Chapter 1: Quadratics

Quadratic formula
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= for 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑎

Completing Square
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 = (𝑥 ± 2) − (2) ± 𝑐 for 𝑎(𝑥 ± ℎ)2 ± 𝑘 where ℎ = 2 in (𝑥 ± 2) and 𝑘 =
𝑏 2
− (2 ) ± 𝑐

Maximum and Minimum or Stationary or turning points in Parabola

If 𝑎 > 0 in 𝑎(𝑥 ± ℎ)2 ± 𝑘 then minimum / stationary/turning point coordinates are (ℎ, 𝑘)

If 𝑎 < 0 in 𝑎(𝑥 ± ℎ)2 ± 𝑘 then maximum / stationary/turning point coordinates are (ℎ, 𝑘)

Roots in a parabola or quadratic equation

Discriminant (𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐) comes from 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Chapter 2: Functions
Domain and Range
Set of input values of a function / the X-axis of the function’s graph is called Domain

Set of output values of function / the Y-axis of the function’s graph is called Range

The domain and range of composite function fg(𝑥 ) Is domain and range of g (𝑥 )

A function’s domain is range of its inverse

A function’s range is domain of its inverse

Functions
𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) =𝑓 −1 𝑓(𝑥 ) =𝑥

A function can be inverse if it is one – one function

Draw the function’s graph and then make line Y=X and the reflected graph from Y=X will be
the inverse function’s graph

Fg (𝑥 ) Means the function g(𝑥 ) Is inside the function f (𝑥 )

Transformation
Function Coordinates Transformation Transformed Transformed
function coordinates
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥, 𝑦 Reflection along 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 −𝑓(𝑥) (𝑥, −𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥, 𝑦 Reflection along 𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑓(−𝑥) (−𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥, 𝑦 Stretching in 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑘𝑥) (𝑥/𝑘, 𝑦)
Scale factor1/𝑘
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑥, 𝑦 Stretching in 𝑘𝑓 (𝑥 ) (𝑥, 𝑘𝑦)
𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑘
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑦)
Translation at
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎 (𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑎)
Translation at

Two vertical transformation or two horizontal transformations will change the function for
different order
One horizontal and one vertical transformation will not change the function for different
order

For Vertical transformations the normal order of operations (BODMAS) is applied

For Horizontal transformations the inverse order of operations (BODMAS) is applied

Chapter 2: Coordinate Geometry
Straight Lines
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Midpoint of a straight line = ( , ) with given coordinates of points (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) and
2 2
(𝑥2, 𝑦2)
𝑦 −𝑦
Gradient of a straight line= 𝑥2−𝑥1 with given coordinates of points (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2, 𝑦2)
2 1

Length of the line/Segment = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 with given coordinates of

points(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and (𝑥2, 𝑦2)

For parallel lines gradient of first line (𝑚1 ) and gradient of second line (𝑚2 ) are equal

(𝑚1 ) = (𝑚2 )

For perpendicular lines the gradient of first line(𝑚1 ) multiplied with gradient of second line
(𝑚2 ) gives −1

(𝑚1 ) × (𝑚2 ) = −1

Equation of Straight line: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1) for 𝑚 is gradient pf straight line and the
coordinates of a point are (𝑥, 𝑦) and (𝑥1,𝑦1)

Equation of Circle
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 for (𝑎, 𝑏) is coordinate of center of circle and 𝑟 is radius and
(𝑥, 𝑦) is coordinate of a point in the circumference of circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 which is derived from (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 and

(−𝑔, −𝑓) is the coordinate of center of circle and √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 is radius of circle
Chapter 4: Circular Measure
Radians and Degrees
Π Radians = 180°
Π
Degrees to radians, Degrees×
180

180
Radians to degrees, Radians × Π

Arc length and Area of sector

Arc length = 𝑟𝜃 , where 𝜃 is in radians
1
Area of sector = 2 𝑟 2 𝜃 , where 𝜃 is in radians
Chapter 5: Trigonometry
Positive and Negative angles
Angles measured anticlockwise from positive X-axis are positive

Angles measured clockwise from positive X-axis are negative

Quadrant

Short form: A (All (1st quadrant)) S (Sin (2nd quadrant)) T

(Tan (3rd quadrant)) C (Cos (4th quadrant))
Trigonometric graphs
Inverse Trigonometric function with Domain and Range

Trigonometric Identities
sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥=1
Chapter 6: Series
Binomial Expansion

is equal to

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
2! 3!

Arithmetic Series
For 𝑛𝑡ℎ term = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 where 𝑎 is first term and 𝑑 is the common difference

For last term 𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 where 𝑎 is first term and 𝑑 is the common difference
𝑛 𝑛
Sum of 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙) = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) where 𝑎 is first term and 𝑙 is last term
and 𝑑 is common difference

Geometric Series
For 𝑛𝑡ℎ term = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 where 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is the common ratio

For last term 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 where 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is the common ratio
𝑎(1−𝑟𝑛 ) 𝑎(𝑟𝑛 −1) 𝑎(1−𝑟𝑛 )
Sum of 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑂𝑅 where 𝑆𝑛 = (Geometric converging
1−𝑟 𝑟−1 1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟𝑛 −1)
series) is applicable if −1 < 𝑟 < 1 and 𝑆𝑛 = (Geometric diverging series) is
𝑟−1
applicable if 𝑟 > 1 and 𝑟 ≤ −1 and 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is the common ratio
𝑎
Sum of infinite Geometric series 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 where −1 < 𝑟 < 1 and 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is
the common ratio
Chapter 7: Differentiation
Gradient of curve
𝑑𝑦
of a curve is gradient of the curve(𝑚)
𝑑𝑥

Tangent and Normals

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑚, where 𝑚 is the gradient of a line, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1) with coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) and
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
1 1
The normal of the curve is − 𝑚 where 𝑚 is the gradient and 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1) with
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Four rules of differentiation

𝑑
Power rule: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 , where 𝑥 is a variable and 𝑛 is a variable or a number

𝑑 𝑑
Scalar multiple rule: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑘𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)), 𝑘 is any number and 𝑓(𝑥) is a function

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Addition and Subtraction rule: 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)) ± 𝑑𝑥 (𝑔(𝑥)) where 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑔(𝑥) are functions
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Chain rule 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥

Second Derivatives
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Increasing and Decreasing function

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for a given interval of 𝑥 if 𝑑𝑥 > 0 throughout the interval

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing for a given interval of 𝑥 if < 0 throughout the interval
𝑑𝑥

Stationary /turning/maximum/minimum points for parabola

𝑑𝑦
At stationary/maximum/minimum/turning point 𝑑𝑥 = 0 for a given function

𝑑𝑦
At maximum point = 0 where the gradient of the parabola is positive on the left and
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
negative on the right and second derivatives 𝑑𝑥 2 < 0
 𝑑𝑦
At minimum point 𝑑𝑥 = 0 where the gradient of the parabola is negative on the left and
𝑑2𝑦
positive on the right and second derivatives >0
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2𝑦
Second derivatives are𝑑𝑥 2 is used to find the whether the stationary/turning point is
maximum/minimum.

Rates of change
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 × 𝑑𝑡 where 𝑑𝑡 is rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to time and 𝑑𝑡 is rate of change of
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 with respect to time
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
can also be written as or 1 ÷
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Chapter 8: Integration
Indefinite Integration formulae
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑥 is a variable and 𝑛 is either a number
or variable

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 where c is constant and 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝐹(𝑥) are different function,𝐹(𝑥) is
derivative of 𝑓(𝑥)
1
∫ (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑛+1) (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)𝑛+1 + 𝑐 where 𝑏 and 𝑐 is constant and 𝑥 is a variable and
𝑎 is coefficient

∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) is a function and 𝑘 is a constant

∫ (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is a function

Definite Integration formula

𝑏 1 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 ) 𝑛, 𝑎, 𝑏 are constant or a number
𝑎

𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝐹(𝑥))𝑎 where 𝐹(𝑥) is the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑏 1 𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎(𝑛+1) (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)𝑛+1 ) where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑛 are a variable or a number and 𝑥 is
𝑎
a variable
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑘 is a number
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is a function

Area under the curve

 𝑏 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 or 𝐴 = ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝐴 is the area of the
curve in 𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑦 or 𝑓(𝑦) is the curve and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the points in the 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑎 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or 𝐴 = ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝐴 is the area
of the curve in 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥)is the curve and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the points in 𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝐴 is the area
for the curve and 𝑓(𝑥) is the upper function and 𝑔(𝑥) is the lower function in the 𝑌 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the points in 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Improper Integrals
∞
For ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∞ is replaced with a variable 𝑥 which is take a finite value, after the
integration but before their addition or subtraction the 𝑥 is replaced with ∞
 𝑏
For ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −∞ is replaced with a variable 𝑥 which is a finite value, after the
integration but before their addition or subtraction 𝑥 is replaced with −∞
𝑏
For ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) is undefined because of value of 𝑎 , 𝑎 is replaced with a definite
value variable 𝑥 after the integration but before their addition or subtraction 𝑥 is replaced
with 𝑎
𝑏
For ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) is undefined because of value of 𝑏 , 𝑏 is replaced with a definite
value variable 𝑥 after the integration but before their addition or subtraction 𝑥 is replaced
with 𝑏

Volume of Revolution
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑉 is the volume of the function which is rotated 360 degrees about
𝑏
𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the points in the 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑦 is the function 𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑉 is the volume of the function which is rotated 360 degree about 𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
𝑎 and 𝑏 are the points in the 𝑌 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑥 is the function