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Basic Java

The document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts, explaining key principles such as objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It emphasizes the importance of abstraction in managing complexity and describes how classes serve as blueprints for creating objects with shared properties and behaviors. Additionally, it covers data types, variables, and operators in Java, highlighting their roles in programming.

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0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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Basic Java

The document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts, explaining key principles such as objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It emphasizes the importance of abstraction in managing complexity and describes how classes serve as blueprints for creating objects with shared properties and behaviors. Additionally, it covers data types, variables, and operators in Java, highlighting their roles in programming.

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wwwkartiksingh121

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© © All Rights Reserved

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[1 Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts Object Oriented Programming (OOF) is an approach that provides a Way for modularising programs by creating partition ‘ed memory area for bot data and functions (be, OO} fin object can be considered asa partitioned area of omputer memory that stores dat and a set of opera tions that can access that data. OBJECTS AND CLASSES Objects in programming are just ike real world objects like humans, cas phones. tte. To understand in simple terms, let us tke on example ofa simple object of 4 clas Student. Consider one object ie. a student, arsed Sanjay. Sanjay has some attributes tihich represent basic information abou" im Uke Tas name, colt number ane adress and ing, jogs, singing, CC ‘hermore some functions that he performs like studing eating, Wall hie object. This, ‘A Class defines the common properties of objects — itis a blueprint of t awe us to rake many objets ofthe sa <; etc). A character encoding tells the computer how to interpret raw characters by pairing numbe from characters and ti different types of character en 8-bit encodings, and Unicod Encape nequence are » interpretation of as is. an escape sequence eroes and ones into real with characters. Words and sentences in text are created ‘odings, but the ones we deal most frequently with are ASCII, based encodings. Pecial set of characters that are used to signal an alternative 8 of characters, In Java, a character preceded by a backslash (\) and has special meaning to the Java compiler. Escape sequences available in Java are: Inseits a tab in the text at this point. ——~" Inserts a backspace in the text at this point. Inserts a newline in the text at this point. Inserts a carriage return in the text at this point. Inserts a formfced in the text at this point. Inserts a single quote character in the text at-this point. Inserts a double quote character in the text at this point. Inserts a backslash character in the text at this point: Bi ™ eerie, Ep miaweeet SsIntroduction to Object Orlented Proyramming Concepts For example, if we want to put quotes within quotes we must use the excape sequence, \", on the interior quotes: ystom.out.printin‘She sald \"Hollol\” to mo"); Output: She said “Mello!” to me. TOKENS \/ In every human language (tke English), there are words and symbols which bi meaning, Similarly, all programming languages have a set of predefined words In Java programming language they arc called tokens. ea predefined ‘thus Java Tokens are the smallest units of a Java program that are ‘compiler for constructing expressions and statements) There are five types of tok 1., Keserved Keywords: They are the words that have a special predefined pury ina Java program. — 2. Identifiers: They represent names which can be assigned to variables, methous And classes to uniquely identify them. In Java the user (programmer) defined names are called identifiers. 3, Viterals or Constants: They refer to a fixed value that does not change during the execution of the program. Java supports several types of constants. See the diagram below. {integer } [Real } (character } | Sting } Boolean Deciinal Octal Hexadecimal 4, Pperators: They are the mathematical symbols used to perform mathematical and logical operations among two or more variables or iiterals called operands. ‘There are many types of operators available in Java such as: Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators, Assignment Operators te, a They are symbols that help define the structure of a program. The separators used in Java are Parenthesis (), Braces Q, Brackets |], Semicolon;, Colon :, comma , and Period . Seep rama QD pe deaen es aise aes astoa variable is def 8 defin using some keywor, aa in type of data it holds, the we explicitly define the data type by can change, The vasiabl lata types: Java. As the name suggests the value of the variabl le name follows the naming rules of identifiers. A variabie is the n: an initial value, ae date area in memory. It needs to be initialised .e., assigned occupied by the variable, n tells the computer how much memory space would be Java allows iable: seta 8 Variables to be initialised dynamically, i., during execution of a program: EX An Exampte double n = 5: double square = n'n; In the above example, a variable n is declared. However, variable square is initialised dynamically. ‘Types of Variables ‘There are three type of variables in Java J Local variable; A variable which is declared inside a method és SY qnstance veriable: A variable which is declared inside a class but ; inethod is called instance variable. } > Static variable: Static variable must called local variable. outside any be explicitly declared as static. BE] Anzxanple Class Color { Int red =25500; Instance variable Void main(String argsQ)}{ Int yellow = 2552550; }¥ main function budy ends here } il class body ends here MiLocal variable ‘final’ keyword > When you define a variable as final the value of the variable remains constant throughout the program. This value cannot be changed under any circumstance. final int a= 10; > When we denne a class as final it cannot be inherited by any sub-class even if we use ‘extend’ keyword. Parameter _ ‘A parameter is the value that can be passed to a method in Java. The method can ui se the parameter as though it were a local variable initialised wit passed to it by the calling method. We shall study this in ical een this ook, nateIntroduction to Object Oriented Pragramming Concepts DATA TYPES A data type is defined as the set of possible values a variable can hold. In Java there are basicaily two types of data types. > Primitive data types o1 fundamental data types are predefined data pes provided by a programming language tv store date in a variable, > Non-primitive duto espe are the data types muce up of the combinations and sequences of muliiple variables of primitive data types. Non-primitive data types. are Arrays, Strings and other complex data structure. » Data Type 1 Non-Primitive I stein Boolean Numeric a ts }— Array Character tnegat — Complex data structura i | ¢ char J “| meena integor Floating point tue flea | {J t 4 byte int = shot = Jong float double Figure 1.2: Data Types Solved Examples Q1. Program which displays declaration of variable of int data type and initialisation of a variable. Ans, class P1{ static void main() { inta; Ildeclaring variable. ; initialisation of variable , ‘System.out.printin(a); _ NEN,Total Computer Applications - 19 Program showing use of char data type to store characters. j Q2. Ans, class P2{ static void main() : charet = 63: Iicorresponding integer value for X charc2 ="Y> gystem.outprint(ct &e2 >") gystem.out printinict # + 62); } } Note: Every character has an intey = AZ (65 = 9%) ans -2(97-" ay OPERATORS IN Ji Special Symbol 4 peas Bpecific operations on one, tx or mate See ores sen e paler variable. An expaston isa comtfnotten of operands and operator that perform a specific operation Forms of Operates There are basically three forms of operators depending anithe operands each takes. They are: 1, Unary Operators: Operators that require “Gf operations such astrovetssing/decreant booiean value. Sealey operand to perform different kinds ing an expression, or inverting a n.l.eates positive value (however, rumbers + | Unary plus se positive without inis) [=] Unary minus oper negates ait expression ++ | Increment operator increments a value by 1 = Decrement operator decrements a value by 1 ! Logical complement operator | inverts a boolean value 2. "Binary Operators: Operators that require two operands. The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus on integer and floating point numbers. The following table summarises the binary arithmetic operations in Java. Addition Operator = Subtraction Operator ees Miltiplication Operator 7 Division Operator % © Remainder OperatorEe de roise Introduction to Object Orlented Programming Concepts ‘The ternary operator 8, Ternary Operators: Operators thnt require three operands "Pisa conditional operator that provides a shorter syntax forthe if.then.else slaferent. The frst operand isa boolean expression; i he expression is He then the value of the second operand is returned othervsise the valve of the third operand is retuned. Tre flowing progros) lays the absolut sae of» variable sin- > PF public ass 7 — . \ The out * wilite as st jae vod check) ** cote vale of 5 5 ® ‘ ee Yévalue of-5 is 5 value keice ici Magelthe gysiemoutpiin( sok" eof" #18 Kh 1<0742i Mo gethe absolute val system oun sae valu of #1» “s+ pes of Operators ic manipulate ‘variables, We can divide all the Java. operators to tothe folloving roups ~~ Asthmetie Operators (*,-* /) > Relational Operators P< > osical Operators (AND, OR NOT) > Inorement and Decrement Operators > Shorthand Operators (2) tH} ‘The operator precedence order of Java is shown in the table below. Operators atthe top ofthe table are applied before operators lower down in the table. Iftwo operators havethe same precedence, they are applied in the onder hey eppeas ‘na statement. That is, fom fos ‘access array clement left to right aocess object member | ; parentheses : ‘unary post-increment not associative unary post-decremetPee ee Total Computer Applications ~ 10 Tape unary pre-inerement 7 i unary pre-decrement $ 4 unary plus - © Punary mina ! unary logical NOT - unary bity..se NOT mm 10 right to left new 12 * 1% | left to right Lie ifF- | additive ; left to right + String concatenation to \<<>> shift left to right I a> t 9 << relational not associative >= instanceof 3 = equality left to right l= 7 (|& bitwise AND left to right 6. a4 bitwise XOR left to right | 5 i bitwise OR left to right 4 (8% logical AND. left to right 3 i iogical OR left to right 2 ale | ternary right to left 1 | assignment Tight to ieit JAVA PACKAGES » / Package in Java is a mechanism to encapsulate a group of classes, subpackages and interfaces. All we need to do is to put related classes into packages. After that we can simply import a class from existing packages andl use it in our program. A package is @ container of a group of related clasges where some of the classes are accessible and others are kept for internal purpose. We can reuse existing classes from the packages as many times as we need in our program. Packages are used for: » Preventing naming conflicts. For example, there can be two classes with name Employee in two packages, college.staff.cse. Employee and college.staff.ce. Employee sy ; > Making search and usage of classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations ier Fas Mp scenceOO —— Introduction to Object Driented Programining > Providing controlled access: protected and control. A protected member is accessible by ; sub-classes, A default member (without any access SPeo in the same package only. > Packages can be considered as dat . Types of Packages I. Built-in Packages: These packages consist of a I Fart of Java API. Some of the commonly few > java lang: Contains language support lasss data types, math operations). This package is at > java.io: Contains classes for supporting input/output operations. ; tility. fh impicment data structures li > java.util: Contains utility classes which implemer List, Diction...y and support for Date/Time operations. classes for creating Applets. > java.net: Contain classes for supporting neiwor default have classes in the fier) a encapsulation (or data large number used built-in packages ar: Concepts package level access fame package and its is accessible by classes hiding). of classes which are a civdefines primitive utomatically imported. ce Linked ting the components for graphical user king operations. I. User-defined packages: These are the packages that are defined by the us=r. INPUT IN JAVA Java programs perform Input-Output through streams. A stream is an abstraction that either brings or sends information. To bring in information, a program opens a stream on an information source (a file, memory) and reeds the information sequeatially. Sizuilarly, = >-ngram can send information to an exter~rl destination by opening a stream to the destination and sequentially writing the information. InputSteam OutputStream | ‘Sourre. 40104 1010101 anenians| le Read Write Figure 1.3: Streams Source The algorithms for sequentially reading and writing data are the same for all types of data. Reading Writing © openastream _while more information information ae stream close the stream open a stream e000 while more information. write informationJ . > > a ll ee ee US eC Total Computer Applications ~ 10 mes Wwa.io package contains a collection of stream classes that support these algorithms for reading and writing, To use these classes, a program needs to import the java.to package. AllYava programs automatically import the java lang package. This defines a class called System, which encapsulates several aspects of run-time environment. It also contains three pre-defined stream variables, in, out, and ere. System.cut refers to the standard output stream. By default, it is the console. System_in refers to standard input stream. By default, this is the keyboard. System.err Terers to standard etror stream, which is console by default. In Java, conscle input is accomplished by reading System.in. To obtain a characcer-hased stream that is attached to the console, you wrap System.in in a BufferedReader object, to create a character stream. Look at the following program. import java.io."; putlic class Breadli { "porting the io package Public void demo() throws IOException { String s; BufferedReader tr = new BufferedR 2ader(new inputStreamReader(Systern.in)); \Wreading characters from cansole ‘Ss = brreaJLine(); ‘System.out printin(s); \displaying the input characters on the console } ‘The output is shown in Figure. 1.4. Figure 1.4: Reading Strings The Java Scanner class (java.util.Scanner) breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to read and parse various primitive values. The following is a list of commonly used Scanner class methods: BD re rnennetunten reerIntroduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts ‘public short hextShort() “0 public Tong nextlo: Scatis the tiext token as a short value. public int nexthy Scans the next token as an int value. at Scans the next token as a long value. ae public float nextFloat() Scans the next token as a float value. public double nextDouble() Scans the next token, as a double value public String next() pation the next token from the scanner. public String nextLine() | Moves the scanner Position to the next line and returns the value as a string. EJ An Example / A program to print number that is provided by the user. import java.util. Scanner; public class Examiple { public static void main(Stringl] args) { ‘Scanner scan = new Scanner(System in): short num; Output: ‘System.out.print(‘Please enter 2 numer: "); Please enter a number: 12 num = scan.nextShort(); Number is 12 ‘System.out.printin('‘Number is ” + num); scan.cluse(); ¥} MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY METHODS ‘The Java Math class provides more advanced mathematical calculations than what the basic Java math operators provide. The following is a list of some frequeatly usd math operators: Ce Cee ae creed pr pow) |double, | double | Returns’ power’ valué' of @ouble-type where the double function first parameter is base, second parameter ‘i ‘is index. sqrt) double double’ | Returns square root of double type value of a given g number passed as argument ceil( double or | double. _ | Returns the double value sree ie argument float value (counts up).Total Computer Applications - 10 floor)“ "| double o¢ 7] double | Return the jeu than the argument H “| float valué (counts down). 9 = : round) | double or | int or long | Rounds fo the nearest ihteger. float | avsa - double or double Returns absolute value of variable a. float mas) doutte, double | Returns maximum value of the two numeric values double Z ming. douple, double Returns minimum value of the two numeric values. double random) | Nit double Return random positive real value between O to 1 ive. it may be U.1 or 0.4 or 0.6 oF 0.66 etc. cbrt) double double Returns the cube root of double type value ofa given i number passed as arguement. EI an Bxampte import java.iang.*; import jeva.util Scanner, - . : Soeeeenenes Public class Exampie { Output: Please enter first number: 2 public static void main(String args{]) ( Please enter second number: 4 Scanner sean = new Scanner(System.in); pow(2.0,4.0) is 16.0 double xy; — ‘System.outprint("Please enter first number: * x=scan.nextDouble(); ‘System.outpririt(Please enter second number: * y=scan.nextDouble(); ‘System.out printin’?pow("+x+","+y+") is “+ Math.pow(x, y } , CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTS IN JAVA Often a program may be required to cause the flow of execution not to advance in linear Jeduance but branch to some statement, based on changes to the state of a program. Java's Program control statements can be put into the following categories: selectio: iteration and jump. — - 1. Selection StatementsIntroduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts upporta the fatten Fabsequent selection of some of the several possible actions. « types of selection statements: (i) THE IF STATEMENT Syntax: iIstatemen } | IIstatement-x; | where, if is a reserved word. test expressicn is any expression that returns a boolean value. If the test expression is true then statement-block w.i/be executed and then statement-x will be executed. If the teat expression is false, the sigtement-block does not get executed, and only staiement-x gets executed. statement can be a single statement or a block of statements enclosed in curly braces {ii) The if-else Statement: The if-eise statement is conditional branch statement. It js used to select one alternative stutement out of to. ‘Syntax: expression) { statement ”| \ aise (2 | iffatse block-statements; | sey AEE { J Ustatement-x; (iii) The if-else-if Statement: Another if construct is the i is based upon a sequence of nested ifs. The general form is given below. else-if ladder construct that ono HHOPOPPPPPRD a. ek On oO oo ovTotal Computer Applications ~ 10 EX 4n Example ; The following program prints the grades according to the marks input by user public class StudentResult { public static void main ( String! } args) { int marks=05; if (marks<50) { System.out.printin(fail"); Jelse if ( marks>=50 && marks<60 ) { " $ystem-out.printin('D grade"); else if ( marks>=60 && marks<70 ) { Systcm.out.printin("C grade"); Jelse if (marks>=70 && marks=0 && marks<90 ){ ‘System.out.printin(“A grade"); Jelse ifmarks>=90 && marks<100){ System.out.printin(‘A+ grade"); jelse( System.out.printin(‘. valid!" dd} {iv} Nested if; A nested ifis.an if statement that is to be executed as a target of another ifor else. It is important to remember in case of nested ifs that an else statement always tefers to the nearest if statement that is within the same biock as the else. f..The Swi*ch Statement: statement thet provides a bett: general form of a swi The switch statement ic tava’s multiway branch selection ‘er alternative for a large series of if-else-if statements. The ‘itch statement is given as follows. switch(expression) { case valuet: JUistatement sequence; case valueN: Ustatement sequence: break; > default: Uidefault statement sequence; } aeIntroduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts The expression also called case label must be of type byte, short, int, or char and should be unique. The switch statement works like this: The value of the expression is compared with cach of the literal values in the ease statements. If no match is found, the code sequence following the case statement is executed. If none of the con:.ants match the value of the statement is executed. On encountering the break statem © expression, then the default ent, execution branches to the fst line of code that follows the entire switch construct, Study the following programs one using if-else contruct and another with switch-case. Both define class Calculator with methods to do basic calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. . class Calculator { double add(douile x,double y) { retum (x+y); } double sub(double x,double y) { retum (cy); t double mul(doubie x,double y) { retum (x*y); e } 3 dauble civ(double x,double y) { return (xly); } void calculate(couble a, double b, char op) { +) { } else if(op 3 ‘ans = sub(a,b); //calling subfunction sub(); } else if(op —y){ ans = mult(a,b); //calling subfunction mult(); } i else if(op == 7) { class Calculator { double add(double x,double y) { return (x+y); } double sub(double x,doub'e y) { ~return (x-y); leas double mul(double x,double y) { return (x*y); } double div(double x,double y) { return (x/y); } void calculate(double a, double b, char op) { double ans = s © switeh(op) { : * case ans break; case: ans = mult(a,b);Systan out printi(“Iavalid option’); j System ox printa(“Answer Is :"+0n8); Il, Iterative Constructs-Loops A loop is a set of instructions that are repeatedly is met, A loop construct usually includes four ote executed until a termination condition 3, Initialisation of the court Exeertion of the stater the loop. 3. Test for a specified condition for execution of the loop. 4, Incrementation or decrersentation of the counter. inite loop and indefinite loop. ‘There are two basic types of loo (i) Definite Lo a loop which perforins aap to given lim-t. Example, 5 times, 10 times, n times. (ii) Indefinite Loop: Broadly loop constructs are cla "1. Entry controlled loops: In these loop constructs, the test expression “ before cach iteration. ‘The for,,) and whe) ¢ Java are examples of entry controlled loops. 2, Exit controlled loops: In these loop constructs, the test expression is evaluated erforms as long as the user wants. evaluated loops of . afler each iteration. Such loops always execute at least once even if the condition is false. The do|...}whild) loop of Java is an example of exit controlled loops. 1. THE while LOOP: It repeats a statement or a block of statements, while the expression that controls it is true. The general form of while statement is given below. while(condifion) Mboxsy of loop }FE Introduction to Object Ortented Programming Concepts Given below is an example of a while loop that displays 1-10 on the screen. class Loopt public static void main() ‘ inti finitial condition wihile(I<=10) System.out printin(); it; yincremepitation $ " 40 ; Systemoutprintn( HS isthe end"); tart i } 2. THE do-while LOOP: The do-while I rather than at the beginning, The do-while once. The general form of do-while loop is. given below. ‘The do-while loop first executes the body of the joop and then evaluates the condition. If true, the loop repeats. Otherwise t bea oop tests the condition at the end of the Inop, Toop thus executes the body of the loop at least do II body ofthe loop )wihite(éondition), : condition is the Joop terminates. The ccndition mus! boolean expression. tig exampi- given below to see how the do-while loop functions. class Loop2{ public void demo() { Output: intn=10; The number is 10 do This is the end { Leok ‘System.out.print("The number is: System out.printin(n); n=ntt; Jwhile(n < 10}; System.out.printin(‘This is the end"); } } 3. THE for LOOP: A for loop provi rming provides a step-by- i i ‘The parts of a for loop handle these steps: a nn > Set the initial value Se erent ip eremensoget eres ss‘Totat Computer Apptcations - 10 S Parform a test to see whether the loop should continue > Executing the loop actions > Update value(s) used for the test below. ‘The general form of for ioop is sation ; condition ; iteration) fortinit { Hoody of the loop } The for loop operates as follows: 1. When the loop starts, the iitialisation portion of the loop is executed. The for Joop performs initialisation ju:st once. It is used to set starting value of loop-control- variable(s). Next the condition is evaluated. This must be a boolean expression. The condition determines whether the loop body gets executed. If the condition evaluated is true, then the body of the loop is executed. If the condition is false, the loop terminates and the statement immediately following the for loop is executed. 3. Next the incrementation/decrementation portion is executed. It is usually an expression that increments or decre:nents the loop-control-variatle. 4, The loop then iterates, first evaluating the conditional expression, then executing the body of the loop, and then executing the iteration expression. This process repeats until the condition is false. iy public void lines() { int ctr; Thisis line: 3 Thisis line: 4 Mereates a counter for(ctr=1; etr<=10; ctr=ctr+1) ‘System.out printin("This is line: “+ ctr); System out prntin( "This is the end’); } Il. Jump Statements Jump statements are used to interrupt the normal flow of program. These statement are ‘used to jump to another séction of m. jump : ees a amie alae ion of the program. Types of jump statements are break, pressesIntrastuetion te Odfeet Ortented Nogrnmm AL The Break statement: tis seat tocome out of the loop instantly, Whenever a brent Rtatentent is enomunterad insite a loop, the contol directly eames ont oftoop and the loop Rots terminated for rest of the itertions. Concepts BX an Seampte: Use of break iu 6 white loop Tn the ante given below we have a while loop tamniag fom Oto 100 but gines we have a drank statement that oaty sorts when be Loop vale reaches 2, the loop geta terminated and the eontyo! gots prrssed hy the Next statemtent in program ater the loop hod puiic class BroakE amp t { pudtc stato wold main(String angst) itn =O; wwhidegnamss 100) {| Systom.out. printed Vahto of variable is: “#num); | Output: y } Value of variable is: 0 umes Value of variable is: 1 1 Value of variable is: 2 System.out.printinCOut of whiletooo"); ‘Qut-af whitetoop 3 Ej Ax Seampte: Use of break in a for loop pudlic clase BraakExample? { public static void main(String args{ ]{ int var, for (var =100; var>=10; var ~) { ‘System.out.printin(var: “+var); if (var==99) { break; Out of fortoop } } - ‘System.out printin(‘Out of for-foop” y} EE] An Example: Use of break statement in switch-case public class BreakExample3 { public static void main(String args{)Total Computer Applications - 10 break; case 2: System.out.printin("Case 2"); break; case 3: System.owt.printin(’Case 3" break; defeult: | System.cut.printin(‘Default *); yd) 2. The Continue Statement Whenever the continue statement is encountered inside a loop, the beginning of the loop for next iteration, ski control directly jumps to ipping the execution of statements inside loop’s body for the current iteration. This is useful in cases where it may be necessary to continue the loop but we do not want the rest of the statements(after continue statement) in loop body to execute for that particular iteration. — An Example: Use of continue in while loop We are iterating this lop from 10 to 0 for counter value and when the counter value is 7 thc loop skipped the print statement and started next iteration of the while loop. f public class ContinueExampiet ( ! public static void main(String argsf ]){ Ovtput: ! int counter= eee 10986543210 if (counter==7) { counter; ! continue; } ‘System.out.print(counter+” *); counter; y}) a E] An Example: Use of continue statement inside for loop ; public class ContinueExample2{ ay public static void main(String args[)){ Output 012356 continue; ” : } System.out.print(j+" "); yyts Introduction to Object Oriented Programming ConceP EX An Exampte: Use of continue in do-While 100 Public class ContinueExample3 { las Outputi Public static void main(String args{)){ 0 5 ? 345689 is continue; } System.out.print(+ itty ' Jwhilei When working with nested loops, the outer loop changes only after the inner loop is completely finished (or is interrupted).Total Computer Applications ~ 10 > There is no limit on the number of levels of nes ing. for e.g., we can have one loop inside one another loop which is in turn is inside one more loop. > There could be multiple loops at the same level inside one loop. >» We can have combination of for and while loops in any order — for inside while, while inside for, for and while in the same level etc. Figure 1.5: Nested Loops Nested loops are useful for printing patterns. Study the following examples. © 4nkzxampie A program to print Floyd’s right angle triangle using the natural numbers. import java.util. Scanner, publ 2 Gaver wuyiei s{ public static void main(String argsi) { int range, ij, k-1; ‘Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); ‘Systein.cutprinf(‘Enter Range (Upto How Many Line 2):“); range = scan.nextint(); ‘System.outprrint(*Floyd's Triangle -in’); for(i=1; i<=range; i++) { for(=t System.outprint(k + **); } System out printin(); ya}Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts Enter Range (peo few Meny Line 2) : 10 | Ficyd's Iriangle : 42 12 13 14 1s 1€ 17 1s 19 20 21 i 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22 30 $1 32 33 34 95 36 37 38 33 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 4@ 49 50 31 52 53 54 55 eS Bo an sxampte A program to print pascal triangle for a given number of rows. import java.util Scanner; Public class JavaPascalTiiangle { Public siatic void main(String argsf) { intr, i, k, number=1, i: Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System. out print("Enter Number of Rows r= scan.nextint(); isritt) { for(k=r; kei; k-){ System.out print(“*); Output: } number = 4; for(=0;<=1j++)( System out prin(number* * number = number * ('-j) / + 4); } System out printin();Total Computer Applications - 10 recess or set of rtles t fol Marin u ae cae problem-solving operations, tapecrallyihy-a computers" Encoding Converting the readable text/data into eneaded {urmn i.e, converting human readable language to computer language(binary). Initialisation Assigning the initial value toa variable or object. ; Model A description of a system or procedure from a particular perspective. Object ‘A software bundle of variables and related methods. Class A blueprint or prototype that defines variables and the methods common to all objects of a certain kind. Abstraction Representation of essential features ofa system without getting involved wich the comp!exity of the entire system. Inheritance ‘The process by which one object acquices the properties of another object. * Polymerphism Capability of an interface todo different things based.on the data of different types it, accepts and gives the desired output accordingly : Encapsulation Internal representation of an object is generally hidden from view | outside of the object’s definition. S Method Asvbprogram that acts on data ead returns some values. Expression A construct comprising variables, operators and method invocations thai evaluates to a single value.” Statements Acomplete unit of execution (similar to seutences). Block ‘Agroup of one or more statements between a pair of curly braces that can be used anywhere w single Statement is allowed, » Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a software programming model constructed around objects. This model compartmentalises data into objects (data fields) and describes object contents and behaviour through the declaration of classes (methods). » There are basically four principles of the object oriented programmin; : y 7 1g paradigm i.e Abstraction, Inheritance Polymorphism and Encapsulation, A Class is a description of a group of objects with common properties (attributes), behaviour (operations), relationships, and semantics. ° © Aclass is an abstraction. © An object is an instance of a class. ‘The character set is a set of alphabets, letters and some special characters that are valid in Java language. Tokens are the smallest units of a Java program that are used by the Java compiler for constructing expressions and statements, There are five types of tokens: Reserved Keywords, Identifiers, Literals Operators and Separators.String Handling STRING CLASS ters in a sequence; for example a word can be a String String is a collection of charact le a word o aie nentence can also be a String. A String is treated as object which is constant i, ‘a String can not be changed once it created in a program. A String can be declared as follows: ‘Sting str = “hello java"; or String str = new String(“hello java’); N java once a String object is created it cannot be modified or changed i.e. String Re eriacmesre enable modification of Strings we have StringBuffer class. Thus StringBuffer class is mutable. Creating a String There are two to ways to create a String: 1. Use of String Literal 2. Use of new Keyword 1. String Literal A.user can create a simple String by using String literal which would be enclosed inside double quotes. When String literal countered gram the Java compiler creates ‘String object with value of String literal. Syntax: , BE z 2 {String str = “hello java"; String literal is a reference which can be manipulated like other String reference. The reference value of String literal can be assigned to another String reference. If we create two or more Strings with same sequence of characters then both String would share same reference in memory.ca. tht Example 1: Creating a single String literal, tingteample sting Eat] Class C4 Toole Options | sornne smsin(String orgst) hello"; i Gass Est Tools Options public stetse 34 aain(Striog avast) strirg sie"he String <2=*hello"; systen.outprintin( st ): ‘system.out.println( s2 )> Gascanpie-n syn { ot ist an only enter input while your prograreang 2s rersan Note: In Example 2 two String literals are created with same sequence of characters. AS ‘we know that two or more String literals with same sequence of character share same reference in memory pointing to the same object. Thus s1 and s2 point to the same object. 2. Using new Keyword " By using String literal we can create multiple Strings. If we assign two or more String objects to literals with same character sequence then the compiler creates a single object to point to the same object, To solve these type of problems we use new keyword. By using new keyword we can create an object in the same way as we create other objects: In Java the String class has 11 constructors which provide the initial value of a character. AGB verses + Et ~ a a NN =

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