IS - CODE BASED

ESE/AE/JE/PSU COVERED

REINFORCED CEMENT
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BASIC OF RCC !
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✅1.
Exposure Nominal cover

•Mild - 20 mm

•Moderate - 30 mm

•Severe - 45 mm

•Very severe - 50 mm

•Extreme - 75 mm

✅2.
•As per IS 456-2000, load combination as

follows :

1- D.L. + L.L.
2- D.L. +(W.L.) OR (E.L.)

(i) For normal case, DL + WL (or EL)

(iii) for checking stability against overturning/ stress

reversal. DL + WL (0.6 L)

3. DL + LL + WL (or) EL

✅3.
Material / Accuracy % of batch

quantity

•Cement - ± 1 to 3

•Aggregate - ± 2 to 3

•Water - ± 1 to 3

•Admixture - ± 3 to 5

✅4.
•Air entrainment in a concrete increase resistance to freezing and thawing
provide moisture i.e., water therefore increase workability and strength
decrease.

↑w/c ratio∝ workability↑∝ 1/strength↓

✅5.
According to code IS 456 : 2000 clause 26.5.3.1

• the cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than

0.8% and not more than 6% of the gross cross-sectional area of column.

✅6.
•structural member is generally designed so that the material is stressed to
working stress.
 ✅7.
•Expansion joints : Expansion joints are provided in the concrete structure due to
volume change tendency of concrete for various reasons like temperature.

✅8.
•Construction joints : Construction joints are provided whenever the construction
works stops temporarily. These are vertical saints cut into the wall that allows
the concrete to shrink without noticeable harm.

✅9.
•Contraction joints : Contraction joints are the joints which are given in any
concrete structure due to the shrinkage of concrete.

✅10.
•The cover of longitudinal reinforcing bar in a beam subjected to sea spray should
not be less than 70 mm. Minimum cover require is 50 mm. most appropriate
answer would be 70 mm.

✅11.
•Wrought Iron–It's the purest form of iron and contains carbon to the extend of
0.25%.

•Cast Iron (Pig Iron)–It contains 2-5% carbon along with traces of other impurities
like sulphur, phosphorous, Manganese etc.

•Steel–It contains 0.5 to 1.5% of carbon along with varying amount of other
elements.

✅12.
Minimum reinforcement for slab –

•Ast(min) = 0.15% × Gross sectional Area [Fe-250 bar]

•Ast(min) = 0.12% × Gross Sectional Area (HYSD Bar]

✅13.
•At the time of bending of a beam, a layer is neither elongated nor contracted is
Neutral axis.

✅14.
•Deformation in concrete due to sustained loading is creep.
•Segregation : Separation of the constituent material of concrete i.e cement,
sand and aggregate because they have different specific gravity.

•Bleeding : Bleeding is the tendency of water to the surface of freshly concrete. It

is caused by the inability of solid constituents of the mixing water as they settle
down.

✅15.
Size of coarse aggregate is 10 mm to 20 mm being used in concrete. In given
options 5 to 20 mm is best suited.

✅16.
Physical properties of concrete such as thermal expansion, etc depends upon
type and quantity of cement. Physical properties does not depend upon quality of
water.

✅17.
Maximum compressive strength of concrete without partial safety factor is taken
as 0.67 fck, where fck is characteristics strength indicated by test.

✅18.
Tests of concrete in which the specimen are not destroyed are known as non-
destructive tests. Non-destructive test are –

(i) Rebound hammer→ To find compressive strength of concrete.

(ii) Pull off test→ To find compressive strength

(iii) Ultrasonic test→ To check quality of concrete and aggregates.

Direct tensile test is a destructive test on small specimens to find tensile

strength. Direct tensile strength of concrete is difficult to determine, recourse is
often taken to the determination of flexural strength or the splitting tensile
strength and computing the direct tensile

✅19.
Liquefaction is phenomenon in which sand loses its shear strength due to
oscillatory motion.

✅20.
Fine sands bulk more than coarse sand and for moisture content 5 to 6% the
increase in volume may vary from 20% to 35%.

✅21.
• For hand placed pavement slump value should be between 1 – 3 inches (25 – 75
mm).

• For trench fill – 100 - 150 mm

• For heavily reinforced section in slab, beam, columns – 50- 100 mm

✅22.
Taking durability in consideration, according to IS : 10262 the maximum cement
content is limited to 450 kg/m3.

✅23.
Design mix concrete – The concrete produced under quality control keeping in
view the strength, durability and workability is called the design mix.

24.

Mixing fly ash in concrete improves its workability, helps in long term strength
gain and delaying the setting time of concrete.

25.

Tie bars are not part of expansion joint According to BIS, Minimum length of
structure for development length is as follows–

(i) Walls → 30 m

(ii) open slabs → 6 to 12 m

(iii) framed structures → 30 m

(iv) parapet → 6 to 12 m

26.

Target mean design strength–

A concrete mix is designed for a target mean design strength given by following
expression :

Ft=fck 1.65 + σ

Grade Standard deviations

M 10 –M 15 3.5

M 20 – M 25 4.0

M 30 – M 60 5.0
27.

Grade of concrete min compressive 7day mincompressive28day

M15 10 15

M20 13.5 20

M25 17 25

M30 20 30

M35 23.5 35

28.

According to IS : 456, the individual variation should must be greater than ± 15%
of the mean otherwise the test results of the sample are invalid.

29.

Formwork is removed in steps and should be removed easily without sudden

jerks. first of all sides of beam are removed.

30.

Flakiness index is the percentage by which particles in it, whose least dimension
(i.e., thickness) is less than three-fifths of its mean dimension.

31.

Tensile strength in flexural is its strength just before the failure of specimen in
tension. Modulus of rupture represents the tensile strength in flexure.

32.

Exposure Minimum grade

1 Reinforced concrete M 20

2 water tank M 30

3 pre-tensioning M 40

4 post-tensioning M 30

33.

Slump test is used to measure workability of concrete. Dimensions of slump

vessel is 10 cm top diameter, 20 cm bottom diameter and 30 cm height
34.

IS 456 : 2000 plain and reinforced concrete

IS 875 : 1984 code for wind load and Earthquake load

IS 1893 : 2002 earthquake resistant design.

35.

Permissible shear stress in concrete depends upon grade of concrete and

percent steel in tension.

36.

The time dependent in elastic deformation of steel resulting from sustained

stress is known as relaxation.

37.

Clear cover to main reinforcement are-

• Footings – 75 mm

• Column – 40 mm

• Shear wall – 25 mm

• Beams – 25 mm

• Slab – 15 mm

• Flat slab – 20 mm

• Retaining wall – 20-25 mm

• Staircase – 15 mm

38.

Relaxation of steel is defined as the decrease in stress with time under constant
strain. Due to the relaxation of steel, the prestress in the tendon is reduced with
time.

Initial stress Relaxation loss (MPa)

0.5 fp 0

0.6 fp 35

0.7 fp 70

0.8 fp 90
39.

The dynamic Poisson's ratio is calculated by a test based on the principle of the
ultrasonic test.

40.

Age of loading creep coefficient (φ)

7 days 2.2

28 days 1.6

1 year 1.1

41.

The information required for concrete mix-design–

• Weather condition

• Exposure conditions of concrete

• Batching and mixing methods

• Quality of material

• Special requirement of concrete

• Quality control of site

• Workability and characteristic strength of concrete.

42.

As per IS 456 : 2000 (clause 6.2.4.1) in the absence of data, the approximate
value of total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0.0003.

43.

As per I.S. 456 : 2000 in LSM(limit state method)

Partial safety is factor for steel → 1.15

Partial safety factor for concrete → 1.5

44.

Maximum diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed 1/8th of the total
thickness of slab.

45.
According to Whitney's theory, ultimate strain of concrete is assumed to be 0.3%.

46.

With the increase in rate of loading during testing, compressive strength of

concrete increases.

47.

The reinforced cement concrete consists is a cement is which reinforcement is

embedded. The reinforced cement concrete is equally strong to taking tensile,
compressive and shear stresses.

48.

In adverse circumstances, the reinforced concrete member immersed in sea

water or subjected to sea spray, the maximum permissible cover for the
reinforcing bars, should not exceed – 70 to 75 mm.

49.

Development length of bar increase.

2 bars – 10%

3 bars – 20%

4 bars – 33%

50.

Light weight concrete is used for non-load bearing walls.

* Density of this concrete is considerably low (300 kg /m3 to 1850 kg/m3) when
compared to normal concrete.

* 28 days compressive strength of more than 17 MPa and 28 days dry density not
exceeding 1840 kg/m3

51.

Permissible bending tensile stress in high yield strength deformed bars of grade
415 N/mm2 in a beam is 230 N/mm2.

52.

Multiple or partial safety factor helps to provide safety at ultimate loads and
adequate serviceability.

53.
 As per IS 456, the minimum nominal concrete cover is 45 mm to reinforcement in
exposed to severe exposure.

54.

Minimum tension steel is provided in a reinforced concrete beam due to prevent

hair-line crack formation.

55.

If the chloride content increase from its permissible limit, the reinforced
concrete becomes corrosive and decaying. So, 0.6 kg/cum is fixed limit for
chloride content of reinforced concrete.

56.

In Re-bend test, reinforcing steel is bent 45oat 100oC for 30 minutes and the bent
lock back 22.5oBent angle = 180o – 22.5o = 157.5o

57.

Manganese steel is used in the manufacture of rails.

58.

• Factor to decrease ultimate strength to design strength is material partial

safety factor.

• Factor to increase working load to ultimate load for design is load factor.

• Statical method of ultimate load analysis is lower bound on ultimate load.

• Kinematical mechanism method of ultimate load analysis is upper bound on

ultimate load.

59.

Factors used in concrete mixed design

(i) Quality control

(ii) Durability of concrete

(iii) Workability of concrete

(iv) Maximum nominal size of aggregate

(v) Grading and type of aggregate

(vi) Characteristic compressive strength of concrete.

60.
Water with pH range 6 to 8.5 is used in concrete works. Limit of impurities in
water used for concreting–

Organic - 200 mg/ltr

Inorganic - 3000 mg/ltr

Sulphates - 400 mg/ltr

chlorides R.C.C. – 500 mg/ltr

P.C.C. – 2000 mg/ltr

Suspended solids -2000 mg/ltr