IB DP Maths 5 hours 39 questions
2.3 Functions Toolkit
2.3.1 Language of Functions / 2.3.2 Composite & Inverse Functions / 2.3.3
Symmetry of Functions / 2.3.4 Graphing Functions
Medium (14 questions) /92 Scan here to return to the course
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Hard (12 questions) /82
Very Hard (13 questions) /105
Total Marks /279
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Medium Questions
x+8
1 (a) The functions f and g are defined such that f (x ) = 4x − 10 and g (x ) = .
2
Show that (g ∘ f ) (x ) = 2x − 1 .
(2 marks)
(b) Given that (g ∘ f ) ( a ) = 27 , find the value of a
(2 marks)
(c) Show that ( f ∘ g ) ( x ) = 2x + 6 .
(2 marks)
(d) Given that ( f ∘ g ) (b ) = 44 , find the value of b
(2 marks)
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2 (a) The functions f (x ) and g (x ) are defined as follows
f (x ) = x 2 x ∈ℝ
g (x ) = 4x − 3 x ∈ℝ
Write down the range of f (x ) .
(1 mark)
(b) Find
(i) ( f ∘ g ) (x )
(ii) (g ∘ f ) (x )
(4 marks)
(c) Solve the equation f (x ) = g (x ) .
(2 marks)
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3 (a) The graph of y = f (x ) is shown below.
(i) Use the graph to write down the domain and range of f (x )
(ii) Given that the point (1, 1) lies on the dotted line, write down the equation of the line.
(3 marks)
(b) On the diagram above sketch the graph of y = f −1 (x )
(2 marks)
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4 (a) The function f (x ) is defined as
x2 + 1
f (x ) = x ∈ R ,x ≠ 0
x2
Show that f (x ) can be written in the form
1
f (x ) = 1 +
x2
(2 marks)
(b) Explain why the inverse of f (x ) does not exist and suggest an adaption to its domain so
the inverse does exist.
(2 marks)
(c) The domain of f (x ) is changed to x > 0 .
Find an expression for f −1 (x ) and state its domain and range.
(4 marks)
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5 (a) The functions f (x ) and g (x ) are defined as follows
1
f (x ) = (4x − 3) x ∈R
2
g (x ) = 0 . 5x + 0 . 75 x ∈R
Find
(i) ( f ∘ g ) (x )
(ii) (g ∘ f ) (x )
(3 marks)
(b) Write down f −1 (x ) and state its domain and range.
(3 marks)
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6 (a) A function is defined by f (x ) = 54x − 13, − 2 < x < 20.
5
Find the value of f ( 2 ) .
(1 mark)
(b) Write down the range of f (x ) .
(2 marks)
(c) Find the inverse function f −1 (x ) .
(2 marks)
(d) Write down the range of the inverse function.
(1 mark)
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7 (a) Consider the function f (x ) = − 6x − 3 . The domain of f (x ) − 5 ≤ x ≤ 3.
Find
(i) f (2)
(ii) x when f (x ) = 15
(2 marks)
(b) Find the range of f (x ) .
(3 marks)
(c) Write down an expression for f −1 (x ) and state its domain.
(3 marks)
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8 (a) Consider the function g (x ) = (4 − x ) .
Sketch the graph of the function g (x ) , labelling the x and y
(3 marks)
(b) Find
(i) g( − 5)
1
(ii) x when g(x ) = .
2
(2 marks)
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(c) Find
(i) the maximum possible domain of the function g(x )
(ii) the range of the function that corresponds to the domain found in part (c) (i).
(2 marks)
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9 (a) The functions f and g are defined for x ∈ℝ by f (x ) = 3x 2 + 10x + 7 and
g (x ) = x + d , where d ∈ R .
Find the range of f .
(2 marks)
(b) Given that (g ∘ f ) (x ) is always positive for all x determine the set of possible values for
d
(4 marks)
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2x − 5
10 (a) Let f (x ) = , where x ≠ a , x ∈ R . , .
x +8
Write down
(i) the value of a
(ii) the range of f .
(2 marks)
(b) For the graph of f , find the equations of all the asymptotes.
(1 mark)
(c) Find f −1 (x ) .
(2 marks)
(d) For the graph of f −1 , find the equation of
(i) the horizontal asymptote
(ii) the vertical asymptote.
(2 marks)
11 Determine, for each of the following functions, whether they are even, odd or neither:
(i)
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1
f (x ) = +2
x2
(ii) g (x ) = x 3 − 3x
(iii) h (x ) = x 2 + 2x − 5 .
(5 marks)
12 Prove that the sum of two odd functions is also an odd function.
(5 marks)
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π2
13 (a) Let f (x ) = , where x ≠ 0,x ∈ R .
x
Show that f (x ) is a self-inverse function.
(2 marks)
−x − 2
(b) Let g (x ) = , where x ≠ p ,x ∈ R .
5x + 1
Find the value of p .
(1 mark)
(c) Show that g (x ) is a self-inverse function.
(3 marks)
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14 (a) Consider the function f defined by f (x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 36x + 7,x ∈ R .
Sketch the graph of f . Clearly label the points where the graph intersects the axes, along
with any points that are local maxima or minima.
(2 marks)
(b) Let the function g be defined by g (x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 36x + 7,x ≤ p .
Given g that has an inverse:
(i) Find the largest possible value of p
(ii) Find the domain of for the value of g −1 identified in part (b)(i)
(iii) Find the value of g −1 (0) .
(3 marks)
(c) Let the function h be defined by h (x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 36x + 7, x ≥ q .
Given that h has an inverse:
(i) Find the smallest possible value of q
(ii) Find the domain of h −1 for the value of q identified in part (c)(i)
(iii) Find the value of h −1 (0) .
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(3 marks)
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Hard Questions
5x + 12
1 (a) The functions f and g are defined such that f (x ) = 2x 2 − 4x and g (x ) = .
2
Find(g ∘ f ) (x ) , , giving your answer in the form (g ∘ f ) (x ) = m (x − h ) 2 + k where m ,
h and k are constants to be found.
(3 marks)
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = (g ∘ f ) (x ) . .
(1 mark)
(c) Find ( f ∘ g ) (x ) , giving your answer in the form ( f ∘ g ) (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c where a ,b
and c are constants to be found.
(3 marks)
(d) Hence, or otherwise, find the coordinates of the y -intercept of the graph of
y = ( f ∘ g ) (x ) .
(1 mark)
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5 − x2 3
2 (a) Let f (x ) = and g (x ) = 4 − , where each function has the largest possible
3 x
valid domain.
Write down the range of f
(1 mark)
(b) Write down the domain and range of g .
(2 marks)
(c) Find
(i) ( f ∘ g ) (x )
(ii) (g ∘ f ) (x ) .
(3 marks)
(d) Solve the equation ( f ∘ g ) (x ) = (g ∘ f ) (x ) . .
(2 marks)
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3 (a) The function f is defined by f (x ) = 3 4(1 − x ) , for −1 ≤ x ≤ 17 .
Write down the range of f .
(2 marks)
(b) Write down an expression for f −1 .
(2 marks)
(c) Write down the domain and range of f −1
(2 marks)
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4 (a) The perimeter, P, and area, A, of a given square can be expressed by P = 4x and A = x 2
respectively, where x is the length of the side of the square.
Write down an expression for:
(i) P in terms of A,
(ii) A in terms of P, A ( P ) .
(4 marks)
(b) P−1 (40) = A(k )
Find the value of k and A(k) .
(2 marks)
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5 (a) The values of two functions, f and g , for certain values of are given in the following
table:
x −2 0 3
f (x ) −12 −4 8
g (x ) 0 −12 30
Find the value of f −1 (8) .
(1 mark)
(b) Find the value of ( f ∘ g ) ( − 2) .
(2 marks)
(c) Given that f (x ) is a linear function, find f (x ) .
(2 marks)
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6 (a) Let f (x ) = x − 14 , for x ≥ 14 .
Find f −1 (2) .
(3 marks)
(b) Let g be a function such that g −1 exists for all real numbers.
Given that g (14) = 3 , find ( f ∘ g −1)) (3) .
(3 marks)
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7 (a) Let the function f be defined by f (x ) = 2x 2 − 16x + 41 , where f has its largest
possible valid domain.
Find the domain and range of f .
(4 marks)
(b) (i) Find the value(s) of x for which f (x ) = 11 .
(ii) Use your answer to part (b)(i) to explain why the inverse function f −1 does not exist.
(2 marks)
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8 (a) Let f (x ) = x 2 − 9 and g (x ) = x 2 − 1 , both for x ≥ 0.
Find
(i) f −1 (x )
(ii) g −1 (x )
(2 marks)
(b) Find ( f ∘ g ) (x ) in the form ax 4 + bx 2 + c .
(2 marks)
(c) Solve the equation ( f ∘ g ) (x ) = 0 .
(3 marks)
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9 (a) Express x 2 + 12x + 24 in the form a (x + b ) 2 + c , where a ,b , c ∈ Z .
(2 marks)
(b) Given that g (x ) = x + 6 and ( f ∘ g ) (x ) = x 2 + 12x + 24, find f (x ) .
(3 marks)
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10 (a) Write 2x 2 + 8x − 3 in the form a (x + h ) 2 + k .
(2 marks)
(b) Explain why the function f defined by f (x ) = 2x 2 + 8x − 3, x ∈ℝ , does not have an
inverse.
(1 mark)
(c) The function g defined by g (x ) = 2x 2 + 8x − 3, x ≥ p has an inverse.
(i) Write down the smallest possible value of .
Given that p takes its smallest possible value:
(ii) Find the domain and range of g −1 .
(iii) Find the inverse function g −1 .
(6 marks)
(d) Solve (g ∘ f ) (x ) = 21.
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(3 marks)
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11 (a) Let f (x ) be an even function and let g (x ) be an odd function. Both functions are
defined for all real values of x .
Prove the following statements:
p (x ) = f (x ) g (x ) is an odd function.
q (x ) = ( f ∘ g ) (x ) is an even function.
(4 marks)
(b) Determine whether or not it is possible for the function r defined by
r (x ) = f (x ) + g (x )
to be even or odd, being sure to state clearly any conditions that apply.
(3 marks)
ax + b
12 The function f is defined by f (x ) = , where a ,b c, and d are real constants
cx + d
with c≠0 .
Given that f is a self-inverse function, find the value of a + d .
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(6 marks)
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Very Hard Questions
1 (a) The functions f and g are defined such that f (x ) = 9x − 3x 2 − 3 and
66 + 2x
g (x ) = − , both for x ∈ℝ .
3
Find (g ∘ f ) (x ) , giving your answer in the form (g ∘ f ) (x ) = a (x − p ) (x − q ) . .
(3 marks)
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the x -intercepts of the graph of y = (g ∘ f ) (x ) . .
(1 mark)
(c) Let h (x ) = 1 − 2x .
Find the distance between the y -intercept of the graph of y = ( f ∘ h ) (x ) and the
positive x -intercept of the graph of y = (g ∘ f ) (x ) . Your answer should be given as an
exact value.
(6 marks)
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2 (a) Let the function f be such that f (x ) = 5x 2 − 11x + 6 . 05 .
Given that the inverse function f −1 exists, and that the domain of f is as large as
possible,
suggest a domain for f and write down the corresponding range.
(4 marks)
(b) Based on your answer to part (a), find f −1 ( 22. 05 ) .
(2 marks)
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3 (a) Let f (x ) = −3x 2 + 8x + 16 .
Write down the coordinates of the y -intercept of the graph of y = f (x ) .
(2 marks)
(b) Given that f has the largest possible valid domain,
find the domain and range of f .
(6 marks)
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1
−
4 (a) Let the function be defined by f (x ) = (2x 2 − 5x − 12) 2 − k , where k is a constant
and where f has the largest possible valid domain.
Find the domain of f .
(2 marks)
(b) Given that that lim f (x ) = − 7 , find the value of k .
x →∞
(1 mark)
(c) Write down the equations of any vertical and/or horizontal asymptotes on the graph of
y = f (x ) .
(3 marks)
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5 (a) The following diagram shows the graph of y = f (x ) , for a function f that has the
domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 . Point A has coordinates ( − 3,2 . 5) and point B has coordinates
(3, − 2 . 5) . The x -intercept of the function is (2,0) as shown.
f can be written as a piecewise function, where each of the two pieces is a linear
function and where the domain of the first function is −3 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
Write down f (x ) as a piecewise function.
(4 marks)
(b) Sketch the graph of y = f −1 (x ) on the same grid above.
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(3 marks)
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6 (a) Consider the function h defined by h (x ) = − 4x 2 + 24x + 8 , x ∈ℝ .
Rewrite h (x ) in the form a (x + b ) 2 + c , where a ,b , c ∈ ℤ .
(2 marks)
(b) Given that f (x ) = (x − 3) 2 and that (g ∘ f ) (x ) = h (x ) , find g (x ) .
(3 marks)
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3 − 2x
7 (a) The functions f and g are defined such that f (x ) = and g (x ) = 4x − 7 , both
5
for x ∈ℝ .
Giving your answers in the form y = mx + c , find
(i) (g ∘ f ) (x )
(ii) ( f ∘ g ) (x )
(4 marks)
(b) Describe a single transformation that would map the graph of y = (g ∘ f ) (x ) onto the
graph of y = ( f ∘ g ) (x ) .
(2 marks)
(c) Given that (g ∘ f ) −1 (p ) = 2 , find the value of p .
(3 marks)
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9
8 (a) Let the functions f and g be defined by f (x ) = x 2 − 1 and g (x ) = x 2 − 2 , both for
4
x ≥0 .
Find
(i) f −1 (x )
(ii) g −1 (x )
(2 marks)
(b) Find ( f ∘ g ) (x ) in the form ax 4 + bx 2 + c .
(2 marks)
(c) Solve the equation ( f ∘ g ) (x ) = 0 .
(3 marks)
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9 (a) A rectangle has length l = 4x and width w = x .
Find an expression for
(i) the perimeter of the rectangle, P, in terms of x .
(ii) the area of the rectangle, A, in terms of x .
(2 marks)
(b) Show that P (A ) = 5 A .
(2 marks)
(c) The graph of the function P, for 0 ≤ A ≤ 4 , is shown below.
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On the grid above, draw the graph of the inverse function P −1
(3 marks)
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10 (a) Consider the function f defined by f (x ) = x 2 − 6x + 10, x ≤ p , where p is the largest
value such that has an inverse.
(i) Find the value of p .
(ii) On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of f and f −1 .
(iii) Write down the domain and range of f −1 .
(5 marks)
(b) Find the inverse function f −1 .
(3 marks)
(c) Let the function g be defined by g (x ) = x 2 − 6x + 10, x ∈ℝ .
(i) Solve (g ∘ f ) (x ) = 2 .
(ii) Solve ( f ∘ g ) (x ) = 2 . .
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(4 marks)
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11 (a) Consider the function f (x ) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e where a ,b , c ,d , e ∈ℝ .
Show that:
(i) if f is even then b = d = 0 .
(ii) if f is odd then a = c = e = 0.
(3 marks)
(b) Consider the function g defined by g (x ) = (3x + p ) (x − 2) (qx + 1) (2x + 3) where p
and q are real constants.
Find the possible values of p and q in the case where g is an even function.
(5 marks)
(c) Use proof by contradiction to show that g can never be an odd function.
(4 marks)
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2x − 5 k
12 (a) Consider the function f defined by f (x ) = , x ∈ R, x ≠ − .
3x + k 3
In the case where f is self-inverse, find the value of k .
(4 marks)
(b) In the case when the graphs of f and f −1 intersect at exactly one point, find the possible
values of k .
(5 marks)
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13 (a) A part of the graph of the function f (x ) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 8, x ∈ℝ is shown below.
Explain why f does not have an inverse.
(1 mark)
(b) The domain of f is now restricted to a ≤x ≤b where a <0 and b > 0 . a and b are
chosen so that f has an inverse and the interval [a ,b ] is as large as possible.
Find the domain and range of f −1
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(6 marks)
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