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WOUND lecture 4

The document provides a comprehensive overview of open wounds, including their definitions, classifications, types, signs and symptoms, and the physiology of wound healing. It outlines first aid guidelines for both minor and major open wounds, emphasizing the importance of controlling bleeding, preventing infection, and promoting healing. Additionally, it discusses complications such as infections and tetanus, along with the necessary precautions and treatments for effective wound management.

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9 views

WOUND lecture 4

The document provides a comprehensive overview of open wounds, including their definitions, classifications, types, signs and symptoms, and the physiology of wound healing. It outlines first aid guidelines for both minor and major open wounds, emphasizing the importance of controlling bleeding, preventing infection, and promoting healing. Additionally, it discusses complications such as infections and tetanus, along with the necessary precautions and treatments for effective wound management.

Uploaded by

ahmeddhamed179
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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prof.

Dr/ Amany Youssef sharaf


 Definition:
 Classification
 Types of open wounds:
 Signs and Symptoms
 Physiology of Wound Healing
 Complications
 First aid Guidelines for minor open wounds
 First aid Guidelines for major open wounds
It is a break in the skin’s surface, or
injury to the soft tissue
.
Classifications
of wounds
Classifications of wounds

1- According to the healing time of a wound, it can be classified as


acute or chronic.
2- According to level of contamination, a wound can be classified as:
Clean wound
Contaminated wound
Infected
Colonized wound
3- According to Wound origin, it can be either:
 internal or external:
4-According to wound shape
Closed wounds
Open wounds
1- According to the healing time of a wound

it can be classified as acute or chronic.


Acute wounds heal uneventfully (with no
complications) in the predicted amount of time.

Chronic wounds take a longer time to heal and


might have some complications.
2- According to level of contamination

 A wound can be classified as:


Clean wound – made under sterile conditions where there
are no organisms present, and the skin is likely to heal without
complications.
Contaminated wound – usually resulting from accidental
injury; there are pathogenic organisms and foreign bodies in
the wound.
Infected wound – the wound has pathogenic organisms
present and multiplying, exhibiting clinical signs of infection
(yellow appearance, soreness, redness, oozing pus).
Colonized wound – a chronic situation, containing
pathogenic organisms, difficult to heal (i.e. bedsore).
3- According to Wound origin

it can be either internal or external:

Internal wounds result from impaired immune and nervous

system functions and/or decreased supply of blood, oxygen or

nutrients to that area; such as in cases of chronic medical illness

wounds (diabetes, atherosclerosis, deep vein thrombosis).

External wounds are usually caused by penetrating objects

or non-penetrating trauma,
4- According to wound shape

 it can be open or closed.


Closed wounds have damage that occurs without exposing
the underlying tissue and organs (non-penetrating wounds).
e.g. Contusion

Open wounds are wounds with exposed underlying tissue


and/or organs that are open to the outside environment (like
penetrating wounds).
 Closed wounds have damage that occurs without
exposing the underlying tissue and organs (non-
penetrating wounds).
Contusion: it is characterized by injury of the
soft parts, hemorrhage and swelling, it is caused
by blunt instrument or it may be due to blow.
 Open wounds are wounds with exposed
underlying tissue and/or organs that are open to
the outside environment (like penetrating
wounds).
1- An abrasion: The top layer of skin (epidermis)
is removed, with little or no blood loss. It can be
serious if it covers a large area or if foreign matter
becomes embedded in it.
An abrasion
 2- Incision: It has regular edge resembling a
surgical cut and caused by sharp instrument such
as knife or arbor.
 3- Laceration: It is cut skin with irregular edges. It
is usually caused by machine, wire barded and
glass.
 4- Punctures: they are usually deep, narrow
wounds in the skin and underlying organs. It is
caused by nail or needle.
 5- Gunshot wound: characterized by small entry,
larger exit, this wound is associated with extensive
injuries.
 6- Amputation: involves the cutting or tearing off
a body part such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm or
leg.
 Signs includes, redness, swelling, bleeding and loss
or impairment of function to the wounded area.
 Symptoms may include pain, pus drainage and
heat, particularly in cases of infection.
Physiology of
Wound Healing
 Infections: Wound infection presents with pus drainage, foul
odor, fever, dull throbbing pain, mild swelling and heat at
wound site.

 Scarring: Regenerated cells have different characteristics


and fibrous tissue that can heal the wound, but may leave a
scar behind.

 Loss of function: Many wounds can be disabling and life


threatening if a major organ, blood vessel or nerve was
damaged.

 Tetanus
Tetanus
 Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria
called Clostridium tetani.
 When the bacteria invade the body, they produce a
poison (toxin) that causes painful muscle
contractions.
 Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”. It often
causes a person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock,
making it hard to open the mouth or swallow.
 CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children,
teens, and adults to prevent tetanus.
 fever
 muscular stiffness in the jaw (lockjaw) followed
by stiffness of the neck
 difficulty in swallowing
 Tetanic seizures
 Inability to walk


1. To arrest hemorrhage.
2. To promote healing
3. To prevent infection.
4. To treat shock.
 In minor open wounds, such as abrasions, there
is only a small amount of damage and minimal
bleeding.
 Use a barrier between your hand and the wound. If readily
available, put on disposable gloves and place a sterile dressing
on the wound.
■ Apply direct pressure for a few minutes to control any bleeding.
■ Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water.
 Dry well

■ Apply an antibiotic ointment to a minor wound if the person has


no known allergies or sensitivities to the medication.
■ Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and a bandage or with an
adhesive bandage to keep the wound moist and prevent drying.
 A major open wound has
serious tissue damage and
severe bleeding.
 ■ Put on disposable gloves. If you suspect that blood might
splatter, you may need to wear eye and face protection.

■ Control bleeding by:


 Covering the wound with a dressing and firmly pressing
against the wound with a gloved hand until the bleeding
stops.

 Applying a pressure bandage over the dressing to maintain


pressure on the wound and to hold the dressing in place. If
blood soaks through the bandage, do not remove the
blood-soaked bandages. Instead, add more
■ Observe the person’s condition is
worsening, such as faster or slower
breathing, changes in skin
color and restlessness.
■ Care for shock. Keep the person from
getting chilled or overheated.
S&S of shock: (Weak carotid pulse, cold clammy skin, s
hallow berthing ,pale face)

■ Have the person rest comfortably and provide


reassurance.
■ Wash your hands immediately after giving care, even
if you wore gloves.
 Immobilize the injured part by a suitable method .

 For an upper limb: a sling .


 For a lower limb: tying it to its fellow .

 Transfer carefully to hospital as soon as possible, if


needed.

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