Got it!

Let's continue with the remaining MCQs for Unit I and then move on to Units II and
III, including numerical questions where applicable.

Unit I: Introduction (Continued) - MCQs with Answers

(Continuing from the previous set of MCQs)

Absolutely, let's start fresh and generate a comprehensive set of MCQs for each unit,

aiming for at least 50 questions per unit, along with answers.

Unit I: Introduction - MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of interactive computer

graphics?

a. a) User control

b. b) Real-time feedback

c. c) Static image display

d. d) Dynamic image manipulation

e. Answer: c) Static image display

2. What is the primary advantage of interactive computer graphics over passive

graphics?

a. a) Lower cost

b. b) User engagement and control

c. c) Simpler hardware requirements

d. d) Faster rendering speed

e. Answer: b) User engagement and control

3. Which of the following is an example of a representative use of computer

graphics in scientific visualization?

a. a) Video game development

 b. b) Medical imaging analysis

c. c) Graphic design for advertising

d. d) Creating special effects for movies

e. Answer: b) Medical imaging analysis

4. In the conceptual framework of interactive graphics, what is the role of the

input devices?

a. a) To display the final image

b. b) To store the image data

c. c) To provide user commands and data

d. d) To perform geometric transformations

e. Answer: c) To provide user commands and data

5. Which hardware component is primarily responsible for rasterization in a

graphics system?

a. a) CPU

b. b) GPU

c. c) RAM

d. d) Hard disk

e. Answer: b) GPU

6. What is the purpose of a graphics library (API) in computer graphics?

a. a) To manage the operating system

b. b) To provide a set of functions for graphics operations

c. c) To handle network communication

d. d) To store application data

e. Answer: b) To provide a set of functions for graphics operations

7. What is the main difference between raster and vector graphics?

 a. a) Resolution dependence

b. b) Color depth

c. c) File size

d. d) Rendering speed

e. Answer: a) Resolution dependence

8. Which of the following is NOT a classification of application development for

computer graphics?

a. a) User interface design

b. b) Image processing

c. c) Database management

d. d) Modeling and rendering

e. Answer: c) Database management

9. What does the frame buffer store in a raster display system?

a. a) Program instructions

b. b) Pixel color values

c. c) User input data

d. d) Geometric transformation matrices

e. Answer: b) Pixel color values

10. Which is a key factor in the development of graphics software?

a. a) Faster CPU speeds

b. b) Advanced graphics libraries

c. c) Larger hard disk space

d. d) More RAM

e. Answer: b) Advanced graphics libraries

11. What is the significance of the "interactive" aspect in computer graphics?

 a. a) Pre-defined animation

b. b) Real-time user input and feedback

c. c) Static image rendering

d. d) Batch processing of images

e. Answer: b) Real-time user input and feedback

12. Which component translates user input into commands for the application?

a. a) Display controller

b. b) Input device handler

c. c) Frame buffer

d. d) Graphics library

e. Answer: b) Input device handler

13. What is the primary function of the display controller?

a. a) Process user input

b. b) Generate the image from the frame buffer

c. c) Perform geometric calculations

d. d) Store application data

e. Answer: b) Generate the image from the frame buffer

14. Which is an example of computer graphics use in simulation?

a. a) Digital painting

b. b) Flight simulators

c. c) Web page design

d. d) Text editing

e. Answer: b) Flight simulators

15. What is the advantage of using a graphics library like OpenGL or DirectX?

a. a) Eliminates the need for a GPU

 b. b) Provides hardware abstraction

c. c) Replaces the operating system

d. d) Automatically generates animations

e. Answer: b) Provides hardware abstraction

16. What is a key factor in 3D graphics development?

a. a) Vector display technology

b. b) Raster display advancements

c. c) Text-based data storage

d. d) Increased CPU speed only

e. Answer: b) Raster display advancements

17. What does a pixel represent in a raster display?

a. a) Program instruction

b. b) Color value at a point

c. c) User input signal

d. d) Geometric transformation

e. Answer: b) Color value at a point

18. Which is NOT a representative use of graphics in design?

a. a) Architectural modeling

b. b) Product design

c. c) Circuit layout

d. d) Data compression

e. Answer: d) Data compression

19. What is the role of the application program in the graphics pipeline?

a. a) Display the final image

b. b) Interpret user input and create the scene

 c. c) Manage the frame buffer

d. d) Perform low-level drawing operations

e. Answer: b) Interpret user input and create the scene

20. What is the advantage of using a GPU over a CPU for graphics processing?

a. a) Lower cost

b. b) Parallel processing capabilities

c. c) Simpler programming

d. d) Faster data storage

e. Answer: b) Parallel processing capabilities

21. What is a key advantage of interactive graphics in education?

a. a) Reduced hardware requirements

b. b) Enhanced learning through visualization

c. c) Simpler software development

d. d) Faster rendering speeds

e. Answer: b) Enhanced learning through visualization

22. Which is an example of computer graphics in user interface design?

a. a) Creating 3D animations

b. b) Designing graphical buttons and menus

c. c) Simulating physical phenomena

d. d) Processing medical images

e. Answer: b) Designing graphical buttons and menus

23. What is the primary function of the frame buffer in a double-buffering system?

a. a) To store program instructions

b. b) To store pixel data for the current and next frames

c. c) To manage user input

 d. d) To perform geometric transformations

e. Answer: b) To store pixel data for the current and next frames

24. Which is a representative use of computer graphics in entertainment?

a. a) Data analysis

b. b) Special effects in films

c. c) Text processing

d. d) Database management

e. Answer: b) Special effects in films

25. What is the significance of the Z-buffer in 3D graphics?

a. a) Stores pixel color values

b. b) Stores depth information for hidden surface removal

c. c) Manages user input

d. d) Performs geometric transformations

e. Answer: b) Stores depth information for hidden surface removal

26. What is the role of a graphics pipeline?

a. a) To manage operating system functions

b. b) To process and render graphics data

c. c) To handle network communication

d. d) To store application data

e. Answer: b) To process and render graphics data

27. Which is a key factor in the development of virtual reality applications?

a. a) Increased CPU clock speed

b. b) Advanced graphics rendering capabilities

c. c) Larger hard disk capacity

d. d) Faster network connections

 e. Answer: b) Advanced graphics rendering capabilities

28. What is the main advantage of using raster displays over vector displays?

a. a) Higher resolution

b. b) Ability to display shaded images

c. c) Lower cost

d. d) Faster drawing speed

e. Answer: b) Ability to display shaded images

29. Which is NOT a classification of application development for computer

graphics?

a. a) Image compression

b. b)

30. Which is NOT a classification of application development for computer graphics?

a. a) Image compression
b. b) Data encryption
c. c) Modeling and rendering
d. d) User interface design
e. Answer: b) Data encryption
31. What is the primary role of the CPU in a graphics system?
a. a) Perform rasterization
b. b) Execute application logic and manage overall system
c. c) Store pixel data
d. d) Display the image
e. Answer: b) Execute application logic and manage overall system
32. Which of the following describes the conceptual framework for interactive
graphics?
a. a) A set of hardware components only
b. b) Interaction between user, application, and display system
c. c) A list of graphics libraries
d. d) A process of batch image processing
e. Answer: b) Interaction between user, application, and display system
33. What is the primary advantage of using a high-level graphics API?
a. a) Direct hardware control
b. b) Portability and ease of use
c. c) Lower memory usage
d. d) Faster network communication
e. Answer: b) Portability and ease of use
34. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of interactive computer graphics?
a. a) Real-time feedback
b. b) Increased user engagement
c. c) Lower hardware requirements
d. d) Dynamic image manipulation
e. Answer: c) Lower hardware requirements
35. What is the role of the display device in a graphics system?
a. a) To process user input
b. b) To display the final image
c. c) To store pixel data
d. d) To perform geometric transformations
e. Answer: b) To display the final image
36. Which of the following is an example of a representative use of computer graphics in
training?
a. a) Creating digital artwork
b. b) Flight simulators
c. c) Text editing
d. d) Database management
e. Answer: b) Flight simulators
37. What is the significance of the "interactive" aspect in computer-aided design (CAD)?
a. a) Pre-defined animations
b. b) User-controlled modeling and design
c. c) Static image rendering
d. d) Batch processing of design files
e. Answer: b) User-controlled modeling and design
38. Which component manages the frame buffer and generates the displayed image?
a. a) Input device handler
b. b) Display controller
c. c) Graphics library
d. d) Application program
e. Answer: b) Display controller
39. What is the primary function of the frame buffer in a raster graphics system?
 a. a) Store program instructions
b. b) Store pixel color values
c. c) Manage user input
d. d) Perform geometric transformations
e. Answer: b) Store pixel color values
40. Which is a key factor in the development of 3D computer graphics?
a. a) Advances in vector display technology
b. b) Development of raster display technology
c. c) Increased CPU clock speed only
d. d) Improvements in text-based data storage
e. Answer: b) Development of raster display technology
41. What is the main advantage of using a GPU over a CPU for graphics processing?
a. a) Lower cost
b. b) Parallel processing capabilities
c. c) Simpler programming
d. d) Faster data storage
e. Answer: b) Parallel processing capabilities
42. What is a key advantage of interactive graphics in education?
a. a) Reduced hardware requirements
b. b) Enhanced learning through visualization
c. c) Simpler software development
d. d) Faster rendering speeds
e. Answer: b) Enhanced learning through visualization
43. Which is an example of computer graphics in user interface design?
a. a) Creating 3D animations
b. b) Designing graphical buttons and menus
c. c) Simulating physical phenomena
d. d) Processing medical images
e. Answer: b) Designing graphical buttons and menus
44. What is the primary function of the frame buffer in a double-buffering system?
a. a) To store program instructions
b. b) To store pixel data for the current and next frames
c. c) To manage user input
d. d) To perform geometric transformations
e. Answer: b) To store pixel data for the current and next frames
45. Which is a representative use of computer graphics in entertainment?
a. a) Data analysis
b. b) Special effects in films
 c. c) Text processing
d. d) Database management
e. Answer: b) Special effects in films
46. What is the significance of the Z-buffer in 3D graphics?
a. a) Stores pixel color values
b. b) Stores depth information for hidden surface removal
c. c) Manages user input
d. d) Performs geometric transformations
e. Answer: b) Stores depth information for hidden surface removal
47. What is the role of a graphics pipeline?
a. a) To manage operating system functions
b. b) To process and render graphics data
c. c) To handle network communication
d. d) To store application data
e. Answer: b) To process and render graphics data
48. Which is a key factor in the development of virtual reality applications?
a. a) Increased CPU clock speed
b. b) Advanced graphics rendering capabilities
c. c) Larger hard disk capacity
d. d) Faster network connections
e. Answer: b) Advanced graphics rendering capabilities
49. What is the main advantage of using raster displays over vector displays?
a. a) Higher resolution
b. b) Ability to display shaded images
c. c) Lower cost
d. d) Faster drawing speed
e. Answer: b) Ability to display shaded images
50. What is the role of the application program in the graphics pipeline?
a. a) Display the final image
b. b) Interpret user input and create the scene
c. c) Manage the frame buffer
d. d) Perform low-level drawing operations
e. Answer: b) Interpret user input and create the scene

Numerical MCQs (Unit I - Examples)

51. A point (5, 7) is translated by (-2, 3). What are the new coordinates of the point?
a. a) (3, 10)
 b. b) (7, 4)
c. c) (3, 4)
d. d) (7, 10)
e. Answer: a) (3, 10)
f. Explanation: (5 - 2, 7 + 3) = (3, 10)
52. A line is drawn from (2, 2) to (6, 5). How many pixels are drawn using the simple DDA
algorithm (assuming slope < 1)?
a. a) 3
b. b) 4
c. c) 5
d. d) 6
e. Answer: c) 5
f. Explanation: The number of pixels is approximately the difference in x-
coordinates (6 - 2 = 4) plus 1 for the starting pixel.
53. A circle with radius 4 is centered at the origin. What is the approximate number of
pixels needed to draw the first octant using the midpoint circle algorithm?
a. a) 3
b. b) 4
c. c) 5
d. d) 6
e. Answer: b) 4
f. Explanation: In the first octant, the x-coordinate ranges from 0 to
approximately r/sqrt(2). For r = 4, this is about 2.8. We need to round up and
include the starting point, so it's around 4 pixels.
54. A point (4, 3) is scaled by a factor of 1.5 about the origin. What are the new
coordinates?
a. a) (6, 3)
b. b) (4, 4.5)
c. c) (6, 4.5)
d. d) (2.5, 2)
e. Answer: c) (6, 4.5)
f. Explanation: (4 * 1.5, 3 * 1.5) = (6, 4.5)

Understood! Let's rapidly generate MCQs for Unit II and Unit III.

Unit II: Scan Conversion and Clipping - MCQs with Answers

1. Which algorithm is commonly used for scan converting a line?

 a. a) Z-buffer algorithm
b. b) Bresenham's algorithm
c. c) Ray tracing
d. d) Gouraud shading
e. Answer: b) Bresenham's algorithm
2. What is the primary advantage of Bresenham's line algorithm?
a. a) It uses floating-point arithmetic.
b. b) It uses only integer arithmetic.
c. c) It is more accurate than DDA.
d. d) It is faster for curved lines.
e. Answer: b) It uses only integer arithmetic.
3. Which method is used for scan converting a circle?
a. a) Cohen-Sutherland algorithm
b. b) Midpoint circle algorithm
c. c) Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm
d. d) DDA algorithm
e. Answer: b) Midpoint circle algorithm
4. What is the purpose of clipping in computer graphics?
a. a) To enhance image quality
b. b) To remove portions of an image outside the viewing window
c. c) To apply shading to objects
d. d) To perform transformations
e. Answer: b) To remove portions of an image outside the viewing window
5. Which line clipping algorithm uses region codes?
a. a) Midpoint subdivision algorithm
b. b) Cohen-Sutherland algorithm
c. c) Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm
d. d) DDA algorithm
e. Answer: b) Cohen-Sutherland algorithm
6. What is the primary advantage of the midpoint subdivision algorithm?
a. a) It is faster for all types of lines.
b. b) It is efficient for clipping against rectangular windows.
c. c) It uses floating-point arithmetic.
d. d) It is suitable for complex polygons.
e. Answer: b) It is efficient for clipping against rectangular windows.
7. Which algorithm is used for polygon clipping?
a. a) Cohen-Sutherland algorithm
b. b) Midpoint circle algorithm
 c. c) Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm
d. d) Bresenham's algorithm
e. Answer: c) Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm
8. What is point clipping?
a. a) Clipping a line segment
b. b) Clipping a polygon
c. c) Determining if a point is inside a clipping window
d. d) Clipping a circle
e. Answer: c) Determining if a point is inside a clipping window
9. In the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm, what does a region code indicate?
a. a) Color of the line
b. b) Position of the line endpoint relative to the clipping window
c. c) Thickness of the line
d. d) Type of line (dashed, solid)
e. Answer: b) Position of the line endpoint relative to the clipping window
10. What is the main advantage of the midpoint circle algorithm over other circle
drawing algorithms?
a. a) It uses floating-point arithmetic.
b. b) It uses only integer arithmetic and symmetry.
c. c) It is faster for large circles.
d. d) It can draw ellipses.
e. Answer: b) It uses only integer arithmetic and symmetry.
11. Which algorithm is used for scan converting ellipses?
a. a) Bresenham’s algorithm
b. b) Midpoint ellipse algorithm
c. c) Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm
d. d) Cohen-Sutherland algorithm
e. Answer: b) Midpoint ellipse algorithm
12. What is the purpose of the decision parameter in Bresenham's line algorithm?
a. a) To determine the color of the pixel
b. b) To decide which pixel to choose next
c. c) To calculate the slope of the line
d. d) To perform clipping
e. Answer: b) To decide which pixel to choose next
13. What is the primary function of scan conversion?
a. a) To perform geometric transformations
b. b) To convert geometric shapes into pixel representations
c. c) To remove hidden surfaces
 d. d) To apply shading
e. Answer: b) To convert geometric shapes into pixel representations
14. What is the advantage of using the midpoint approach in circle and ellipse drawing?
a. a) It is faster for small circles.
b. b) It avoids floating-point calculations.
c. c) It can handle complex shapes.
d. d) It is more accurate than other methods.
e. Answer: b) It avoids floating-point calculations.
15. In polygon clipping, what is the purpose of the Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm?
a. a) To clip lines against a rectangle
b. b) To clip polygons against a convex polygon
c. c) To clip circles
d. d) To clip points
e. Answer: b) To clip polygons against a convex polygon

You are absolutely right! My apologies for the oversight. Let's expand on Units II and III with
more MCQs, numerical examples, and theoretical questions.

Unit II: Scan Conversion and Clipping (Continued) - MCQs with Answers

16. What is the main goal of the DDA line drawing algorithm?
a. a) To use only integer arithmetic
b. b) To calculate pixel positions incrementally
c. c) To clip lines efficiently
d. d) To draw circles
e. Answer: b) To calculate pixel positions incrementally
17. Which algorithm is most efficient for drawing a line with a slope close to 1?
a. a) Cohen-Sutherland
b. b) Bresenham's
c. c) Midpoint Subdivision
d. d) Sutherland-Hodgman
e. Answer: b) Bresenham's
18. What is the primary advantage of the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for line clipping?
a. a) It is fast for lines completely inside or outside the clipping window.
b. b) It uses only integer arithmetic.
c. c) It is efficient for complex polygons.
d. d) It is suitable for curved lines.
e. Answer: a) It is fast for lines completely inside or outside the clipping
window.
19. What is the purpose of the region codes in the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm?
a. a) To determine the color of the line
b. b) To quickly identify lines that can be trivially accepted or rejected
c. c) To calculate the slope of the line
d. d) To perform scaling
e. Answer: b) To quickly identify lines that can be trivially accepted or rejected
20. In the Midpoint Subdivision algorithm, what condition determines if a line segment
needs to be subdivided?
a. a) If both endpoints are inside the clipping window
b. b) If both endpoints are outside the clipping window
c. c) If one endpoint is inside and the other is outside
d. d) If the line segment is parallel to the clipping window
e. Answer: c) If one endpoint is inside and the other is outside
21. What is the main advantage of the Sutherland-Hodgman polygon clipping
algorithm?
a. a) It can clip any polygon against any convex polygon.
b. b) It is fast for clipping lines.
c. c) It uses only integer arithmetic.
d. d) It is suitable for curved lines.
e. Answer: a) It can clip any polygon against any convex polygon.
22. What is the key difference between the Midpoint Circle algorithm and the
Bresenham's Line algorithm?
a. a) Midpoint Circle uses floating-point, Bresenham's uses integer.
b. b) Midpoint Circle draws circles, Bresenham's draws lines.
c. c) Midpoint Circle clips polygons, Bresenham's clips lines.
d. d) Midpoint Circle uses region codes, Bresenham's does not.
e. Answer: b) Midpoint Circle draws circles, Bresenham's draws lines.
23. What is the purpose of point clipping?
a. a) To remove parts of a line
b. b) To determine if a point is within a clipping window
c. c) To clip polygons
d. d) To draw circles
e. Answer: b) To determine if a point is within a clipping window
24. If a point (x, y) has region code 0101, what does it mean?
a. a) The point is inside the clipping window.
b. b) The point is to the left and below the clipping window.
c. c) The point is to the right and above the clipping window.
d. d) The point is to the left and above the clipping window.
 e. Answer: d) The point is to the left and above the clipping window.
25. What is the primary advantage of using symmetry in circle drawing algorithms?
a. a) It reduces the number of calculations
b. b) It makes the circle more accurate
c. c) It allows the circle to be drawn faster
d. d) It allows the circle to be clipped
e. Answer: a) It reduces the number of calculations
26. What is the main challenge in clipping a concave polygon?
a. a) It requires floating-point arithmetic.
b. b) It can produce multiple polygons after clipping.
c. c) It is slower than clipping convex polygons.
d. d) It requires region codes.
e. Answer: b) It can produce multiple polygons after clipping.
27. What is the purpose of the decision parameter in the Midpoint Circle algorithm?
a. a) To determine the color of the pixel
b. b) To decide which pixel to choose next
c. c) To calculate the radius of the circle
d. d) To perform clipping
e. Answer: b) To decide which pixel to choose next
28. What is the primary function of scan conversion in computer graphics?
a. a) To perform geometric transformations
b. b) To convert geometric shapes into pixel representations
c. c) To remove hidden surfaces
d. d) To apply shading
e. Answer: b) To convert geometric shapes into pixel representations
29. What is the advantage of using the midpoint approach in circle and ellipse drawing?
a. a) It is faster for small circles.
b. b) It avoids floating-point calculations.
c. c) It can handle complex shapes.
d. d) It is more accurate than other methods.
e. Answer: b) It avoids floating-point calculations.
30. In polygon clipping, what is the purpose of the Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm?
a. a) To clip lines against a rectangle
b. b) To clip polygons against a convex polygon
c. c) To clip circles
d. d) To clip points
e. Answer: b) To clip polygons against a convex polygon
 31. Numerical Example (Bresenham's): A line is drawn from (1, 1) to (5, 3). Calculate the
first few decision parameters.
a. Answer: dy = 2, dx = 4, 2dy = 4, 2dy - 2dx = -4. Initial decision parameter p0 =
2dy - dx = 0.
i. p1 = p0 + 2dy - 2dx (if p0 < 0) or p0 + 2dy (if p0 >= 0)
ii. p1 = 0 + 4 = 4
iii. p2 = 4 + 4 = 8
32. Numerical Example (Cohen-Sutherland): A line has endpoints (1, 2) and (6, 8). The
clipping window is (2, 3) to (5, 7). What are the region codes?
a. Answer: (1, 2) is 1001 (left, below), (6, 8) is 0010 (above).
33. Numerical Example (Midpoint Circle): A circle has radius 5. What is the initial
decision parameter for the Midpoint Circle algorithm?
a. Answer: p0 = 1 - r = 1 - 5 = -4.
34. Theoretical: Explain the difference between DDA and Bresenham's line drawing
algorithms.
a. Answer: DDA uses floating-point arithmetic and calculates pixel positions
incrementally. Bresenham's uses integer arithmetic and a decision
parameter to choose the next pixel.
35. Theoretical: Describe the process of polygon clipping using the Sutherland-
Hodgman algorithm.
a. Answer: The algorithm clips a polygon against each edge of the clipping
window sequentially, creating a new polygon at each step.

You're absolutely right, let's focus solely on Unit III and generate 40 MCQs with answers,
including those "fix exam" numerical examples.

Unit III: Geometrical Transformations - 40 MCQs with Answers

1. What is the primary purpose of 2D transformations in computer graphics?

a. a) To enhance image quality
b. b) To manipulate and position objects in a 2D space
c. c) To apply shading to objects
d. d) To perform clipping operations
e. Answer: b) To manipulate and position objects in a 2D space
2. Which 2D transformation moves an object without changing its size or orientation?
a. a) Rotation
b. b) Scaling
 c. c) Translation
d. d) Shearing
e. Answer: c) Translation
3. Which 2D transformation changes the size of an object?
a. a) Rotation
b. b) Scaling
c. c) Translation
d. d) Shearing
e. Answer: b) Scaling
4. Which 2D transformation rotates an object about a specified point?
a. a) Scaling
b. b) Translation
c. c) Rotation
d. d) Shearing
e. Answer: c) Rotation
5. Which 2D transformation distorts an object along one axis relative to another?
a. a) Scaling
b. b) Translation
c. c) Rotation
d. d) Shearing
e. Answer: d) Shearing
6. What is the purpose of homogeneous coordinates in 2D transformations?
a. a) To simplify calculations
b. b) To represent all transformations as matrix multiplications
c. c) To store color information
d. d) To perform clipping
e. Answer: b) To represent all transformations as matrix multiplications
7. What is the matrix representation of a 2D translation by (Tx, Ty)?
a. a) [[1, 0, Tx], [0, 1, Ty], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[Tx, 0, 0], [0, Ty, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[cos(theta), -sin(theta), 0], [sin(theta), cos(theta), 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[Sx, 0, 0], [0, Sy, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: a) [[1, 0, Tx], [0, 1, Ty], [0, 0, 1]]
8. What is the matrix representation of a 2D scaling by (Sx, Sy)?
a. a) [[1, 0, Tx], [0, 1, Ty], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[Tx, 0, 0], [0, Ty, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[cos(theta), -sin(theta), 0], [sin(theta), cos(theta), 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[Sx, 0, 0], [0, Sy, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
 e. Answer: d) [[Sx, 0, 0], [0, Sy, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
9. What is the matrix representation of a 2D rotation by an angle θ?
a. a) [[1, 0, Tx], [0, 1, Ty], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[Tx, 0, 0], [0, Ty, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[cos(θ), -sin(θ), 0], [sin(θ), cos(θ), 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[Sx, 0, 0], [0, Sy, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: c) [[cos(θ), -sin(θ), 0], [sin(θ), cos(θ), 0], [0, 0, 1]]
10. What is the matrix representation of a 2D shear in the x-direction by a factor Shx?
a. a) [[1, Shx, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[Shx, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[1, 0, Shx], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[1, 0, 0], [Shx, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: a) [[1, Shx, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
11. What is the matrix representation of a 2D shear in the y-direction by a factor Shy?
a. a) [[1, Shy, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[1, 0, 0], [Shy, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, Shy], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[Shy, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: b) [[1, 0, 0], [Shy, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
12. What is the effect of reflecting a point (x, y) about the x-axis?
a. a) (x, -y)
b. b) (-x, y)
c. c) (-x, -y)
d. d) (y, x)
e. Answer: a) (x, -y)
13. What is the effect of reflecting a point (x, y) about the y-axis?
a. a) (x, -y)
b. b) (-x, y)
c. c) (-x, -y)
d. d) (y, x)
e. Answer: b) (-x, y)
14. What is the effect of reflecting a point (x, y) about the origin?
a. a) (x, -y)
b. b) (-x, y)
c. c) (-x, -y)
d. d) (y, x)
e. Answer: c) (-x, -y)
15. What is the purpose of the window in window-to-viewport transformation?
 a. a) To define the display area
b. b) To define the portion of the world coordinates to be displayed
c. c) To perform clipping
d. d) To apply shading
e. Answer: b) To define the portion of the world coordinates to be displayed
16. What is the purpose of the viewport in window-to-viewport transformation?
a. a) To define the portion of the world coordinates to be displayed
b. b) To define the display area on the device
c. c) To perform clipping
d. d) To apply shading
e. Answer: b) To define the display area on the device
17. What is the main advantage of using homogeneous coordinates for 2D
transformations?
a. a) It simplifies matrix multiplication for composite transformations.
b. b) It reduces the number of calculations.
c. c) It allows for faster rendering.
d. d) It eliminates the need for clipping.
e. Answer: a) It simplifies matrix multiplication for composite transformations.
18. What is the matrix representation for reflecting a point about the x-axis?
a. a) [[1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: a) [[1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]

Absolutely! Let's continue generating MCQs for Unit III, ensuring we cover the remaining
aspects and include those "fix exam" numerical examples.

Unit III: Geometrical Transformations - 40 MCQs with Answers (Continued)

20. What is the matrix representation for reflecting a point about the y-axis?
a. a) [[1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
c. c) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: b) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
21. What is the matrix representation for reflecting a point about the origin?
a. a) [[1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
b. b) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
 c. c) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
d. d) [[0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
e. Answer: c) [[-1, 0, 0], [0, -1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
22. If a point (2, 3) is translated by (4, -1), what are the new coordinates?
a. a) (6, 2)
b. b) (-2, 4)
c. c) (6, -4)
d. d) (-2, -4)
e. Answer: a) (6, 2)
23. If a point (1, 2) is scaled by (2, 3), what are the new coordinates?
a. a) (3, 5)
b. b) (2, 6)
c. c) (0.5, 0.67)
d. d) (2, 3)
e. Answer: b) (2, 6)
24. If a point (1, 0) is rotated by 90 degrees counterclockwise, what are the new
coordinates?
a. a) (0, 1)
b. b) (0, -1)
c. c) (-1, 0)
d. d) (1, 0)
e. Answer: a) (0, 1)
25. What is the effect of a shear transformation in the x-direction?
a. a) It moves the object along the x-axis.
b. b) It changes the size of the object along the x-axis.
c. c) It distorts the object along the x-axis relative to the y-axis.
d. d) It rotates the object about the origin.
e. Answer: c) It distorts the object along the x-axis relative to the y-axis.
26. What is the effect of a shear transformation in the y-direction?
a. a) It moves the object along the y-axis.
b. b) It changes the size of the object along the y-axis.
c. c) It distorts the object along the y-axis relative to the x-axis.
d. d) It rotates the object about the origin.
e. Answer: c) It distorts the object along the y-axis relative to the x-axis.
27. What is the purpose of composite transformations?
a. a) To simplify single transformations
b. b) To combine multiple transformations into one
c. c) To perform clipping
 d. d) To apply shading
e. Answer: b) To combine multiple transformations into one
28. Numerical Example: A point (3, 4) is translated by (-1, 2) and then scaled by (2, 0.5).
What are the final coordinates?
a. Answer: Translation: (2, 6). Scaling: (4, 3).
29. Numerical Example: A point (1, 1) is rotated 90 degrees and then translated by (2, 3).
What are the final coordinates?
a. Answer: Rotation: (-1, 1). Translation: (1, 4).
30. Theoretical: Explain the difference between translation and rotation.
a. Answer: Translation moves an object, rotation turns it.
31. Theoretical: Explain the concept of homogeneous coordinates and why they are
used.
a. Answer: They represent 2D points with 3 coordinates, enabling matrix
representation of all transformations.
32. Theoretical: Describe the steps involved in window-to-viewport transformation.
a. Answer: World coordinates are mapped to normalized device coordinates,
then to device coordinates.
33. Numerical Example: A window has corners (1, 1) and (5, 5). A viewport has corners
(0, 0) and (200, 200). What is the mapping for a point (3, 3) in the window?
a. Answer: Scale factors are (200-0)/(5-1) = 50. New point is (100, 100).
34. Numerical Example: A point (2, 3) is scaled by (2, 2) about the origin and then
translated by (1, 1). Find the final coordinates.
a. Answer: Scaling: (4, 6). Translation: (5, 7).
35. Numerical Example: A square with corners (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2) is rotated 90
degrees counterclockwise about the origin. Find the new coordinates.
a. Answer: Rotation matrix: [[0, -1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]. New corners are (-1, 1),
(-1, 2), (-2, 2), (-2, 1).
36. Theoretical: What is the significance of the order of transformations in composite
transformations?
a. Answer: The order matters. Rotation followed by translation is different from
translation followed by rotation.
37. Theoretical: Explain the difference between scaling about the origin and scaling
about an arbitrary point.
a. Answer: Scaling about the origin changes size relative to (0, 0). Scaling about
an arbitrary point requires translation, scaling, and reverse translation.
38. Theoretical: How does reflection about an arbitrary line differ from reflection about
the x or y-axis?
 a. Answer: Reflection about an arbitrary line requires translation, rotation,
reflection about an axis, reverse rotation, and reverse translation.
39. Numerical Example: A point (2, 2) is sheared in the x-direction by a factor of 0.5.
Find the new coordinates.
a. Answer: Shear matrix: [[1, 0.5, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]. New point is (3, 2).
40. Numerical Example: A point (3, 1) is sheared in the y-direction by a factor of 2. Find
the new coordinates.
a. Answer: Shear matrix: [[1, 0, 0], [2, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]. New point is (3, 7).

This should give you a comprehensive set of MCQs for Unit III, including numerical
examples and theoretical questions. Remember to review the matrix representations of
each transformation, as they are crucial for solving numerical problems. Good luck with
your exam!