STPM Mathematics M [Term 1] Chapter 4

DIFFERENTIATION

4.1 Limits
Limit of a function +(-) as - tends to a value 2 is denoted as
lim +(-)
3→5

Suppose +(-) = 2-, when - → 2, +(-) → 4. Take note that - → 2 is not the same as - = 2.
Hence, this can be written as
lim +(-) = 4
3→=

If the limit when - approach 2 from its left, it is denoted as - → 2> , and similarly if - tend to 2
from the right side, it is denoted as - → 2@ .
Left hand limit ∶ limB +(-)
3→5

Right hand limit ∶ limC +(-)

3→5

Theorems for limits of functions;

If lim +(-) = E and lim F(-) = G , where |E| and |G| < ∞ then:
3→5 3→5

1 lim [L+(-)] = LE for any real constant L

3→5

2 lim [+(-) ± F(-)] = E ± G

3→5

3 lim [+(-)F(-)] = EG
3→5

4 +(-) E
lim N O= , where G ≠ 0
3→5 F(-) G

5 lim [+(-)Q ] = E Q , ∀ S ∈ ℤ@
3→5

6 lim V W+(-)Y = √E , ∀ S ∈ ℤ@ and E ≥ 0

X X

3→5

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EXAMPLE 1

1. Find the limit of +(-) = 2- = − 3- + 4 when - → 5.

lim +(-) = lim 2- = + lim(−3-) + lim 4
3→_ 3→_ 3→_ 3→_

lim +(-) = 2 lim - − 3 lim - + lim 4

=
3→_ 3→_ 3→_ 3→_

lim +(-) = 2(5= ) − 3(5) + 4

3→_

lim +(-) = 39
3→_

3>a
2. Find the limit of F(-) = when - → 1.
3 b >a
-−1
lim F(-) = c = d
3→a - −1
-−1
lim F(-) =
3→a (- − 1)(- + 1)
1
lim F(-) =
3→a -+1
1
lim F(-) =
3→a 2

a
3. Determine if the sequence fQ = (−1)Q>a g h is convergent or divergent.
Q
1
lim fQ = lim N(−1)Q>a c dO
Q→i Q→i S
1
lim fQ = (−1)Q>a lim
Q→i Q→i S

lim fQ = (−1)Q>a . 0
Q→i

lim fQ = 0
Q→i

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a
4. If fQ and jQ are the Skl terms of two sequences wherefQ = 3 and jQ = respectively,
Q
find the limit of each sequence when S → ∞.
3S + 1
Hence, mind lim c d.
Q→i S
lim fQ = lim 3
Q→i Q→i

lim fQ = 3
Q→i

1
lim jQ = lim c d
Q→i Q→i S

lim jQ = 0
Q→i
3S + 1 1
lim c d = lim c3 + d
Q→i S Q→i S
3S + 1 1
lim c d = lim 3 + lim c d
Q→i S Q→i Q→i S
3S + 1
lim c d=3+0
Q→i S
3S + 1
lim c d=3
Q→i S
5. Find the limit of
√p = + 9 − 3
lim
n→o p=

√p = + 9 − 3 √p = + 9 − 3 √p = + 9 + 3
lim = lim q × s
n→o p= n→o p= √p = + 9 + 3
√p = + 9 − 3 p= + 9 − 9
lim = lim q s
n→o p= n→o p = (√p = + 9 + 3)

√p = + 9 − 3 p=
lim = lim q s
n→o p= n→o p = (√p = + 9 + 3)

√p = + 9 − 3 1
lim = lim
n→o p= n→o (√p = + 9 + 3)

√p = + 9 − 3 lim1
lim = n→o
n→o p= (lim√p = + 9 + lim3)
n→o n→o

√p = + 9 − 3 1
lim =
n→o p = 3+3
√p = + 9 − 3 1
lim =
n→o p= 6

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6. P2--R Q1
STPM 2013 Mathematics T P2
Evaluate
√2- = + 25 − 5
(a) lim [3 marks]
3→o -=

√9- = + 1
(b) lim [3 marks]
3→i 3- − 1

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4.2 Derivatives
Derivative by first principle of a function is defined as
+(- + w-) − +(-)
+ u (-) = lim
v3→o w-

List of derivatives

Function +(-) Derivative +′(-)

y
2- Q S2- Q>a
y-
y 3
z z3
y-
y {(3)
z + u (-)z {(3)
y-
y 1
ln -
y- -
y + u (-)
ln[+(-)]
y- +(-)

EXAMPLE 2

1. Find the derivative of | = 2- by first principle.

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2. Find the derivative of | = - = by first derivative.

3. Find the derivative of +(-) = 3- − 4 by the first principle.

4. Find the derivative of +(-) = - = − 3- + 4 by the first principle.

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a
5. |=
}

First Derivative of Polynomial Functions

y
2- Q = S2- Q>a
y-

EXAMPLE 3

1. (a) | = 4- (b) | = 2- }

a
2. (a) | = 3- ~ (b) | = 3 b

3. (a) | = 4- ~ − 3- = + 5- (b) | = (- + 4)(- − 3)

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} _
4. (a) +(-) = − (b) +(-) = 2- _ −
3 3b

_3 € @=3>}
(c) +(-) =
3

Product rule
y yj yf
fj = f +j
y- y- y-

EXAMPLE 4

Differentiate the following with respect to -.

1. 3-(- − 4) 2. (- − 3)(2- + 1)

3. (2 − - = )(1 + -) = =
4. g3 − -h

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Quotient rule
yf yj
y f j −f
g h = y- = y-
y- j j

EXAMPLE 5

Differentiate the following with respect to -.

3 € >=3 b }3 b @~
1. |= 2. |=
3 3b

}>3  3@~3 b >=3 €

3. |= 4. |=
=3 b 3b

Derivative of (‚ƒ + „)
† †
(‚ƒ + „) = (‚ƒ + „) >‡
ˆ (‚ƒ + „)‰
†ƒ †ƒ

EXAMPLE 6

Differentiate each of the following

1. | = (5- − 2)~ 2. | = (2- = + 3)}

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3. | = (1 − 4-)_ 4. | = (- + 2- ~ )=

5. | = (3- = − 2)>= 6. | = (2- = − 3- + 1)>~

CHECKPOINT 4.1

Differentiate each of the following

1. | = 4- = − 9- 2. | = 5- − - ~ + 9

a
3. +(-) = = - _ (8- − 12) 4. +(-) =
=3 € >‹3 Œ
3

3 € @_3 Œ 3>3 Œ
5. |= 6. +(-) =
3 3€

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7. | = (- ~ − 2)(- = + 5) 8. | = (2- = + 7)(- ~ − 2)

9. | = (8 − - = )(- ~ + 5-) 10. | = (12 − 5- = )(3- } − 1)

=3@~
11. | = 12. | =
3 b >a
}3>a ~3@=

}3>~
13. | = 3 b @_ 14. | = (2- − 7)

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15. | = (3- = − 5)Ž 16. | = (9- = − 4- _ )

Equation of Tangent and Normal

Equation Gradient of tangent Gradient of normal Equation

and y| 1
Gk‘’“‘k = G‘”•–— = −
Coordinate y- Gk‘’“‘k

Tangent

| = - = − 3- + 8
Normal
(3, 8)

Tangent

| = 2- = − 3- + 5
Normal
(2, 7)

Tangent

| = (- − 2)(2- + 3)
(−2, 4) Normal

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Tangent

2-
|=
3- − 1
Normal
(1, 1)

Tangent

4
|=-+
-= Normal
(1, 5)

Tangent

2- + 3
|=
-−1 Normal
-=3

4.3 2nd Derivative, Maximum and Minimum

Coordinate of turning points (stationary points) are found by setting
y|
=0
y-
Solving the equation gives the coordinate for -.
Nature of the turning point is determined by substituting the --coordinate into the expression
™b š
for ™3 b .

y=|
> 0, minimum
y- =
y=|
< 0, maximum
y- =

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For each of the equation, find the coordinate of turning point and determine whether the
point is a maximum or minimum point.

1. | = - = − 6- + 4

a
2. | = 16- − 3 b

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3. | = 2- ~ − 3- = − 12 − 5

4. +(-) = 4 − 6- − 3- = + 4- ~

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5. A wire has a length of 60 m. If the wire is used to form a rectangle, calculate the possible
length and width of the rectangle so as to obtain a maximum area.

6. Sheila wants to make a rectangular piece of card which has a dimension of 8- cm and
(5 − -) cm. What is the perimeter, in cm, of the card if the area of the card is maximum?

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7. The diagram shows a cuboid with a rectangular base of sides - and 2- cm. The height of
the cuboid is | cm and its volume is 72 cm~ .

(a) Show that the surface area ž cm= of the cuboid is given by
216
ž = 4- = +
-
(b) Given that - can vary, find the dimensions of the cuboid when ž is minimum.

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8. The diagram shows a solid object in the form of a cylinder of height ℎ cm and radius ¡ cm
on top of a hemisphere of radius ¡ cm. Given that the volume of the object is 2880¢ cm~ .

(a) express ℎ in terms of ¡.

(b) show that the external surface area, ž cm= , of the object is given by
5 5760¢
ž = ¢¡ = +
3 ¡
(c) Given that ¡ can vary, find the value of ¡ for which ž has a stationary value
(d) Find this stationary value of ž, leaving your answer in terms of ¢.
(e) Determine the nature of this stationary value.

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4.4 Rate of Change

Given an increasing rate of change, assign positive value

Decreasing rate of change will have negative value

Applying chain rule allows the desired quantity to be calculated

y| y| yp
= ×
y- yp y-

Complete the following table using chain rule

Parameters Determine Chain rule and calculations

y| y- y|
y- yp yp

y£ y¡ y£
y¡ yp yp

y¤ y¤ y¥
yp y¥ yp

y¥ y¥ y-
y- yp yp

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EXAMPLE 7
™3 ™š
1. Given | = 5- − 7- = and ™n = 3, find ™n when - = −3.

™§ ™¨
2. Given ℎ = 4¦ ~ − 4¦ and ™n = −3, find ™n when ¦ = −1.

3. Given | = (3- + 5)= and the rate of change of - is 3 unit per second. Find the rate of
change of | when - = 1.

=
4. Given ℎ = 4¦ + ¨ , find the rate of change of ℎ when ¦ = −1 if ¦ increases at the rate of
2 unit per second.

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5. The radius of a spherical balloon increases at a rate of 1.2 cm s >a . Find the rate of change of
surface area when the radius is 10 cm.

6. The pressure ¤ and volume ¥ of a gas change according to the relationship ¤¥ = 360.
When ¤ = 30 units, ¤ increases at the rate of 4 unit s >a . Calculate the rate of decrease of
volume at that moment.

7. A rectangle measures at - cm length and 3- cm breadth. Given its area increases at the rate
of 15 cm= s >a , find the rate of change of - when - = 8 cm.

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4.5 Small Changes and Approximation

w- is the small change in -

w| is the small change in |
vš ™š
≈
v3 ™3



Approximate value of | is given by
|Qª« = |¬Q¬n¬5­ + w|
™š
|Qª« = |¬Q¬n¬5­ + (w-)
™3

EXAMPLE 8

1. Find the small change in the area of a circle when its radius increases from 6 cm to 6.12 cm.
State whether this is an increase or a decrease. Give your answer in terms of ¢.

2. Given | = 2- − - = , find the small change in | when - increases from 4 to 4.05.

3. Find the small change in the volume of a sphere when its radius increases from 6 cm to
6.15 cm.

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™š
4. Given | = - } , find the value of when - = 5. Hence, find the approximate value of 5.014} .
™3

a ™š
5. Given | = 3  , find the value of when - = 2. Hence, find the approximate value of
™3
16
(a)
2.08}

16
(b)
1.95}

 ™š 
6. Given | = 3 b , find ™3 . Hence, find the approximate value of ~.Žb correct to three decimal
places.

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CHECKPOINT 4.2

1. Find the derivative for the following functions.

= ~
(a) | = - } − 6- ~ + 5 (b) | = 4- = − −
3 3€

(=3@a)(~3>=)
(c) +(-) = (- − 2)(3- + 1) (d) F(-) =
3b

}
(e) | = (4- = + 3)_ (f) | =
W=3 b >3@a

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2. Find the derivative for the following functions.

(a) | = 3z 3 (b) | = 2z >3

(c) | = z >=3 (d) | = −z >}3

a@ª ®
(e) F(-) = 5-z 3 + z >=3 (f) | =
=@ª ®

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EXAMPLE 9

3. Find the derivative for the following functions.

(a) | = ln - (b) | = ln(3-)

(c) | = ln(2- = − 4- + 9) (d) +(-) = ln √1 + - =

a
(g) | = ln(-z 3 ) (h) | = ln ¯1 + 3

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Implicit Differentiation
There are relations where it is often difficult or impossible to make | as the subject of the
formula. Such relationships between - and | are called implicit relations.
Implicit differentiation is executed by differentiation term-by-term across the equation which
makes use of the result from chain rule.
y y|
(| Q ) = S| Q>a
y- y-

EXAMPLE 10

1. Differentiate each of the following implicit functions with respect to -.

(a) - = + | = = 2 (b) 4- = + 9| = = 13-

(c) - = + -| + | = = 0 (d) - ~ + | ~ = 9|

(e) - ~ + -| = = 5-| (f) - = | ~ − 2-| = = 3|

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2. P2--R Q2
STPM 2016 Mathematics T P2
Find the gradients of the curve -| = + - = − 2- = | = 4 at the points when the --
coordinate is 1. [5 marks]

3. If - = + | = = |, show that
y| 2-
=
y- 1 − 2|

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4. If (1 + - = )(1 + | = ) − L- = = 0, where L is a constant, show that

y|
-|(1 + - = ) = 1 + |=
y-

™š
5. For the curve -(| = + 1) − |(- = + 1) + 4 = 0, find at the point (−1, 1) on the curve.
™3

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4.3 Applications of Differentiation

™š
Stationary points refer to point on a curve where = 0 . These points may refer to
™3

minimum point (concave upwards)

maximum point (concave downwards)

™b š
Nature of the stationary point can be deduced via .
™3 b
™b š

minimum point >0
™3 b
™b š

maximum point <0
™3 b

Point of inflexion is the point on a curve where the tangent crosses the curve. The gradient of
the curve to the left and right side of the inflexion point remains the same.

™b š ™€ š
When ™3 b or ™3 € is difficult to evaluate, then it is easier to evaluate by analysing the tangent.

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-> - -@
™š
Sign of ™3 0

Shape of tangent

Shape of curve

EXAMPLE 11

1. Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve | = - ~ − 3- = + 6.

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2. Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the following curves

(a) | = (- − 1)~

(b) | = - = (5 − -)~

(c) | = 4z }3 + 9z >}3

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—‘ 3
(d) | =
3b

3. Given that | = - } + 4- ~ − 2
™š ™š
(a) find ™3 and find the values of - for which ™3 = 0.

™b š
(b) find the values of ™3 b at each stationary point and hence determine its nature.

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(c) find the |-values of each of the stationary points.

4. Find the stationary points on the graph of the function | = - ~ − 3- = + 2 and identify the
nature of each stationary point. Hence, sketch the curve.

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