Ch.

6 Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1)
1 6 0 4
If A = 2 3 1 0 , determine (a) a32, and (b) the order of A.
4 7 2 8

2)
274
If A = 1 9 5 , determine (a) a23, and (b) the order of A.
368

3) Solve the matrix equation: x y+2 = x 1

x+y 4 0 4

4) Solve the matrix equation: x y - 1 = 2y 4

5 2x 5 2x

5) Write A = aij if A is 2 × 2 and aij = 2i + j.

6) Write A = aij if A is 2 × 3 and aij = 2i + j.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

7) If A = aij where A is 2 × 2 and aij = i - 2j, then matrix A is given by

A) 2 1 . B) 2 -1 . C) -1 -4 . D) -1 0 . E) -1 -3 .
3 4 3 0 -1 -3 -3 -2 0 -2

8) If 3x -y = 3 2 , then y =
x y 2x y
A) 0. B) 2. C) -2. D) 4. E) -4.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

9) Write a diagonal matrix of size 3 × 3 with entries aii = i + 3, aij = 0 for i ≠ j.

10)
1 3 3
Find the transpose of the matrix: 4 5 6
7 8 9

11) Find a 3 × 2 matrix aij with a11 = a22 = 0, all other aij equal to 1.

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 12) A manufacturer who produces products A, B, and C is only interested in tracking labor costs. What is the order
of the matrix he would use?

13) A manufacturer who produces one product is only interested in tracking material costs. What is the order of
the matrix he would use?

14) A manufacturer who requires raw materials A, B, C, D, and E is interested in tracking the costs of these
materials from 3 different sources. What is the order of the matrix he would use?

15) A blended juice product requires 5 gallons of apple juice, no orange juice, and 2 gallons of cranberry juice.
Construct an ingredient matrix for this product.

16) A manufacturer of blended juices will also bottle pure juices for one supermarket chain. This week he bottles
cherry, grape, and cranberry juice. Fill in the matrix for the gallons of each juice needed to produce 1 gallon of
juice for each of the 3 pure juices.
Cherry Grape Cranberry
Cherry
Grape
Cranberry

17) An employer offers medical, dental, and life insurance to both salaried and unsalaried employees. She
describes her annual costs for these benefits in a matrix, and finds that, after employee contributions, only
medical insurance requires an employer contribution of $20,000 for salaried and $15,000 for unsalaried
employees. Construct a matrix which shows this result.

18)
1 2 4 8 16
Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the transpose of 1 2 4 8 16
1 2 4 8 16

19) Find the transpose of 5 0 4 .

953

20)
9 -2 -7
Find transpose of -5 5 3 .
4 6 -3

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

21)
5 -9 -1
Consider the matrix 0 7 -1 , this matrix can be best described as a(n):
0 0 3
A) upper triangular matrix B) lower triangular matrix
C) diagonal matrix D) main diagonal

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6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1)
3 -1 4 -1
Perform the indicated operations and simplify your answer: 4 2 + 2 0 5
6 -8 -4 3

2) Perform the indicated operations and simplify your answer: 3 0 0 -4 1 9

-1 2 0 -3

3) Perform the indicated operations and simplify your answer: 2 -3 1

6

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

4) 2 1 0 -4 - 4 -2 0 =
2 -3 -1 3 -5 1
A) -3 2 -4
-1 2 -2
B) -2 -2 -8
1 -11 -3
C) -6 4 -8
-2 4 -4
D) -2 2 -8
1 -1 -3
E) none of the above

5) If 4 1 x + 2 -2 0 = 0 0 , then
-2 0 y 0 0 0
A) x = 0 and y = 0.
B) x = 4 and y = -5.
C) x = 0 and y = 4.
1 1
D) x = and y = .
4 2

E) There are no values for x and y which satisfy the equation.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

6) If A = 1 2 3 ; B = 2 -1 -2 , then find (A + B)T.

3 4 5 1 -3 -2

7) Find x, y, z, u, t, v such that x y z + 2 1 2 3 = 8 3 5

u t v 456 9 8 14

8)
x 1 1
Solve the matrix equation: 3 y - 2 -2 = 10
z 3 3

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 9)
1 3 0 4
Solve the matrix equation: x 2 + 2 5 + y 3 = 3
3 1 0 x-y-3

10) An office furniture company manufactures desks and tables at two plants, A and B. Matrix J represents the
production of the two plants in January, and matrix F represents the production of the two plants in February.
Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to write a matrix that represents the total product at the two
plants for the two months.
Desks J = 120 80 ; F = 110 140
Tables 105 130 85 125

11) A pharmaceutical company manufactures 3 drugs for high blood pressure, A, B, and C, each of which requires
a 2-step production process. The production cost of each drug has a materials and labor component. If the
matrices S1 and S2 represent the costs per ounce associated with each step, use the matrix operations on a
graphing calculator to write a matrix that shows the total cost of the two steps.
Materials S = 2.00 1.50 1.80 ; S = 1.50 1.25 2.00
1 2
Labor 1.25 1.75 1.50 2.50 1.75 1.00

12) A small airline has 3 flights, A, B, and C, to each of 3 cities in Colorado. The matrix N represents the number of
passengers carried in November, and matrix D represents the number of passengers carried in December.
Write a matrix that shows the total number of passengers carried in these two months.
Denver 2000 3000 1500 2500 3500 2000
Boulder N = 4000 1000 3500 ; D = 4500 1500 4500
Aspen 1500 2000 2500 2000 3000 3000

A womenʹs clothing chain takes inventory of one brand of sweater. The sweaters come in 3 sizes: small, medium, and
large, and 5 colors. The inventories at stores A, B, and C are represented by the matrices below.
Green 4 2 8 3 8 2 5 1 0
Blue 6 0 7 7 0 1 3 5 9
Black A = 9 1 3 ; B = 3 4 2 ; C = 7 4 1
Pink 0 3 2 6 8 5 0 7 6
Gold 5 0 7 0 2 4 3 2 0

13) Show that A + B = B + A.

14) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to show that A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.

15) Show that A + O = A.

16) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to show that A + C = C + A.

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The energy economy of an area is composed of four industries: gas, coal, hydroelectric and nuclear. The three main
consumers of energy are area residential consumers, a manufacturing plant, and a university. Assume that each
consumer may use some of the energy produced by each industry, and also that each industry uses some of the energy
produced by each of the other industries. The energy needs of each consumer and industry are represented by a demand
vector whose entries, in order, give the amount of gas, coal, hydroelectric, and nuclear energy needed by each consumer
or industry, in some convenient units. The demand vectors for the consumers are: DR = [ 2 4 0 1 ]; DM = [ 3 0 2 5 ];
DU = [ 0 3 5 1 ]; and the demand vectors for the industries are: DG = [ 0 1 3 2 ]; DC = [ 4 0 1 2 ];
DH = [ 3 1 0 1 ]; DN = [ 2 1 3 0 ].

17) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the total demand for the four types of energy from
only the consumers.

18) What is the total demand for the four types of energy from only the energy industries?

19) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the total demand for the four types of energy from
the manufacturing facility and the university.

20) What is the total demand for the four types of energy from both the consumers and the energy industries?

In the energy demand problem above, the demand vectors could be represented in a 2 row matrix, where row 1 contains
the energy demands of the consumers and row 2 contains the energy demands of the energy industries:
D= 5 7 7 7
9 3 75

21) A boom in the economy causes an across the board increase of 10% in energy demands in the area. Calculate a
new demand matrix which reflects this increase.

1
22) A new EPA mandate requires that all energy users reduce their energy use from the original level by over
3
the next 10 years to minimize global warming. Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to calculate a
new demand matrix which reflects this decrease.

23) A researcher is studying the effects on the local economy of changes in the original demand matrix. He models
one change by the matrix equation D1 = D + 0.5D. Calculate the new demand matrix in his model.

24) The researcher then changes the original demand matrix using the matrix equation D2 = A + 0.2D, where A =
1 2 1 2 . Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to calculate the new demand matrix in his
2 1 2 1
model.

Let matrix A represent the sales (in thousands of dollars) of a toy company in 1994 in three cities, let B represent the sales
in the same cities in 1995, and let C represent the sales in the same cities in 1996.
Action A = 400 350 150 ; B = 410 300 200 ; C = 380 330 220
Educational 450 280 850 375 300 710 460 320 750
25) What is the change in sales between 1994 and 1995?

26) What is the change in sales between 1995 and 1996?

27) What is the change in sales between 1994 and 1996?

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A manufacturer of doors, windows, and cabinets writes her yearly profit (in thousands of dollars) for each category in a
248 40
vector as: P = 319 . Her fixed costs of production can be described by the vector: C = 30 .
532 60
28) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find her income if increasing it by 20% would cause an
increase in profit of 50%. (Round to the nearest thousand dollars.)

29) What would her income be if increasing it threefold would cause her profit to be five times as large? (Round to
the nearest thousand dollars.)

30) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find her income if increasing it two times would cause
her profit to be three times as large. (Round to the nearest thousand dollars.)

Provide an appropriate response.

-8 3 5 2
31) If A = 2 1 and B = -2 9 , find A + B.
1 -7 4 -3

-8 3 5 2
32) If A = 2 1 and B = -2 9 , find A - B.
1 -7 4 -3

-8 3 5 2
33) If A = 2 1 and B = -2 9 , find 2A - 3B.
1 -7 4 -3

-8 3 5 2
34) If A = 2 1 and B = -2 9 , find -4A + 5B.
1 -7 4 -3

-8 3 5 2 7 -1
35) If A = 2 1 , B = -2 9 , and C = 5 -2 , find 4A - 2B + 3C.
1 -7 4 -3 3 -3

-8 3 5 2 7 -1
36) If A = 2 1 , B = -2 9 , and C = 5 -2 , find 7A + 6B - 3C.
1 -7 4 -3 3 -3

6.3 Matrix Multiplication

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1)
1 0
Perform the indicated operation and simplify your answer: 1 -1 0 5 1
2 3 4
-2 3

2) Perform the indicated operation and simplify your answer: [6][5]

3) Perform the indicated operation and simplify your answer: 2 3 1 0

4

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 4)
4
Perform the indicated operation if possible: 8 2 6 5
4 -1 3
0

5) Perform the indicated operations and simplify your answer: 2 3 - 1 2 1

1 -3 0 0

6) Three components A, B, and C, are used in the manufacturing of a product. For a production run, 100, 150, and
200 units of A, B, and C are $2, $1, and $3, respectively. Represent the total cost of A, B, and C by a matrix
product.

7) Use matrix multiplication to represent the system: 3x + 2y = 2

4x + y = 5

8)
4x + 6z = 3
Use matrix multiplication to represent the system: x-y+ z=4
3x + y - z = 5

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

9) If the orders of the matrices Q, R, and S are 4 × 5, 3 × 2, and 5 × 3, respectively, then the order of QRS is
A) 4 × 5.
B) 3 × 5.
C) 3 × 3.
D) 2 × 4.
E) none of the above

10) 1 -1 0 2 =
3 4 5 -3
A) 0 -2 B) -2 8 C) -5 5 D) 6 8 E) 4 -1
15 -12 3 8 20 -6 -4 -17 0 6

4 1 0
11) 1 -1 2 -1 2 3 + 0 1 =
0 -1 -1
A) 9 12
2 -3
B) 4 8
1 0
C) 5
-7
D) 2 9 -3

E) none of the above

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

12) Let A = 1 2 . Find A2 .

2 -1

13) If A is a 3 × 5 matrix, B is a 5 × 7 matrix, C is a 7 × 11 matrix, D is a 5 × 7 matrix, which of the following matrix

products are defined? Give the size of each answer if it is defined.
(a) A × B × C
(b) B × C × D
(c) A × D × C
(d) A × B × D

14) Let A = 1 1 ; B = 3 -5 ; C = -2 2 . Find A B + 2C

2 -1 -9 2 4 -1

15) Give an example of 2 matrices A and B where A × B ≠ B × A.

16) An appliance store has 25 refrigerators, 30 ranges, and 10 dishwashers in stock. If the value of each refrigerator
is $600, each range is $300 and each dishwasher is $250, use matrix operations to find the total value of the
appliance storeʹs inventory.

17) An electronics store has 35 televisions, 15 VCRs, and 25 CD players in stock. If the value of each television is
$400, each VCR is $200 and each CD player is $150, use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find
the total value of the electronics storeʹs inventory.

18) An appliance store has 25 refrigerators, 30 ranges, and 10 dishwashers in stock, and a second store with 15
refrigerators, 25 ranges, and 20 dishwashers in stock. If the value of each refrigerator is $600, each range is $300
and each dishwasher is $250, find the total value of the inventory at the two appliance stores.

19) An electronics store has 35 televisions, 15 VCRs, and 25 CD players in stock, and a second store with 45
televisions, 25 VCRs, and 30 CD players in stock. If the value of each television is $400, each VCR is $200 and
each CD player is $150, find the total value of the electronics storeʹs inventory.

20) A bookstore has 100 dictionaries, 70 cookbooks, and 90 thesauruses in stock, and a second store with 85
dictionaries, 95 cookbooks, and 60 thesauruses in stock. If the value of each dictionary is $28, each cookbook is
$22 and each thesaurus is $16, use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the total value of the
bookstoreʹs inventory.

21) A pet store has 6 kittens, 10 puppies, and 7 parrots in stock, and a second store with 8 kittens, 14 puppies, and 9
parrots in stock. If the value of each kitten is $55, each puppy is $150 and each parrot is $35, find the total value
of the pet storeʹs inventory.

22) The prices (in dollars per unit) for 3 video tapes are represented by the price vector: P = 24.95 16.95 18.95 . A
20
video rental store orders these tapes in the quantities given by the column vector: Q = 15 . Find the total cost
10
(in dollars) of the purchase.

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 23) The prices (in dollars per unit) for 3 textbooks are represented by the price vector:
P = 26.25 34.75 28.50 . A university bookstore orders these books in the quantities given by the column
250
vector: Q = 325 . Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the total cost (in dollars) of the
175
purchase.
24) The prices (in dollars per case) for 3 types of pens are represented by the price vector: P = 99 79 109 . An
5
office supply store orders cases of these pens in the quantities given by the column vector: Q = 3 . Find the
6
total cost (in dollars) of the purchase.

25) The prices (in dollars per case) for 3 types of frozen pizzas are represented by the price vector: P = 75 52 48 .
14
A grocery store orders cases of these pizzas in the quantities given by the column vector: Q = 11 . Use the
17
matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the total cost (in dollars) of the purchase.

The energy economy of an area is composed of four industries: gas, coal, hydroelectric, and nuclear. The three main
consumers of energy are area residential consumers, a manufacturing plant, and a university. Assume that each
consumer may use some of the energy produced by each industry, and also that each industry uses some of the energy
produced by each of the other industries. The energy needs of each consumer and industry is represented by a demand
vector whose entries, in order, give the amount of gas, coal, hydroelectric, and nuclear energy needed by each consumer
or industry, in some convenient units. The demand vectors for the consumers are: DR = 2 4 0 1 ; DM = 3 0 2 5 ;
DU = 0 3 5 1 ; and the demand vectors for the industries are: DG = 0 1 3 2 ; DC = 4 0 1 2 ; DH = 3 1 0 1 ;
DN = 2 1 3 0 . The price of gas is $15,000 per unit, the price of coal is $10,000 per unit, the price of hydroelectric power
is $7000 per unit, and the price of nuclear energy is $9000 per unit. These prices can be represented by the (column) price
vector:
15,000
P = 10,000
7000
9000

26) Find the income earned by the gas industry and its cost for the other forms of energy it uses. Then calculate its
profit.
27) Find the income earned by the coal industry and its cost for the other forms of energy it uses. Then calculate its
profit.

28) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the income earned by the hydroelectric industry and
its cost for the other forms of energy it uses. Then calculate its profit.

29) Find the income earned by the nuclear industry and its cost for the other forms of energy it uses. Then calculate
its profit.

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Secret messages can be encoded by using a code and an encoding matrix. If we have the code:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z space
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
and an encoding matrix: E = 1 3 , we can encode a message by taking every two letters of the message, converting them
2 4
to their corresponding numbers, creating a 2 × 1 matrix, and then multiplying each two numbers by E. Use the code and
encoding scheme above and an additional encoding matrix, F = 5 7 , to answer the question.
6 8
i
30) If the letters to be encoded are L = , show that E(FL) = (EF)L.
t

31) If the letters to be encoded are L = n , show that E(FL) = (EF)L.

o

32) If the letters to be encoded are L = h , show that (E + F)L = EL + FL.

e

33) If the letters to be encoded are L = b , show that (E + F)L = EL + FL.

e

Suppose that an automobile manufacturer has accepted orders for 30 minivans, 25 sport utility vehicles, and 15 sedans.
These orders can be represented by the row vector Q = [ 30 25 15 ].
The ʺraw materialsʺ that go into each type of vehicle are steel, glass, plastic, paint, and labor. The entries in matrix R
below give the number of units of each raw material (in this order) which are needed for each type of vehicle.
6 3 9 5 4 Minivan
R= 9 4 7 4 6 SUV .
5 2 6 3 3 Sedan
Suppose that steel costs $800 per unit, glass costs $400 per unit, plastic costs $300 per unit, paint costs $200 per unit, and
800
400
labor costs $1000 per unit. This data can be written as the column cost vector C = 300 .
200
1000
The price the manufacturer negotiated for each minivan is $16,000, for each SUV is $21,000, and for each sedan is $13,000.
16,000
This information can be written as the column price vector P = 21,000 .
13,000
34) Find the amount of each raw material the manufacturer will need to fill the orders.

35) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the cost of each type of vehicle.

36) Find the total cost of raw materials for these vehicles.

37) Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find the profit made by the manufacturer on these orders.

Provide an appropriate response.

38) The price charged for 2 different CDs at two different stores can be represented by the matrix
P = 14 16 Store A . The quantities of each CD sold at each store can be represented by the matrix Q = 20 30 .
13 15 Store B 25 40
Show that the transpose of the income generated (PQ)T is equal to the product of the transposes of P and Q in
reverse order, QTPT.

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 39) The price charged for 2 different paperback books at two different bookstores can be represented by the matrix
P = 6 4 Store A . The quantities of each book sold at each store can be represented by the matrix Q = 48 35 .
7 6 Store B 26 18
Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to show that the transpose of the income generated (PQ)T is
equal to the product of the transposes of P and Q in reverse order, QTPT.

40) The price charged for cases of 2 different soft drinks at two different stores can be represented by the matrix
P = 6 7 Store A . The number of cases of each soft drink sold at each store can be represented by the matrix
8 6 Store B
Q = 100 80 . Show that the transpose of the income generated (PQ)T is equal to the product of the transposes
60 90
of P and Q in reverse order, QTPT.

3
-2
2
Use the encoding matrix E = 1 3 , an additional coding matrix, F = 1 0 0 0
1 , plus the matrices I = 0 1 and O = 0 0
2 4 1 -
2
to answer the question.
41) I - E

42) 4(E + 3I)

43) EO

44) EF

If E = 1 3 is the encoding matrix, compute the following.

2 4
45) E2

46) E3

47) E4 (Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator.)

48) E5 (Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator.)

Set up a matrix equation with integer values that is equivalent to the system of equations.
49)
3
y=- x+3
4
1 9
y=- x+
5 5

50)
4 3
y= x-
7 7
y = -8x - 2

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 51)
1 3
y= x-
2 10
13
y = -3x +
2

Provide an appropriate response.

5 -2
52) If A = -4 3 and C = 6 8 , find AC.
2 -1
1 4

7 5 0
53) If B = -2 1 1 and C = 6 8 , find BC.
2 -1
1 -3 -5

5 -2 7 5 0
54) If A = -4 3 and B = -2 1 1 , find BA.
1 4 1 -3 -5

5 -2 7 5 0 2 -4
55) If A = -4 3 , B = -2 1 1 , and C = 5 7 , find BA - C.
1 4 1 -3 -5 -4 9

5 -2 7 5 0 2 -4
56) If A = -4 3 , B = -2 1 1 , and C = 5 7 , find 3C + BA.
1 4 1 -3 -5 -4 9

6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) Which of the following are reduced matrices?
A= 0
B= 0 1
0 0
1 23
C= 0 0 1
1 00
D= 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0

2) Reduce the matrix: 1 2 0

3 -5 2

3) Reduce the matrix: 2 1 -1

4 0 1

4)
2x - y - 4z = 0
Using the method of reduction, solve the system: 4x + y - 2z = 0
x - y - 3z = 0

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 5)
3x - 2y + z = -1
Using the method of reduction, solve the system: 2x - y - z = 5
2x + 3z = 4

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

6)
2 2 4
Reducing 1 1 2 gives
1 0 1
1 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 1
A) 0 0 0 B) 0 1 2 C) 0 0 1 D) 0 1 0 E) 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

7)
x + y - 3z = 5
If x - 3y + z = -7 , then
2x - y - 3z = 2
A) x = 3, y = -1, and z = 4.
B) x = 5, y = -8, and z = 12.
C) x = 2 - 4z, y = -5 + 2z, and z = t.
D) x = 5 - 3z, y = 3 + 4z, and z = t.
E) none of the above

8)
x - 2y - 4z = 4
If 2x + y + z = 9 , then
x+ y- z=1
22 1
A) x = , y = , and z = 0
5 5
5 3
B) x = 5, y = - , and z =
2 2
13 11 1
C) x = 4 - z, y = - z, and z = t
2 2 6

D) x = 2z, y = 3 - 4z, and z = t

E) none of the above

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

9) Solve the following system of equations by reducing the matrix:

2x + y = 11
9x + 5y = 7

10) Solve the following system of equations by reducing the matrix:

x - y - 3z = 2
2x - y - 4z = 3
x+y- z=1

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 11) For what values of a will the following system of equations have a solution?
x - y - 3z = 2
x+y- z=1
2x - y - 5z = a

12) Find all solutions by reducing the matrix:

x - y - 3z = 2
x +y- z=1
7
2x - y - 5z =
2

An air freight company has three types of aircraft which carry three types of cargo. The payload, in tons, is summarized
in the table below.
Passenger Transport Commuter
Mail 2 4 1
Medical 1 2 1
Freight 3 2 0

13) On Saturdays, the company must move 23 tons of mail, 16 tons of medical supplies, and 17 tons of freight. This
2 4 1 23
system of equations can be represented by the matrix: 1 2 1 16 . Reduce this matrix to calculate how many
3 2 0 17
aircraft of each type should be used.

14) On Sundays and holidays, , the company must move 14 tons of mail, 9 tons of medical supplies, and 11 tons of
2 4 1 14
freight. This system of equations can be represented by the matrix: 1 2 1 9 . Reduce this matrix to calculate
3 2 0 11
how many aircraft of each type should be used.

15) Each day of the holiday season, the company must move 75 tons of mail, 50 tons of medical supplies, and 55
2 4 1 75
tons of freight. This system of equations can be represented by the matrix: 1 2 1 50 . Reduce this matrix to
3 2 0 55
calculate how many aircraft of each type should be used.

An investment firm offers 3 stock portfolios, A, B, and C. The number of blocks of each type of stock in each of these
portfolios is summarized in the following table:
Portfolio
A B C
High 6 1 3
Risk: Moderate 3 2 3
Low 1 5 3

16) A client wants 26 blocks of high-risk stock, 25 blocks of moderate-risk stock, and 29 blocks of low-risk stock.
Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find how many of each portfolio should be suggested.

17) A client wants 33 blocks of high-risk stock, 27 blocks of moderate-risk stock, and 30 blocks of low-risk stock.
How many of each portfolio should be suggested.

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 18) A client wants 27 blocks of high-risk stock, 27 blocks of moderate-risk stock, and 41 blocks of low-risk stock.
Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to find how many of each portfolio should be suggested.

A health spa customizes the diet and vitamin supplements for each client. They offer three different vitamin
supplements, each containing different percentages of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamins A, C, and
D. One tablet of supplement X provides 40% of the RDA of A, 20% of the RDA of C, and 10% of the RDA of D. One
tablet of supplement Y provides 10% of the RDA of A, 10% of the RDA of C, and 30% of the RDA of D. One tablet of
supplement Z provides 10% of the RDA of A, 50% of the RDA of C, and 20% of the RDA of D.
19) The spa staff determines that a client should take 140% of the RDA of vitamin A, 140% of the RDA of vitamin
C, and 190% of the RDA of vitamin D each day. How many tablets of each supplement should he take each
day?
20) The spa staff determines that a client should take 90% of the RDA of vitamin A, 190% of the RDA of vitamin C,
and 130% of the RDA of vitamin D each day. Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to determine
how many tablets of each supplement should she take each day.

21) The spa staff determines that a client should take 190% of the RDA of vitamin A, 150% of the RDA of vitamin
C, and 120% of the RDA of vitamin D each day. How many tablets of each supplement should he take each
day?
A zoo veterinarian can purchase animal food of 4 different types, A, B, C, and D. Each food comes in the same size bag,
and the number of grams of each of three nutrients in each bag are summarized in the following table. Use this
information to answer the questions that follow.

Food
A B C D
N1 5 5 10 5
Nutrient: N2 10 5 30 10
N3 5 15 10 25

22) For one animal, she determines that she needs to combine these bags to get 15,000 g of N1 , 30,000 g of N2 , and
19,000 g of N3 . How many bags of each type of food should she order?

23) For one animal, she determines that she needs to combine these bags to get 6000 g of N1 , 12,000 g of N2 , and
11,000 g of N3 . How many bags of each type of food should she order?

24) For one animal, she determines that she needs to combine these bags to get 9000 g of N1 , 19,000 g of N2 , and
17,000 g of N3 . Use the matrix operations on a graphing calculator to determine how many bags of each type of
food should she order.

Provide an appropriate response.

25) Solve by the Method of Reduction:
2x ‐ 9y = 10
x - 6y = 14

26) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

3x ‐ 5y = 2
18x - 30y = 14

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 27) Solve by the Method of Reduction:
2x ‐ 3y = -4
-8x + 12y = 16

28) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

2x ‐ 5y = 10
3x - y = 2

29) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

5x + 3y + z = 2
2x - y + 2z = 10
4x - 2y + 3z = 17

30) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

3x - 2y + 5z = 7
x+ y- z= 2
5x + 3z = 11

31) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

x + 2y - 3z = 4
2x - 3y - 5z = -1
-3x + 8y - 13z = 4

32) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

x + 2y - 5z = 1
3x - 4y - 11z = 6
-2x - 6y - 16z = -5

6.5 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices (Continued)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) By using matrix reduction, solve the system:
x1 + 2x 2 - 3x 3 + x4 = 1
2x 1 + x 2 + 2x 4 = 8

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

x 1 - x 2 - 3x 3 - 4x 4 = 3
2) If , then
3x 1 + x 2 - x 3 + 4x 4 = 5

A) x 1 = 3 - 6x 4 , x 2 = 4 - x 4 , x 3 = -2 + 3x 4 , x 4 = x 4

B) x 1 = 3 - 6x 4 , x 2 = 4 + x 4 , x 3 = -2 + 3x 4 , x 4 = x 4

C) x 1 = -1 + x 4 , x 2 = 3x 4 , x 3 = 6 + 2x 4 , x 4 = x 4

D) x 1 = -1 + x 3 - x 4 , x 2 = 4 + 2x 3 + x 4 , x 3 = x 3 , x 4 = x 4

E) x 1 = 2 + x 3 , x 2 = -1 - 2x 3 - 4x 4 , x 3 = x 3 , x 4 = x 4

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

3) Without solving, determine whether the following system of linear equations has a unique solution, or
infinitely many solutions.
3x + 5y - 11z = 0
9x + 13y - 15z = 0

4) By looking at the solution of the above question, can you give the number of solutions of the equations?
3x + 5y - 11z = 0
9x + 13y - 15z = 12

5) By only looking at the following equations, can you say if the equations have a unique solution or infinitely
many solutions?
x + 2y = 0
2z + 3y = 0
3x + 5y = 0
5x + 7y = 0

6) Solve the following system of equations by reduction.

2x + 3y + 4z + 9u = 4
3x + 4y + 8z + 7u = 1

7) A courier service has an order to deliver four products to a factory. The table below gives the specifications of
the products.
A B C D
3
Volume(ft ) 5 2 9 17
Weight(lb) 20 10 40 70
Value($) 300 200 700 1100
If the companyʹs large van can carry 500 cu ft.; 2100 lb, and is insured for $34,000, how many units of each
product can be carried? Write the answer in terms of A, B, C, and D.

A plane in three dimensional space can be written as ax + by + cz = d. We can find the possible intersections of planes in
this form by writing them as systems of linear equations and using reduction to solve them. If d = 0 in each equation,
then we have a homogeneous system with either a unique solution or infinitely many solutions.
8)
3x - 2y - z = 0
Determine whether the intersection of the planes: x + 3y - 5z = 0
2x - 7y + 3z = 0
has a unique solution or infinitely many solutions; then solve the system.

9)
5x + 2y + z = 0
Determine whether the intersection of the planes: 2x - y + 3z = 0
3x - 2y + 6z = 0
has a unique solution or infinitely many solutions; then solve the system.

10)
2x + y + z = 0
Determine whether the intersection of the planes: 5x + 4y + 5z = 0
x + 2y + 3z = 0
has a unique solution or infinitely many solutions; then solve the system.

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In the energy demand problem above, the demand vectors could be represented in a 2 row matrix, where row 1 contains
the energy demands of the consumers and row 2 contains the energy demands of the energy industries:
D= 5 7 7 7
9 3 75

11) Solve by the Method of Reduction:

x1 + x 2 + x 3 + 4x 4 = 5
2x 1 + x 2 + 2x 3 + 4x 4 = 6

6.6 Inverses
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1)
1 0 3
If A = -1 2 1 , use row reduction to determine A-1 providing it exits.
0 1 -1

2) (a) If A is the coefficient matrix of the system x + 3y = 2 , determine A-1 .

x + 2y = 5
(b) Use A-1 to solve the system.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

3)
0 -1 0
If R = 1 2 -1 , then R-1 =
1 1 0
2 -1 2
A) -1 1 3
4 2 -2
3 5 3
-
2 2 2
4 1
B) -1 3 2
2 5
2 -
3 3
1 0 -3
C) -1 2 4
0 1 6
1 0 1
D) -1 0 0
-1 -1 1
E) none of the above

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

4) Let A = 1 2 ; find A-1 .

3 4

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 5) Look at the equations 2x + y = 5
7x +4y = 7
(a) Set up these equations in the matrix form Ax = b
(b) Find A-1
(c) Using A-1 , solve the equations.

6)
1 2 3
Let A = 2 5 7 . Find A-1 .
-3 -6 -10

x + 2y + 3z = 1
7) (a) If A is the coefficient matrix of the system 2x + 5y + 7z = 9 , determine A-1 .
-3x - 6y - 10z = 8
(b) Use A-1 to solve the system.

Secret messages can be encoded by using a code and an encoding matrix. If we have the code:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z space and an encoding matrix E, we can encode a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
message by taking every two letters of the message, converting them to their corresponding numbers, creating a 2 × 1
matrix, and then multiplying each two numbers by E. The message may be unscrambled with a decoding matrix which
is the inverse of the coding matrix, E-1 . Determine if the given pair of encoding matrices are inverses of each other.
8) 5 7 and -4 3.5
6 8 3 -2.5

9) 1 2 and -2 1
3 4 1.5 -0.5

10) 6 8 and 3.5 -4

5 7 -2.5 3

Provide an appropriate response.

11) A group of investors has $500,000 to invest in the stocks of three companies. Company A sells for $50 a share
and has an expected growth of 13% per year. Company B sells for $20 per share and has an expected growth of
15% per year. Company C sells for $80 a share and has an expected growth of 10% per year.
The group decides to try a new investment strategy which entails buying equal amounts of shares in Company
B and Company C, and having a goal of 11.4% growth per year. How many shares of each stock should they
buy?

12) Find the Inverse Matrix of 21 .

-2 3

13) Find the Inverse Matrix of 12 .

-3 4

1 -2 0
14) Find the Inverse Matrix of 2 1 2 .
0 0 -1

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6.7 Leontiefʹs Input-Output Analysis
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) Given the coefficient matrix A and the final demand matrix D stated below, find (I - A)-1 and find the output
matrix X.
A = 0.3 0.3 C = 70
0.2 0.2 30
A) B)
(I - A)-1 = 1.6 0.6 ; X = 130 (I - A)-1 = 1.6 0.6 ; X = 70
0.4 1.4 70 0.4 1.4 130

C) D)
(I - A)-1 = 0.6 1.6 ; X = 70 (I - A)-1 = 0.6 1.6 ; X = 130
0.4 1.4 130 0.4 1.4 70

2) An economy is based on two sectors, agriculture and manufacturing. Production of a dollarʹs worth of
agriculture requires an input of $0.40 from agriculture and $0.10 from manufacturing. Production of a dollarʹs
worth of manufacturing requires an input of $0.20 from agriculture and $0.30 from manufacturing. Find the
output for each sector that is needed to satisfy a final demand of $16 billion for agriculture and $32 billion for
manufacturing.
A) $44 billion agriculture, $52 billion manufacturing
B) $36 billion agriculture, $56 billion manufacturing
C) $56 billion agriculture, $36 billion manufacturing
D) $52 billion agriculture, $44 billion manufacturing

3) A large oil company produces three grades of gasoline: regular, unleaded, and super -unleaded. To produce
these gasolines, equipment is used which requires as input certain amounts of each of the three grades of
gasoline. To produce a dollarʹs worth of regular requires inputs of $0.14 worth of regular, $0.18 worth of
unleaded, and $0.17 worth of super -unleaded. To produce a dollarʹs worth of unleaded requires inputs of
$0.14 worth of regular, $0.15 worth of unleaded, and $0.13 worth of super-unleaded. To produce a dollarʹs
worth of super-unleaded requires inputs of $0.15 worth of regular, $0.17 worth of unleaded, and $0.11 worth
of super-unleaded. In addition, the oil company has final demands for each of the different grades of gasoline.
Find the coefficient matrix that would be used in determining the total output of each grade of gasoline.
A) B)
0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.17
A = 0.18 0.15 0.17 A = 0.14 0.15 0.13
0.17 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.17 0.11

C) D)
0.13 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.17
A = 0.14 0.15 0.13 A = 0.16 0.15 0.13
0.15 0.17 0.11 0.15 0.17 0.11

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

4) Suppose that a simple economy consists of three sectors: agriculture (A), manufacturing (M), and
1 2
transportation (T). Economists have determined that to produce one unit of A requires units of A, units
10 5
2 1 3 1
of B, and units of T, while production of one unit of M requires units of A, units of M, and units of T,
5 4 16 8
2 1 1
and production of one unit of T requires units of A, units of M, and units of T. There is an external
15 3 3
demand for 20 units of A, 40 units of M, and 10 units of T. Determine the production levels necessary to meet
the external demand.

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Ch. 6 Matrix Algebra
Answer Key
6.1 Matrices
1) (a) 7 (b) 3 × 4
2) (a) 5 (b) 3 × 3
3) x = 1, y = -1
4) x = 10, y = 5
5) 3 4
5 6
6) 3 4 5
5 6 7
7) E
8) C
4 0 0
9) 0 5 0
0 0 6
1 4 7
10) 3 5 8
3 6 9
0 1
11) 1 0
1 1
12) 1×3
13) 1×1
14) 3×5
15) 5 0 2
Cherry Grape Cranberry
16) Cherry 1 0 0
Grape 0 1 0
Cranberry 0 0 1
20,000 15,000
17) 0 0 or 20,000 0 0
15,000 0 0
0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
18) 4 4 4
8 8 8
16 16 16
59
19) 05
43
9 -5 4
20) -2 5 6
-7 3 -3
21) A
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
11 -3
1) 4 12
-2 -2
2) -4 -36
-3 18
3) -6
-36
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 4) D
5) C
3 4
6) 1 1
1 3
7) x =6, y = -1, z = -1, u = 1, t = -2, v = 2
8) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
9) x = -2, y = -1
10) T = 230 220
190 255
11) T = 3.50 2.75 3.80
3.75 3.50 2.50
4500 6500 3500
12) T = 8500 2500 8000
3500 5000 5500
7 10 10 7 10 10
13 0 8 13 0 8
13) A + B = 12 5 5 ; B + A = 12 5 5
6 11 7 6 11 7
5 2 11 5 2 11
8 9 2 12 11 10
10 5 10 16 5 17
14) A + (B + C) = A + 10 8 3 = 19 9 6
6 5 11 6 18 13
3 4 4 8 4 11
7 10 10 12 11 10
13 0 8 16 5 17
(A + B) + C = 12 5 5 + C = 19 9 6
6 11 7 6 18 13
5 2 11 8 4 11
4 2 8 0 0 0 4 2 8
6 0 7 0 0 0 6 0 7
15) A + O = 9 1 3 + 0 0 0 = 9 1 3 = A
0 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 2
5 0 7 0 0 0 5 0 7
9 3 8 9 3 8
9 5 16 9 5 16
16) A + C = 16 5 4 , C + A = 16 5 4
0 10 8 0 10 8
8 2 7 8 2 7
17) TC = 5 7 7 7
18) TI = 9 3 7 5
19) TM+U = 3 3 7 6
20) T = 14 10 14 12
21) D = 5.5 7.7 7.7 7.7
9.9 3.3 7.7 5.5
1 2 2 2
3 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
22) D = 2 1
6 2 4 3
3 3

23) D1 = 7.5 10.5 10.5 10.5

13.5 4.5 10.5 7.5

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 24) D2 = 2.0 3.4 2.4 3.4
3.8 1.6 3.4 2.0
25) B - A = 10 -50 50
-75 20 -140
26) C - B = -30 30 20
85 20 40
27) C - A = -20 -20 70
10 40 -100
x1 40 248
28) 1.2 x 2 - 30 = 1.5 319 ; x 1 = 343, x 2 = 424, x 3 = 715
x3 60 532
x1 40 248
29) 3 x 2 - 30 = 5 319 ; x 1 = 427, x 2 = 542, x 3 = 907
x3 60 532
x1 40 248
30) 2 x 2 - 30 = 3 319 ; x 1 = 392, x 2 = 494, x 3 = 828
x3 60 532
-3 5
31) 0 10
5 -10
-13 1
32) 4 -8
-3 -4
-31 0
33) 10 -25
-10 -5
-57 -2
34) -18 41
16 13
-21 5
35) 27 -20
5 -31
-47 36
36) -13 67
22 -58
6.3 Matrix Multiplication
1) -4 -1
9 15
2) [30]
3) 6 2 0
12 4 0
4) not defined
5) 5
5
2
6) 100 150 200 1
3
7) 3 2 x = 2
4 1 y 5
4 0 6 x 3
8) 1 -1 1 y = 4
3 1 -1 z 5
9) E
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10) C
11) A
12) 5 0
0 5
13) (a) 3 × 11
(b) not defined
(c) 3 × 11
(d) not defined
14) -2 -1
-1 -2
15) 0 1 ; 1 2 ; many possible answers
2 0 2 1
25
16) 600 300 250 30 = 26,500
10
35
17) 400 200 150 15 = 20,750
25
25 15
18) 600 300 250 30 25 = 26,500 21,500
10 20
35 45
19) 400 200 150 15 25 = 20,750 27,500
25 30
100 85
20) 28 22 16 70 95 = 5780 5430
90 60
6 8
21) 55 150 35 10 14 = 2075 2855
7 9
20
22) PQ = 24.95 16.95 18.95 15 = 942.75
10
250
23) PQ = 26.25 34.75 28.50 325 = 22,843.75
175
5
24) PQ = 99 79 109 3 = 1386
6
14
25) PQ = 75 52 48 11 = 2438
17
26) Income = $210,000
Cost = $49,000
Profit = $161,000
27) Income = $100,000
Cost = $85,000
Profit = $15,000
28) Income = $98,000
Cost = $64,000
Profit = $34,000
29) Income = $108,000
Cost = $61,000
Profit = $47,000

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30) E(FL) = 1 3 5 7 9 = 1 3 185 = 827
2 4 6 8 20 2 4 214 1226
(EF)L = 1 3 5 7 9 = 23 31 9 = 827
2 4 6 8 20 34 46 20 1226
31) E(FL) = 1 3 5 7 14 = 1 3 175 = 787
2 4 6 8 15 2 4 204 1166
(EF)L = 1 3 5 7 14 = 23 31 14 = 787
2 4 6 8 15 34 46 15 1166
32) (E + F)L = 1 3 + 5 7 8 = 6 10 8 = 98
2 4 6 8 5 8 12 5 124

EL + FL = 1 3 8 + 5 7 8 = 23 + 75 = 98
2 4 5 6 8 5 36 88 124
33) (E + F)L = 1 3 + 5 7 2 = 6 10 2 = 62
2 4 6 8 5 8 12 5 76

EL + FL = 1 3 2+ 5 7 2 = 17 + 45 = 62
2 4 5 6 8 5 24 52 76
63 9 5 4
34) QR = 30 25 15 9 4 7 4 6 = 480 220 535 295 315
52 6 3 3
800
6 3 9 5 4 400 13,700
35) RC = 9 4 7 4 6 300 = 17,700
5 2 6 3 3 200 10,200
1000
13,700
36) QRC = Q(RC) = 30 25 15 17,700 = 1,006,500
10,200
16,000 13,700 2300
37) Q(P - RC) = 30 25 15 21,000 - 17,700 = 30 25 15 3300 = 193,500
13,000 10,200 2800
T
38) (PQ)T = 14 16 20 30
13 15 25 40
T
= 680 1060 = 680 635
635 990 1060 990
T T
Q TP T = 20 30 14 16
25 40 13 15

= 20 25 14 13
30 40 16 15
= 680 635
1060 990

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 T
39) (PQ)T = 6 4 48 35
7 6 26 18
T
= 392 282 = 392 492
492 353 282 353
T T
Q TP T = 48 35 6 4
26 18 7 6

= 48 26 6 7
35 18 4 6
= 392 492
282 353
T
40) (PQ)T = 6 7 100 80
8 6 60 90
T
= 1020 1110 = 1020 1160
1160 1180 1110 1180
T T
Q TP T = 100 80 6 7
60 90 8 6

= 100 60 6 8
80 90 7 6
= 1020 1160
1110 1180
41) I - E = 0 -3
-2 -3
42) 4(E + 3I) = 16 12
8 28
43) EO = 0 0 = 0
0 0
44) EF = 1 0 = I
0 1
45) E = 7 15
2
10 22
46) E3 = 37 81
54 118
47) E4 = 199 435
290 634
48) E5 = 1069 2337
1558 3406
49) 3 4 x = 12
1 5 y 9
50) -4 7 x = -3
81 y -2
51) 5 -10 x = 3
6 2 y 13
26 42
52) -18 -35
14 4
53) canʹt be done

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 15 1
54) -13 11
12 -31
13 5
55) -18 4
16 -40
21 -11
56) 2 32
0 -4
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
1) A, B
4
1 0
11
2) 2
0 1 -
11
1
1 0
4
3) 3
0 1 -
2
4) x = z, y = -2z, z = t
5) x = 5, y = 7, z = -2
6) E
7) E
8) B
9) x = 48; y = - 85
1 1
10) x = ; y = 0; z = -
2 2
7
11) a =
2
3 1
12) x = + 2z; y = - - z; z arbitrary
2 2
1 0 0 5
13) 0 1 0 1 ; 5 passenger planes, 1 transport plane, and 9 commuter planes.
0 0 1 9
1 0 0 3
14) 0 1 0 1 ; 3 passenger planes, 1 transport plane, and 4 commuter planes.
0 0 1 4
1 0 0 15
15) 0 1 0 5 ; 15 passenger planes, 5 transport planes, and 25 commuter planes.
0 0 1 25
16) 1 block of A, 2 blocks of B, and 6 blocks of C.
17) 3 blocks of A, 3 blocks of B, and 4 blocks of C.
18) 2 blocks of A, 6 blocks of B, and 3 blocks of C.
19) 2 of X; 5 of Y; 1 of Z
20) 1 of X; 2 of Y; 3 of Z
21) 4 of X; 2 of Y; 1 of Z
22) A = 3D + 2200; B = 400 - 2D; C = 200 - D; D = any amount (≤ 200)
23) A = 3D + 200; B = 500 - 2D; C = 250 - D; D = any amount (≤ 250)
24) A = 3D; B = 800 - 2D; C = 500 - D; D = any amount (≤ 400)
25) x = -22, y = -6
26) no solution

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 3
27) x = -2 + r, y = r, where r is any real number
2
28) x = 0, y = -2
29) x = 1, y = -2, z = 3
11 3 -1 8
30) x = - r, y = + r, z = r, where r is any real number
5 5 5 5
31) no solution
41 3
32) x = , y = 0, z =
26 26
6.5 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices (Continued)
1) x 1 = 5 - x 3 - x 4 , x 2 = -2 + 2x 3 , x 3 = x 3 , x 4 = x 4
2) E
3) infinitely many solutions
4) No
5) No. The only way you can say the equations have infinitely many solutions is if the number of equations is less than
the number of variables.
6)
x = -13 - 8z + 15u
y = 10 + 4z - 13u
7) A = 80 - C - 3D, B = 50 - 2C - D
8) a unique solution; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
9) a unique solution; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
1 2 1 2
10) infinitely many solutions; x- z = 0, y + 1 z = 0; in parametric form: x = r, y = -1 r, z = r, where r is any real
3 3 3 3
number.
11) x 1 = 1 - s, x 2 = 4 - r, x 3 = s, x 4 = r, where r and s are any real numbers
6.6 Inverses
1 1
- 1
2 2
1 1 2
1) 6 6 3
1 1 1
-
6 6 3

2) (a) -2 3
1 -1
(b) x = 11, y = -3
3) D
-2 1
4) A-1 = 3
-
1
2 2

5) (a) 2 1 x = 5
7 4 y 7
(b) 4 -1
-7 2
(c) x = 13, y = -21
8 -2 1
6) A-1 = 1 1 1
-3 0 -1
8 -2 1
7) (a) A-1 = 1 1 1 ,
-3 0 -1
(b) x = -2, y = 18, z = -11
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 8) 5 7 -4 3.5 = 1 0 ; yes, they are inverses
6 8 3 -2.5 0 1
9) 1 2 -2 1 = 1 0 ; yes, they are inverses
3 4 1.5 -0.5 0 1
10) 6 8 3.5 -4 = 1 0 ; yes, they are inverses
5 7 -2.5 3 0 1
11) A: 2000 shares; B: 4000 shares; C: 4000 shares
3 1
-
8 8
12) Inverse Matrix is 1 1 .
4 4
2 1
-
5 5
13) Inverse Matrix is 3 1 .
10 10
1 2 4
5 5 5
14) Inverse Matrix is 2 1 2 .
-
5 5 5
0 0 -1
6.7 Leontiefʹs Input-Output Analysis
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) The Production Levels are:
1
64 units of Agriculture,
6
1
111 units of Manufacturing, and
3
3
74 units of Transportation.
8

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