Class-X Computer Science Unit 1: Networking

Unit 1:- Networking

Introduction
 The simplest definition of the Internet is that it is the largest
computer network in the world.
 But technically speaking, the Internet is actually a network of
many smaller networks that exists all over the world.
 This chapter shall introduce some newer and more useful
features of the Internet along with Internet history, addressing,
websites etc. Definition
A computer network is a group of interconnected
computers so as to facilitate sharing of resources and
What is Network? enhanced communication.

 A computer network is a collection of computers

connected together for sharing information and hardware,
software resources. A network can be formed with wired
or wirelessly.

 Computer network facilitates the sharing of hardware &

software resources among different users working on
different computers.

 These shared resources can be data files, any application

software and hardware devices like printer, modems etc.
 Interconnected computers from the computer networks.

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Internet
Introduction
 Internet is computer-based worldwide information
network.
 It provides many services to make our work easier.
 Internet is one of the best technologies used in the
present world pf computers.
 It has brought the entire world at your home.
 Internet is a network of millions of computers, which are
connected to each other & their number in growing day by
day.

History of the Internet

 Internet were introduce in 1969, when US. Department of
Defense sponsored a project name ARPANET (stands for
Advanced Research Project Agency Network).

The original ARPANET was shut down in 1990, & the

government funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995.

But the commercial Internet services came into picture,

which are still running the Internet.

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What is Internet?
The word Internet can be split into two words that
is ‘Inter’ that means inside or within & ‘net’ which means
mesh. Definition
Internet is a computer based works wide
communications network, which is composed of large
number of smaller interconnected networks.

More formally, the internet may be defined as follows:

The Internet is a network of computer, spread all

over the world, that allows users to share information & to
communicative with each other

 A computer that isn’t connected to a

network is known as a Stand-Alone
Computer.
 A computer connected to a network is
known as A Workstation or a Node or a
Host.

Uses of Internet
i) Access to information: On internet we can find
information regarding anything, either personal,
professional or study related problem. We can read
newspaper online, read a book, check the latest movie

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reviews, order for flowers, and get latest information on

the latest software.

ii) International Communications: Over half of the

world’s nations have sites on Internet. Even more have
access to e-mail gateways to exchange electronic with
Internet sites. We can communicate with friends &
colleagues anywhere in the world.

iii) Research: With every major university in the USA &

Europe connected to internet, we can find information
that will help us in our research.
iv) Education
v) Fun

Advantage of Internet
 Greater access to information reduces research times.
 Global reach enables one to connect to anyone on the
Internet.
 Easy communication with other people.
 Publishing documents on the Internet save papers.

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 Useful communication links.

Disadvantage of Internet
 Cyber frauds may take place involving Credit/Debit card
numbers and Details.
 Computer viruses get downloaded and spread across
machines connected to networks & have detrimental
effects.
 Much of the information isn’t checked & may be
incorrected or irrelevant.
 Too much time spent on the Internet could result in a lack
of face-to-face interaction with others & a loss of social
skills.
 Going on-line runs the risk of malicious hackers or viruses
being able to damage your computer.

WWW (World Wide Web)

From the late 1960s to the early 1990s, the Internet was a
communication and research tool used almost exclusively for
academic & military purposes.

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Before WWW, Internet was mainly used for obtaining textual

information.

It was developed in 1989 by Tim Berners- Le in Switzerland.

The protocol used in the exchange is called Hyper Text Transfer

Protocol (HTTP). Web page are written in simple markup
language called Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML).

Hypertext concept was given by Ted Nelson, 1965.

Meaning of WWW

The World Wide Web is a collection of documents stored on

the computers around the world.

These documents are available on the Internet and may contain

a wide variety of resources such as text, graphics, multimedia
etc.

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Definition
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a set of programs, standards,
& protocols that allows the multimedia & hypertext files to be
created, displayed & linked on the Internet.

History of WWW
Present day WWW has its official birth date as April 30, 1993. In
the following table, we are giving a brief history of WWW.
1989 On March 12, Tim Berners- Lee, a British scientist working at CERN in Switzerland,
submits a proposal for a “distributed information system” to allow researchers to deal
with huge amounts of information. This is the genesis of the World Wide Web.

1990 On December 20, world’s first website goes live at Info.cern.ch. The first web page is
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html

1991 On August 6, The World Wide Web is launched publicly as Berners-Lee publishes
Details of the project on the Internet.

1993 On April 30, CERN releases the World Wide Web source code and announces it will be
available free of charge. It also releases a basic browser along with a library of code.

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Difference between WWW & Internet

A large part of the Internet is the ‘world wide web’ (WWW).
This is made up of website that have one or more web pages.
But the Internet isn’t just the web pages that you use every
day.
It is also consist of:
 Forums where people can seek help and advice about a
topic.
 Research databases used by universities and large
companies.
 E-mail & Instant Messaging (IM) system.
It is really important to understand that the Internet is not the
same as WWW. The internet is to the World Wide Web as
Europe is to Germany. One is the container, the other one is an
item within the container.

Note: While Internet is a collecting of computers or

networking devices connected together; WWW is a
collection of documents, linked via special links
called hyperlinks. WWW forms a large part of
Internet but is not the Internet.

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Internet Terminology
Before we proceed further, it will be good if we briefly talk
about Internet terminology. In the following lines, we are
introducing some basic terms related to Internet.

Client: Any computer on the networks that requests services

from another computer on the Internet.

Server: Any computer that receives requests from client

computers, processes & sends the output. Web servers respond
to web related request. There can be other types of servers to
handle different type of requests/actions.

Webpage: Any digital page/document hosted on Internet (i.e.,

accessible via Internet.)

Website: A collection of interconnected webpages, designed

with a certain goal in mind.

Web portal: A website or service that offers a broad array of

resources such as e-mail, forums, and search engines among
others, e.g., sites like MSN, Yahoo, India times etc.

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Web Browser: A program or software on a client computer that

retrieves information from the web. Examples are: Internet
Explorer, Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Mosaic,
Opera, Safari, and Lynx etc.

URL: Uniform Resource Locator. It is the unique address of a

web page on Internet.

Blog: Short for Web log, a blog is a web page that serves as a
publicly accessible personal journal for an individual. A blog is
frequently updated online personal journal or diary.

Blogger: The author of a blog is called blogger. A blogger is the

one who regularly writes and updates entries in his/her blog.

Blogging: The action of writing blog is called blogging.

Newsgroup: Newsgroups are Internet discussion forums where

groups of users with common interests gather to discuss on a
common topic of interest.

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E-mail: Short for electronic mail, email refers to messages

distributes by electronic means from one computer user to one
or more recipients via a network mostly Internet.

Web Servers
A Web Server is a computer that stores websites on the
Internet 7 delivers web pages to viewers upon request.
A web server is also called WWW server.
Web servers are generally programs or software that
wait for requests from the web browser. Some examples
of web servers are: Apache, IIS, nginx, GWS, Netsite etc.

Definition

A Web Server is a WWW server that stores web

documents & responds to the requests made by web
browsers.

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Difference between a Server & a Web Server

Before we proceed further, it is important to understand

the difference between a server & a web server.

Server Web Server

A server is a computer or device on Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up)
a network that manages network web pages.in technical terms,
resources. A server serves requests
we can say that they handle HHTP requests.
mainly related to resources on the
network such as for sharing a For eg., if you enter the URL
http://www.ncertturoials.com/class10computernotes.htm
resources like printer or sharing
storage etc. in your browser, this sends a request to the web

There are many different types of server whose domain name is ncerttutorials.com.
servers such as a file server or a mail The server then fetches the page named
server or a webserver etc. class10computernotes.htm & sends it to your browser.

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Services Provided by a Server

As you already know that a server is a computer dedicated for
managing network resources, it is responsible for handling the
requests related to the resources on network.
Services provided by a server on a network include the
following among many others :
1. Equipment/Resource sharing
2. Centralised File Saving for Data Sharing
3. Centralised Virus Scanning
4. Centralised Backups

Services Provided by Webservers

A Web Server is completely dedicated to handling requests for

webpages. It provides following major services:
1. Serving Webpages
2. Running Gateway Programs (CGI) & returning output
3. Monitoring & logging all Access

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How Servers are different from Desktop

Computers:-
Servers are also computers but they have specific features.
Servers tend to differ from the average computer in terms of
following things/features:
Memory: - Servers require large amounts of RAM to work
efficiently.
Storage: - Servers need very large and fast hard disks.
Processing power: - Servers like application servers have
more processing power with multiple strong CPUs.
Backup drivers: - Most servers have inbuilt high-capacity tape
backup drivers to protect against data loss.
Connectivity: - Servers often have two or more fast network
cards to multiply the rate at which they can send and receive
data to the rest of the network.
Robustness: - Since servers run all day for years on end, the
components used in them need to be of higher quality than
those in the average desktop computer.
Scalability: - Servers are designed to be expandable as
network demand grows. Scalability is the ability to increase the
size and power of equipment and networks as required.

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Website
A website is a collection of webpages which are digital files generally
written using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). For a website to
be available to everyone in the world at all times, it must be stored or
“hosted’ on a computer that is connected to the Internet round the
clock.

Definition
A Website or a site is a group of related web pages hosted on a
web server and are linked together and share a common
interface and design.
Components of a Website
As you know that a website is a collection of related webpages
hosted on a server. There are some components essential for
making a website.
These are being listed below:-
Webhost: - Hosting is where a website is physically located.
Group of linked webpages qualify to be called a website only
when hosted on a webserver.
Address: - This is the address of the website (also called URL
of the site). When someone asks to see a website, he needs to
put this address into the web browser, and the asked site is
delivered by the webserver.

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Homepage: - Every website has a home page. It is the first

web page that appears when viewers go to a website.
Design: - It is the overall look and feel the website has as a
result of proper use and integration elements like navigation
menus, graphics, layout etc.
Content: - All the webpages contained in the website together
makeup the content of the website.
The navigation Structure: - It is order of the pages, the
collection of what links to what. Usually it is held together by at
least one navigation menu.

Web Pages
A Web page is a digital document that is linked to the
World Wide Web and viewable by anyone connected to the
internet having a web browser.
Components of a webpage
As you already know that a webpage is a digital
document containing information in digital form, still we are
asking this question – What does it conation or what are its
components?
Well, this question can be answered in more than one way:
 Components of a webpage, Content wise
 Components of a webpage, Structure wise

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Content wise
Content wise the components of a webpage are:
Hypertext and Hyperlinks.
Hypertext refers to a digital text, which is more than just
text as it can include information in various media formats such
as:
 Text
 images
 graphics
 video
 Sound
 Hyperlinks
Hyperlink refers to a link from a hypertext file to another such
file. A Hyperlink can be in the form of a graphic or text, upon
clicking where the linked document opens up.

Structure Wise
Structure wise the components of a web page are:
 Page Title
 Header
 Body of the web page

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 Navigational Links
 Footer

Web Browser
A web browser is a program that lets you visit different
sites on the Net and display their offerings on your computer.
You visit a site by supplying the browser with an address,
or URL.
There are many browser available in the market e.g., Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.
MOSAIC was the first web browser to come into market.
1. Graphical Browser
2. Text only browser

Blogs
A blog is a kind of website. The term “Blog” is the shortened
form of “weblog” - a diary or journal on the Web.
The owner of the blog writes on the blog & is known as Blogger or
author of the blog.
The activity of updating or writing for blog is called blogging.

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Definition
A person who writes and maintains a blog is called blogger & art of
writing a blog is called blogging.

Blogs usually have a few features that are useful for the blogger &
the readers.

Types of Blogs
Web of toady has millions upon millions blogs.
1. Personal Blog
2. News and views
3. Company blogs
4. Micro- blogs
Note: While blog poses no restriction on number of characters /
words for a post, microblog generally limits a post to certain
number of characters e.g., 140 characters is the limit for a post
(tweet) on twitter.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of blog

Advantages:
 Enables you to write down your thoughts on anything that
interests you.
 Easy to set up; don’t need much technical knowledge.
 Easy and quick to updated or add new posts.
 People can leave comments on your blog.
 If you want to read other people’s blogs there are literally
millions to choose from.

Disadvantages:-
 Whatever you publish is available for everyone to see. If
you write a post in anger you might regret later.
 Personal blogs may biased or contain inaccurate
information.
 Blogs can be time-consuming. Finding tome to write
regular updates can become a chore.
 People may leave rude or inappropriate comments.
 There are many are dull blogs round. You may have to look
at many before you find some worth reading.

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