A Report on,

“TO CONSTRUCT AN AC DYNAMO / GENERATOR”

A Project report submitted for the fulfillment for internal evaluation of Grade XII
Submitted By
Darshan Paudel

Roll No: 20

Submitted To:

Department of Science (Physics)

Gandaki Boarding School
Lamachour, Pokhara
2081 BS
 DECLARATION FORM
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “TO CONSTRUCT AN AC DYNAMO /
GENERATOR” submitted to the “Gandaki Boarding School”, is a record of original work
done by me under the guidance of “Mr. Sujan Lamsal, Lamachour, Pokhara, and Member of
science Department”.

Submitted By:
Darshan Paudel

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 APPROVAL SHEET

In this partial fulfillment of the requirements of our group project, this research “TO
CONSTRUCT AN AC DYNAMO / GENERATOR” of Darshan Paudel from class 12 ‘D’
has prepared and submitted for approval.
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of Group Project.

………………………………...... ..............................................

Mr. Sujan Lamsal Mrs. Shakuntala Gurung

(Project Supervisor) (Head of Department)
Department of Science Department of Science

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express our sincerely gratitude to all those who helped us directly or indirectly to
complete this report on “TO CONSTRUCT AN AC DYNAMO/GENERATOR”.
I would like to thank Dr. Bishwo Udhir Poudel Gharti, Principal of Gandaki Boarding School and
also all the members of Science Department giving us an opportunity which actually helped me
to grow intellectually and made me productive.
Special thanks to our physics teachers Mr. Sujan Lamsal and Mr. Mannu Raj Baral for
supervision, direction, support and also for the guidance for this Project.
Lastly, this project was done with the collective work of Anish Bastola and Darshan Poudel.
Without my team members this project would not have been completed.

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 ABSTRACT
The project undertaken here is that of making a simple AC dynamo/generator to demonstrate
mechanical energy conversion to electrical energy via electromagnetic induction. This dynamo
comprises a coil that rotates within the magnetic field between the permanent magnets, otherwise
called the stator. It cuts through the magnetic flux in its rotation and induces an alternating
current in the coil, collected via slip rings and brushes. The above project brings out the basic
principles of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction and gives hands-on experience in
understanding how electricity is generated in practice. The constructed model is low cost, easy to
fabricate, and an educational tool for explaining AC generators used in power plants and
renewable systems.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION FORM ....................................................................................................................................ii

APPROVAL SHEET.........................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER-1....................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER-2....................................................................................................................................................2
THEORY AND PRINCIPLE ...........................................................................................................................2
WORKING OF AN AC DYNAMO .................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER-3....................................................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................................................................3
MATERIALS REQUIRED ..............................................................................................................................3
CONSTRUCTION OF AC DYNAMO .............................................................................................................4
FIG: AC DYNAMO ......................................................................................................................................5
OBSERVATION ...........................................................................................................................................5
APPLICATION OF AC DYNAMO ..................................................................................................................6
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS.........................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................8

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 CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION

An electric generator is a crucial device designed to transform mechanical energy into electrical
energy. It operates by inducing an electric current to flow through an external circuit, thereby
supplying power to various electrical systems and devices. The mechanical energy required to
drive the generator can be sourced from a wide range of means, including reciprocating or
turbine steam engines, falling water that turns a turbine or waterwheel, internal combustion
engines, wind turbines, manual hand cranks, compressed air, or any other mechanism capable of
producing mechanical motion. Generators play an indispensable role in modern society, as they
are responsible for generating nearly all the electricity that powers electric grids worldwide.
These grids, in turn, distribute electricity to homes, industries, and businesses, making generators
a cornerstone of contemporary energy infrastructure.

This project focuses on the study and exploration of alternating current (AC) generators, which
are widely used due to their efficiency and ability to transmit electricity over long distances with
minimal loss. By understanding the principles, components, and applications of AC generators,
we can gain valuable insights into how electrical energy is produced and utilized in our daily
lives.

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 CHAPTER:2
THEORY AND PRINCIPLE

It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction i.e., when a coil is rotated in a uniform
magnetic field, e.m.f is induced in it. An Ac generator consists of two poles i.e. north and South
Pole so that we can have a uniform magnetic field. It consists of rectangular coil which is also
called Armature. The two end of the armature coil are connected to two brass slip rings. These
rings rotates along with the armature coil. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with slip ring in
order to provide the continuous connection between the field coil and external circuit. The
armature consists of a large number of turn of insulated copper wire wound over soft iron core.
Each time when the armature makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of AC is
developed. The magnitude of the AC voltage generated by an AC generator depend upon the
magnetic field strength and speed of armature.

WORKING OF AN AC DYNAMO

When the armature rotates between the poles of the magnet upon an axis perpendicular to the
magnetic field, the flux linkage of the armature changes continuously. As a result, an electric
current flows through the galvanometer and the slip rings and brushes. The galvanometer swings
between positive and negative values. This indicates that there is an alternating current flowing
through the galvanometer. The direction of the induced current can be identified using Fleming’s
Right-Hand Rule

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 CHAPTER:3

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is to construct or self-design an AC Dynamo and understand its
working mechanism and how it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. Connecting wires

2. Armature

3. Cardboard

4. LED bulb

5. DC motor

6. Rubbers

7. Glue

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CONSTRUCTION OF AC DYNAMO

Cut the cardboard to create a base and the support stand for the rotating shaft. So after assembling
all the base, holder and the wheel we ensure that wheel rotate and the stand is stable enough to
hold the rotating parts without any damage. Attach the dynamo in another holder making hole
equal to the diameter of the dynamo and attach both dynamo and light above the dynamo within
the stand. Attach the rubber belt to connect the wheel and the dynamo. This setup helps to spin the
dynamo when the wheel is rotate. Connect the dynamo to a LED light with the help of the wire.
Rotate the wheel manually and observe the LED glows. If the LED light glows then AC
generation is complete.

The wheel is rotated with the handle then the dynamo rotate and due to that e.m.f.is setup inside
the dynamo which produces the induced current and the output supply can be obtained by LED or
Bulb. The direction of induced current can be determine by Fleming's right hand rule. It states that
if the thumb, forefinger and the central finger of the right hand are kept perpendicular to each
other, so that the forefingers points in the direction of the field and the thumb in the direction of
motion of the conductor, then the induced current flows in the direction of the central finger.

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 Rubber
belt
Light

Wire
Wheel

Dynamo

Cardboard

FIG: AC DYNAMO

OBSERVATION

When the wheel is manually rotated using the handle, the motion is transferred to the dynamo
through the rubber belt, causing the dynamo to spin. As the dynamo rotates, electromagnetic
induction occurs, generating an alternating current (AC) due to the interaction between the
magnetic field and the conductor inside the dynamo. This induced current is then supplied to the
LED light, which glows, indicating successful power generation. The direction of the induced
current can be determined using Fleming's Right-Hand Rule, where the thumb represents the
motion of the conductor, the forefinger represents the magnetic field, and the central finger
represents the direction of the induced current.

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APPLICATION OF AC DYNAMO
Following are a few advantages of AC generators over DC generators:

• AC generators can be easily stepped up and stepped down through transformers.

• The transmission link size in AC Generators is thinner because of the step-up feature.

• Losses in AC generators are relatively lesser than in DC machines the size of an AC

generator is smaller than a DC generator.
• AC generators are used as a backup source in different industries that work on electricity.
• AC generators allow direct control over the generation of electricity, they are often used in
research and development purposes where scientists require stable and controlled power
for testing, etc.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Future enhancements for the AC dynamo project can focus on improving efficiency, scalability,
and integration with modern technologies. One potential direction is the development of advanced
materials, such as high-performance magnets and superconductors, to reduce energy losses and
increase power output. Incorporating smart technologies, like IoT-enabled sensors, could allow
realtime monitoring and optimization of the dynamo's performance, enabling predictive
maintenance and improved reliability. Additionally, integrating the AC dynamo with renewable
energy systems, such as solar or wind, could enhance its sustainability and reduce dependence on
fossil fuels. Research into miniaturization and portability could lead to compact, high-efficiency
dynamos for use in small-scale or off-grid applications. Furthermore, exploring hybrid systems
that combine AC and DC generation could expand its versatility for diverse applications. Lastly,
advancements in energy storage systems, such as high-capacity batteries, could complement the
dynamo's output, ensuring a stable and continuous power supply. These enhancements would
make the AC dynamo more efficient, adaptable, and aligned with future energy demands.

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 CONCLUSION

The study and exploration of the AC dynamo (alternator) have provided valuable insights into its
working principles, construction, and applications. Through this project, we observed how
mechanical energy is efficiently converted into electrical energy using electromagnetic
induction, highlighting the importance of components like the rotating coil, magnetic field, and
slip rings. The AC dynamo's ability to generate alternating current with a consistent waveform
makes it a cornerstone of modern power generation systems, from large-scale power plants to
portable generators and renewable energy solutions. Its widespread use in vehicles, industries,
and renewable energy systems underscores its significance in everyday life and technological
advancement. This project not only reinforced fundamental concepts of electromagnetism but
also demonstrated the practical relevance of the AC dynamo in addressing energy needs
sustainably and efficiently. Overall, the AC dynamo remains a vital technology that continues to
power the world in diverse and innovative ways.

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 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://allen.in/jee/physics/ac-generator

2. https://byjus.com/physics/ac-generator

3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/applications-of-ac-generator