7.
c) What does f (23) represent on the graph of f ?
d) A circle has a centre at (2, 5) and a radius of 4.
d) Use the equation to determine i) f (1) 2 f (0),
ii) 3f (2) 2 5, and iii) f (2 2 x).

40 Chapter 1 NEL